The document discusses moving towards 100% bio-based buildings. It outlines several driving forces towards this goal, including sustainability, consumer demand, government standards and policies, eco-labels, growing global interest, increasing research and patents, industry investments, a growing bio-based market, future lack of fossil resources, and performing life cycle analyses. The development priorities for bio-based buildings identified are structural components, insulation materials, barrier materials, and bio-based adhesives and sealants. The document then explores bio-based materials options like biopolymers, bio-based reinforcements like natural fibers, and bio-based matrixes.

1. Towards 100% bio-based buildings
(Bio-composites in construction)
Jokin Hidalgo, TECNALIA
Alvaro Tejado (TECNALIA), Maider Azpeitia (TECNALIA), Alejandro
Salvador (TECNALIA).
www.innobite.eu
Tampere, Finland Sept2014

2. Why Bio-sourced composites?
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"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present, without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1988)
Driving forces: Sustainability
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Driving forces:
DuPont Industrial Biosciences, “China Green Living Survey,” 2012.
http://biosciences.dupont.com/china-green-living-survey/
Percentage of consumers that are confident that green products are
better for the environment.
Consumers
J. Hidalgo, “Towards 100% bio-based buildings” in INNOBITE 3rd Workshop, Tampere (FI) Sept2014

5. Standardisation bodies associated with the production of standards of biodegradability of plastics
Country Acronim Web
Austria ÖNORM www.as-search.at
Spain AENOR www.aenor.es
France AFNOR www.afnor.org
Germany DIN www.din.de
Italy UNI www.uni.com
Japan JIS www.jsa.or.jp
UK BSI www.bsigroup.com
US ASTM www.astm.org
International ISO www.iso.org
Europe CEN www.cen.eu
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Driving forces: Governments
Standards
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Driving forces: Eco Labels
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Driving forces: Eco LabelsMarketing
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Driving forces:
Ngram Viewer
Growing interest in all indexed books related to bioplastics and biocomposites.
Global interest
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Driving forces: Research - Patents
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Driving forces: Research - Patents
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Driving forces: Research - Patents
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Driving forces: Industry Investments
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Driving forces: Market
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Driving forces:
Plastemart, “Bio based plastics on the rise”
http://www.plastemart.com/upload/Literature/Demand-for-bio-based-plastics-rising.asp
Market
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Driving forces:
http://www.oilposter.org/
Future lack of resources
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Driving forces: Environmental Issues
http://anuncomplicatedmind.blogspot.com.es/2013/12/blame-games.html
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Driving forces: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Composite Building Materials for Green Building - ASHLAND - December 2011
Considers all stages of product life from raw material extraction through end of life disposal
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The development priorities should be:
https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.366513!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Biobased%20buildings.pdf
• Structural components
Developed wood products - Engineered Wood Products, high-strength wood, moisture
resistant sills, light-weight beams/joists/studs of biocomposites, sandwich panels for
exterior walls including both the insulation and the surface of biomaterials).
• Insulation (thermal and acoustic)
Environmentally friendly high-performance insulation that provides thinner walls, with fire
protection treatments.
• Barrier Materials
Bio-based wind and vapor barrier for moisture-proof exterior walls, waterproofing for wet
areas, façade and roofing materials with improved durability/serviceability.
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The development priorities should be:
https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.366513!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Biobased%20buildings.pdf
• Bio-Based adhesives, sealants, other additives (lubricants, foaming agents,
inks...).
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And now?
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21.  Try to solve problems by ourselves or find out what would nature do?
Picture by Robert Clark and Emily T.Griffiths, American Museum of Natural History
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22. Biomimetic, or bio-inspired solutions
 Try to solve problems by ourselves or find out what would nature do?
Different book covers
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23. Source: The state of the art in biomimetics
Nathan F Lepora et al 2013 Bioinspir. Biomim. 8 013001 doi:10.1088/1748-3182/8/1/013001
Biomimetic, or bio-inspired solutions
 Try to solve problems by ourselves or find out what would nature do?
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24.  Try to solve problems by ourselves or find out what would nature do?
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Bio-based materials for composites:
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Biorefinery: Resources from renewable sources.
Towards 100% bio-based buildings http://www.derbigum.com/en

