Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method of
empirical science began to develop. The key players were
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630), and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Although it may
seem ironic now, each of these men believed in the Christian
God. They viewed science as studying the handiwork of an
almighty Creator and discerning His natural laws. Galileo
considered God to have written two “books”: the Bible and
nature (Hummel, p. 106).
Contrary to popular belief, the cause for the diversion
between Christianity and science originated not with the
Church but with the university professors who were threat-
ened by Galileo’s revolutionary ideas. These professors were
steeped in the Greek scientific method, which included
observation to a small extent, but mostly explained the
workings of nature through rational deduction from first
principles, or assumptions, an entire view of the universe had
been built up. Consequently, the professors embraced such
misconceptions as the sun having no imperfections, the moon
being a perfectly smooth sphere that shone with its own light,
and the earth alone having a moon since the earth was at the
center of the universe. Galileo’s recently invented telescope
quickly demonstrated the incorrectness of such assumptions
(Hummel, pp. 91-94).
Not willing to be thwarted by Galileo, the professors decided
to make the controversy religious rather than academic
(Hummel, p. 92). They argued that the heliocentric (sun-cen-
tered) view contradicted scripture (e.g., Psalm 104:22 says,
“The sun rises.” Therefore, the sun must revolve around sta-
tionary earth). In the face of what at that time appeared to be
a genuine contradiction between scripture and the heliocen-
tric theory, the theologians of the Roman Catholic Church
had no choice but to condemn Galileo’s views, because the
conflict had challenged the authority of the Church.
As a result of that controversy, the schism between reason
and faith had begun. There were now two apparently
irreconcilable sources of truth: the church and science.
Secularism
A Religion Profile from International Students, Inc.
1
Secularism: An Overview
Number of Adherents
Demographer Davit Barrett estimates that there are 150 million
atheists and 768 million nonreligious people in the world. The
combined total comes to more than 918 million people (Barrett).
Secularism Among the Nations
In more than 40 countries, atheists or nonreligious make up
more than 10 percent of the population (World Christian
Database). The following are just a few of those countries:
Austrailia, Britain, Canada, China, Cuba, Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, North Korea,
Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Sweden,
Uruguay and Vietnam.
Defining the Terms
An “atheist” is one who says there is sufficient evidence to
show that God does not exist. An “agnostic” is one who says
there is insufficient evidence to know wheth ...
This document discusses the rediscovery of God in the age of science. It summarizes traditional arguments for God's existence like the ontological, cosmological, teleological, and moral arguments, but notes they have lost persuasive power due to modern atheism. It then discusses how recent scientific discoveries like the Big Bang theory, anthropic principle showing the universe is finely-tuned for life, and search for a fundamental substance/force are rediscovering God and moving beyond atheism. The document argues these scientific findings point to an intelligent designer and creator, providing evidence for God's existence in the current scientific age.
This document discusses the rediscovery of God in the age of science. It summarizes traditional arguments for God's existence like the ontological, cosmological, teleological, and moral arguments, but notes they have lost persuasive power due to modern atheism. It then discusses how recent scientific discoveries like the Big Bang theory, anthropic principle showing the universe is finely-tuned for life, and search for a fundamental substance/force are rediscovering God as the best explanation. The document argues science is moving beyond past atheism by providing evidence the universe was designed and created by God.
Martin Luther and John Calvin held high views of Scripture that saw the Bible as the divinely inspired and inerrant Word of God. However, over subsequent centuries philosophical movements like rationalism, skepticism, and evolutionism influenced destructive biblical criticism that rejected the supernatural aspects and authority of Scripture. This manifested in theological criticisms from scholars like Strauss and Wellhausen that undermined the historicity and reliability of the Bible. The result has been serious attacks on the inspiration, inerrancy, and credibility of Scripture and Christianity.
Mythbusting: Are Science and Religion Really at War?Maya Bohnhoff
An exploration of common myths surrounding the historical relationship between science an religion. From a Baha'i perspective, though the information is largely from Ronald Numbers's anthology on the subject of science and religion: Galileo Goes to Jail.
- The document summarizes a talk given by John Lennox on whether science has disproven the existence of God.
- Lennox argues that science studies nature but does not prove or disprove the existence of a creator. Many prominent scientists throughout history were Christian believers.
- The real debate is between naturalism, which sees the universe as all that exists, versus theism, which posits an ultimate creator beyond the natural world. Science alone cannot prove either view.
This document discusses three models of the relationship between science and religion:
1. Separate Domains - Science and religion remain isolated, with science rejecting supernatural explanations.
2. Parallel but Separate - Science and religion are accepted as sources of truth but remain separate, with religion not influencing science.
3. Interaction - Science and religion actively interact where they make overlapping claims, with both accepted as cognitive sources and providing feedback to each other. The author argues this third model best integrates science and a literal biblical interpretation.
1. The document discusses the relationship between science and religion from a Christian perspective.
2. It addresses topics like creation, the fall of man, redemption, and how science and worldviews are shaped by religious commitments.
3. Several prominent Christian scientists from history are mentioned like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Maxwell who saw science and faith as complementary rather than contradictory.
This document discusses the rediscovery of God in the age of science. It summarizes traditional arguments for God's existence like the ontological, cosmological, teleological, and moral arguments, but notes they have lost persuasive power due to modern atheism. It then discusses how recent scientific discoveries like the Big Bang theory, anthropic principle showing the universe is finely-tuned for life, and search for a fundamental substance/force are rediscovering God and moving beyond atheism. The document argues these scientific findings point to an intelligent designer and creator, providing evidence for God's existence in the current scientific age.
This document discusses the rediscovery of God in the age of science. It summarizes traditional arguments for God's existence like the ontological, cosmological, teleological, and moral arguments, but notes they have lost persuasive power due to modern atheism. It then discusses how recent scientific discoveries like the Big Bang theory, anthropic principle showing the universe is finely-tuned for life, and search for a fundamental substance/force are rediscovering God as the best explanation. The document argues science is moving beyond past atheism by providing evidence the universe was designed and created by God.
Martin Luther and John Calvin held high views of Scripture that saw the Bible as the divinely inspired and inerrant Word of God. However, over subsequent centuries philosophical movements like rationalism, skepticism, and evolutionism influenced destructive biblical criticism that rejected the supernatural aspects and authority of Scripture. This manifested in theological criticisms from scholars like Strauss and Wellhausen that undermined the historicity and reliability of the Bible. The result has been serious attacks on the inspiration, inerrancy, and credibility of Scripture and Christianity.
Mythbusting: Are Science and Religion Really at War?Maya Bohnhoff
An exploration of common myths surrounding the historical relationship between science an religion. From a Baha'i perspective, though the information is largely from Ronald Numbers's anthology on the subject of science and religion: Galileo Goes to Jail.
- The document summarizes a talk given by John Lennox on whether science has disproven the existence of God.
- Lennox argues that science studies nature but does not prove or disprove the existence of a creator. Many prominent scientists throughout history were Christian believers.
- The real debate is between naturalism, which sees the universe as all that exists, versus theism, which posits an ultimate creator beyond the natural world. Science alone cannot prove either view.
This document discusses three models of the relationship between science and religion:
1. Separate Domains - Science and religion remain isolated, with science rejecting supernatural explanations.
2. Parallel but Separate - Science and religion are accepted as sources of truth but remain separate, with religion not influencing science.
3. Interaction - Science and religion actively interact where they make overlapping claims, with both accepted as cognitive sources and providing feedback to each other. The author argues this third model best integrates science and a literal biblical interpretation.
1. The document discusses the relationship between science and religion from a Christian perspective.
2. It addresses topics like creation, the fall of man, redemption, and how science and worldviews are shaped by religious commitments.
3. Several prominent Christian scientists from history are mentioned like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Maxwell who saw science and faith as complementary rather than contradictory.
C 1C 2JProfessor Philosophy xxxx March 12, 2017P.docxRAHUL126667
C 1
C 2
J
Professor
Philosophy xxxx
March 12, 2017
Philosophy
A philosophical argumentative essay involves a reasoned defense of some claim by scholars, individual or a group of people. It must, therefore, offer an argument and it can't consist of the mere report of your opinions, nor in the mere report of the opinions of the scholars and philosophers, and instead defend the claims you make and offer valid reasons to believe them. The question of whether God exists or not is a major concern to most people worldwide. It is agreed on by different communities on a different basis, and therefore every prevailing mind of humankind will choose opinions based on their culture and origin.