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Biorefinery: Resources from renewable sources.
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Biorefinery: From almost everywhere…
We can extract raw materials to generate useful biopolymers, from almost all the
tree of life, as we can read in the next articles:
Vegetables: “Polysaccharides from Wastes of Vegetable Industrial Processing”.
Animals: “Animal Waste for the Production of Biofuels and Biopolymers”.
Fungi: “Are mushrooms the new plastic?”
Micro algae: ”Making plastics from algae”.
Bacteriums: “Researchers Train Bacteria to Convert Bio-Wastes Into Plastic”.
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Biorefinery:
Diagram of possible applications of polymers obtained from bio refining processes of cereals and pulses.
R. Wool and X. Sun, Bio-based polymers and composites. Elsevier, 2005
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Biorefinery:
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Bio-based materials:
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• From renewable resources (Decrease the dependence on fossil resources).
• Potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (carbon neutral / low carbon
impact).
• Often low toxicity.
• Often high bio-degradability or compostability.
• Less resource-intensive production (water, energy, waste).
• Support to rural development, generating more economic opportunity for the
agricultural sector.
• Increased industrial competitiveness through innovative eco-efficient bio-
based products.
• Biofibers are non-abrasive, lighter and cheap in comparison to glass fibers or
other types of synthetic fibers. Also, they have good thermal insulating and acoustic
properties due to their hollow tubular structures.
Bio-based materials:
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• Need treatments to prevent from moisture.
• Photochemical degradation when exposed to UV radiation.
• Lower processing temperature (thermal stability).
•Must be a real sustainable manufacturing processes (economical, and
ecologycally viable) .
Bio-based materials:
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http://en.european-bioplastics.org/
Bio-based Polymers: Bio-degradable?
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Bio-based Polymers:
Natural rubber
Starch
Poly (lactic acid)
Poly (hydroxyalkanoates)
Poly (butylene succinate)
Poly (γ-glutamic acid)
Glycosaminoglycans
Proteins
Cellulose
Hemicelluloses
Lignin
Chitin / Chitosan
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Bio-based Polymers:
Polyolefins
Polyesters
Polycarbonates
Polyamides
Methyl acrylate
Poly (vinyl chloride)
Thermosetting resins: polyurethanes,
polyester, epoxy, phenolic, alkydic.
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Bio-based Reinforcements (Fibres):
Source: Biobased Structural Composite Materials for Housing and Infrastructure Applications: Oportunities and
Challenges, Drzal, L.T., A.K. Mohanty, Burgueno, R., Misra, M. / www.pathnet.org
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Source: Biobased Structural Composite Materials for Housing and Infrastructure Applications: Oportunities and
Challenges, Drzal, L.T., A.K. Mohanty, Burgueno, R., Misra, M. / www.pathnet.org
Bio-based Reinforcements (Fibres):
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40. Towards 100% bio-based buildings 39
Bio-based polymers:
BIOCOMPOSITES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Yatim et al. Faculty of Civil Enginnering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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Biofibers may need pretreatments:
Mercerization. isocyanate treatment, acrylation, permanganate
treatment, acetylation, silane treatment, peroxide treatment,
coupling agents and other pretreatments of biofibers have
achieved various levels of success in improving fiber strength
and fiber-matrix adhesion in natural fiber reinforced
composites.
BIOCOMPOSITES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES / Yatim et al. Faculty of Civil Enginnering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia https://www.academia.edu/
Bio-based Reinforcements (Fibres):
Chemical modifications:
If biofibers are used on a process that is sensitive to moisture,
the fibers must be dried before or during processing.
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Neolithic revolution / Permanent buildings
Bricks (Sun baked clay bricks) 9000 BCE
Timber (England) 8500 BCE
Granite, Limestone (Egipt) 3100 BCE
Marble (Greek) 650 BCE
Concrete (Roma) 20 CE
Glass (Roma) 100 CE
Iron as a primary structure (CHINA) 700 CE
Iron rediscovered after 1000 years… (England) 1775 CE
Engineered timber (Germany / England) 1852 CE
Asbestos 1866 CE
Steel (USA / England) 1890 CE
PVC 1926 CE
Reinforced concrete 1950 CE
Float Glass 1959 CE
… …
… http://www.archdaily.com/476252/infographic-materials-in-architecture-a-history/
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http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/
• Structural components
• Insulation
• Barrier Materials
• Adhesives, sealants…
Bio-based materials for?
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Bio-based Matrixes:
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: from Soya Oil …
: Bio 1,3-propanediol from corn dextrose via
fermentation…
: Variety of renewably sourced raw materials.
: From renewable resources like corn, linseed oil,
soy, canola…
Isosorbide, propylene glycol, glycerin, industrial
ethanol and ethylene glycol…
Bio-based Matrixes:
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Prepregs: sustainable, fire
retardant prepregs suitable for composite applications.
Similar performance to phenolic.
Derived from hemicellulose crop waste such as sugar
cane bagasse.
derived from naturally occurring pine oil.
Bio-based (ortho-, iso-, and terephthalic,
dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) modified and bisphenol A
fumarate) and .
Bio-based Matrixes:
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Polyols for .
Dimer diamine for use in both thermoplastic
as well as curative in thermoset and
systems.
Polymerised fatty acids. Dimer diol building block with high
di-functionality provides good colour, water repellency,
flexibility, thermo-oxidative and UV stability and
outstanding hydrolysis / chemical resistance for
and coatings, adhesives and
elastomers.
and resins from cardanol [Industrial
oily alkyl-phenolic product obtained by vacuum distillation
of "cashew nut shell liquid" (CNSL)].
Bio-based Matrixes:
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Bio-based materials:
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Bio-based:
http://www.dr-luca.com/web/en/foamed_concrete/index.html
http://www.foamedconcrete.co.uk/
Air content of over 30% so typically the
densities of foamed concrete range from
200kg/m3 to 1700kg/m3.
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Bio-based:
http://www.biowerkstoff-kongress.de/award
FIS Green 300 T: The first bio-based injection
mortar.
The product redesign approach made it
possible to achieve a high bio carbon content
of 50-85 %. So it is possible to re-formulate
even complex products to make them bio-
based and more sustainable.
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Bio-based:
http://www.soprema.com
http://www.isonat.com/
http://www.technichanvre.com/
Semi-rigid panels, or blown insulation: cellulose,
cotton, flax, wool, ramie, jute, hemp, sisal,
coconut fibres…
…
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Bio-based:
www.ecovativedesign.com/
An alternative to plastic-foam insulation, Mushroom
Insulation comprises agricultural byproducts such as corn
stalks and a fungal mycelium binder that is packed inside the
wall where it solidifies and adheres to the wall panels.
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Bio-based:
http://www.hempecosystems.ch/
Towards 100% bio-based buildings
HES-mix is a building material
made from hemp, lime, natural
minerals and water.
It is used to build walls and
insulation in one material and as
insulation under roof, attics, walls
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Bio-based:
Towards 100% bio-based buildings
Plasticsengineeringblog, “Rumplestiltskin Wanted,” Plasticsengineeringblog,
http://plasticsengineeringblog.com/2012/11/12/rumplestiltskin-wanted/
resin with Lignin
resin with bio-poliols