In the ancient times, most people believed in the existence of many gods, of course apart from the Jews who believed in the existence of only one God. Obeying the first commandment was a bit difficult because the Jews had believed that Baal, Moloch, and Dagon were real gods but otherwise wicked since they collaborated with their enemies, therefore, the transition in the belief that these gods were wicked to the fact that they dint exist was impossible and very difficult to believe. Monotheism, which at the beginning of Antiochan persecution had been creed one part of the small nation, was adopted by Christianity and later Islam. It did not, however, succeed from the Hinduism part because they had very many gods; Buddhism had none since they were relatively primitive, the Hinduism had many gods instead (MacIntyre 31).
Christians are now faced with the problem of atheism, and the worst part being they aren't certain about the whole idea and no one can provide a conclusive argument on the side of theism. I think it's high time we abandoned this political and geographical nature of categorizing religion of people, which has occasionally been rejected by educated people ever since the time of the ancient Greeks. They were not contented by the religious beliefs of their neighbors but however focused more to consider what the reason and philosophy had to say about that particular issue.
I will not attempt to set forth in the argument about the existence of God. However, I still believe I one theory, which however still holds water, even amongst the many philosophers, is the existence of the first ever cause, from which the entire whole series starts. Some Hindu think suffers the defects of an argument, because he once said that the universe rests upon an elephant when asked what the elephant rested upon, he said it rested upon a tortoise; the argument, however, continued, because scholars now wanted to know what the tortoise rested upon (Beiser 65). On questioning, his words were then quoted, ‘I am tired of this, suppose we change the topic.' This clearly shows his uncertainty and illustrates the unsatisfactory character of the First-Cause argument (Beiser 101).
Basing on some modern treatises on physics, which show that some physical processes traced back in tim ...
This document provides an overview of creation science and arguments against evolution from a young Earth creationist perspective. It begins with definitions of key terms from science and evolution. It then discusses issues with the scientific method and evidence against evolution like gaps in the fossil record, limits to genetic variation, and problems with the origin of life. It argues creation science is a valid term as ICR scientists use the scientific method to evaluate evidence. Overall, it aims to present scientific arguments for a literal biblical creation over evolution.
This document discusses the rise of humanism as an alternative to Christianity. It traces humanism back to ancient Greek philosophers like Protagoras who asserted that man is the measure of all things. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, thinkers increasingly elevated human reason and abilities above revelation from God. This led to a secular, naturalistic worldview where man, not God, is central. The document argues that when God is removed, humanism leads to an unstable downward spiral and the rise of authoritarianism. It provides examples of rulers throughout history who claimed divine status or demanded worship as a way to consolidate power over populations without God.
This document discusses the relationship between Buddhism and science in the West. It notes that Western interest in Buddhism coincided with the rise of modern science, which led to a split between faith and reason in the West. Buddhism was seen as a way to reunite these domains. The document examines how adapting Buddhist concepts to Western thought, like science, risks distorting Buddhism's meaning and impact. It explores the historical encounter between Eastern and Western religious/philosophical traditions and how this meeting will profoundly shape history. The split between matter and spirit that afflicts modernity represents an ongoing issue that Buddhism may help address through its relationship with science.
Christology, Evolution, and Cultural Changeliasuprapti
This document summarizes the integration of biological evolution into understandings of the incarnation of Christ, known as "evolutionary Christology". It traces the development of this field from late 19th century British theologians through modern scholars. The key points are:
1) Christology was significantly affected by Darwin's theory of evolution in the 19th century, prompting theologians to reconsider understandings of Jesus in light of evolution.
2) Theologians from the late 19th century onward have proposed various "evolutionary Christologies" seeking to incorporate evolution into Christian doctrine, moving beyond apologetics to constructive engagement with science.
3) Examining the adaptation of Christology to evolution
Conflict between Christianity and Science- GROUP 5Sean Surio
There is no necessary conflict between Christianity and science. While there have been instances of conflict historically, often due to misunderstandings, many scientists and theologians now recognize the independence and compatibility of the two fields. Science seeks to understand the natural world through empirical evidence and reason, while Christianity is based on revelation and faith. When understood properly within their own domains, religion and science ask different questions and can operate independently or even complement each other.