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Bio-based:
http://www.architectenweb.nl
http://www.socialdesignmagazine.com/
Expanded PLA
Corck boards/mats
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Bio-based:
http://www.derbigum.com/en
Non-bituminous vegetal roofing membrane:
ecological composition of vegetable oils and
pine-resin.
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Bio-based:
http://www.soprema.fr/
First bituminous membrane based on
thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
It is an innovative and environmentally
friendly rubber that consists of bio-based
raw materials, resulting in 75% of European
rapeseed oil.
Mammouth® Neo
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Bio-based:
http://www.ecorenfort.fr/
TS composite material based on natural fibers.
Substitutes steel reinforcements and improves
the thermal performance of PVC joinery while
providing the necessary rigidity.
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Bio-based:
http://www.paperstoneproducts.com/
PaperStone® is made from 100% post-consumer
recycled paper saturated with a PetroFree™
phenolic resins and selected natural pigments.
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Bio-based:
http://bio-based.eu/news/wood-plastic-composite-pla/
"Fully-compostable" WPC:
A German company developed a fully
compostable (industrial) biocomposite. The
new material made from 40% PLA and 60%
wood fibers, can be recycled in composting
plants.
It is suitable for injection moulding and
extrusion on conventional plastics processing
machines.
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Bio-based:
http://www.moso-bamboo.com/Multi layered timber + adhesive composites:
wood, bamboo…
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Bio-based:
http://www.rethinkwood.com/
http://www.constructionaltimber.com/Cross laminated Timber →
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Bio-based buildings:
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Bio-based buildings:
http://swisscell.org/
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The Japanese Pavilion for Expo 2000 , held
in Hannover, Germany , was a grid structure made ​​of
recyclable paper tubes resulting in a building with
honeycomb .
Bio-based buildings:
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Towards 100% bio-based buildings
http://materia.nl/article/worlds-first-biobased-facade/
Bio-based buildings:

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Bio-based buildings:
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Bio-based buildings:
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http://www.ibd.utm.my/frontpage/index.php
Bio-based buildings:
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http://irissiel.deviantart.com/art/Samwise-s-House-in-Hobbiton-346407424
Bio-based buildings:
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Bio-based buildings:
http://www.archdaily.com/483650/tall-tinder-are-wooden-skyscrapers-really-fire-safe/
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Bio-based buildings:
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• 40% world people will need a new home.
• 50% world population live in urban environments. In the next 40 years will reach the 70%.
• Green construction solutions usually are linked with rural or suburban building, but
solutions required in Urban.
TEDxVancouver - Michael Green - World Housing and Climate Change
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http://gizmodo.com/why-the-white-house-will-spend-2-million-to-promote-wo-1548773623
Lighter, Faster, Almost Stronger:
In 2009, a nine-story apartment building in London became the tallest all-
timber building ever, thanks to a relatively new technology: Prefabricated,
cross-laminated wood panels.
Bio-based buildings:
This year , the Department of Agriculture of USA announced a project: $1
million competition for high-rise buildings built out of wood, and another
million that will go to educating architects about it.
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http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji
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http://www.rethinkwood.com/
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http://www.materialscouncil.com/wacky-vernacky/
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http://www.forteliving.com.au
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http://www.forteliving.com.au
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81. Thank you
INNOBITE is co-funded by the European Community
Seventh Framework Programme for European Research and
Technological Development (2012-2015)
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