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Relationship between religion and scienceFawad Kiyani
The relationship between religion and science has been debated since antiquity. Perspectives vary widely between cultures and eras, from viewing the relationship as one of conflict to one of harmony or independence. Elements of the scientific method originated with ancient Christian, Islamic, and pagan scholars. Views on the relationship also differ between religious traditions, with some embracing science and others viewing it as incompatible or secondary to religion. Modern frameworks for understanding the relationship include seeing science and religion as addressing different aspects of human experience, in dialogue, or integrated in some way.
This document discusses the doctrine of creation and how it has evolved over time in response to scientific advances. It addresses 5 challenges to the traditional doctrine from evolution, cosmology, physics, ecology, and neuroscience. The key points are:
1) The doctrine of creation was never intended as a scientific account but about God's relationship with creation.
2) In response to new understandings, the doctrine has expanded to include ideas like continuous creation and the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe.
3) Christian teachings have constantly adapted to new knowledge through history while maintaining core beliefs, showing doctrines are not fixed tests of orthodoxy.
Exam #3 ReviewChapter 10· Balance of payment statements · .docxturveycharlyn
Exam #3 Review:
Chapter 10:
· Balance of payment statements
· Know all the components of the balance of payment statements
· Balance of international indebtedness
· Know the debit and credit transactions of the balance of payments.
· Which is debit and which one is credit
· What determine the US balance of trade
· Essay: How do we measure international investment position of the US?
· Essay: How did the US become the net debtor so quickly?
Chapter 11:
· What happened to the international merchandise transactions (trade) if the US dollar is appreciated or depreciated against other currencies?
· What depreciation is and what appreciation is?
· Know the differences between the spot market and the forward market?
· What is spot market
· What is forward market
· How do you prevent the loss and remove the risks of a foreign currency transaction?
· Essay: How do you trade on the future market?
· Essay: Differences of trading between in the future market and the forward market?
Chapter 15:
· Study Manage floating exchange rate system.
· What happens to the US dollar if the inflation of the US and inflation in a foreign country are different?
· Which exchange rate system does not require monetary reserves?
· Under the floating exchange rate system, if import and exports increase or falls, what happens to the dollar value?
· What happens to the balance of trade when the currency is appreciated or depreciated?
· Essay: difference between current pect and adjustable pect exchange rate.
Bonus question about the video that wi will finished on monday.
ECO-358: Assignment 4, Article Analysis
1. Please read the attached article several times and highlight its main points and/or arguments. If you need additional research to write your analysis of this article, please do so and cite your sources appropriately and make up a reference page at the end of your assignment to list sources (APA format is required).
2. Choose 7 concepts and/or theories from our textbook to use as guidance and foundation to analyze the article. These concepts and theories can be from any chapter of the textbook. You should choose concepts and theories that are broad/big/important enough so you can write a lot about them with information from the article. Simple definitions don’t have much to write, don’t choose them.
3. Your paper must include an article summary (very short one, just 1 paragraph), a body, and a brief conclusion. Please show me how the article contents relate to the concepts/theories you choose or vice versa. Each concept/theory has to be underlined and also has textbook page number reference on your paper. The minimum length is 5 double space pages, excluding title and reference pages.
4. Your paper has to be in APA format and style. Visit Doane College writing center, or read APA guide posted on BB for guidance on APA writing. There are many requirements on APA format. Here are some most basic and essential ones you must have on your paper: cover page,.
Evolving Role of the Nursing Informatics Specialist Ly.docxturveycharlyn
The document discusses the evolving role of nursing informatics specialists. It describes how the role has expanded over the last 50 years from basic IT support to more specialized roles requiring graduate degrees. Emerging areas for nursing informatics include supporting virtual care delivery, remote patient monitoring, and integrating new sources of patient data from sensors. The role will continue evolving rapidly to help healthcare organizations effectively manage and apply new knowledge and technologies.
eworkMarket45135.0 (441)adminNew bid from Madam Cathy.docxturveycharlyn
ework
Market
45
13
5.0
(441)
admin
New bid from Madam Cathy
here is my bid
admin
TJ2021 accepted the bid and paid the down payment
Im about to post the second one
okay dear
Do you know how to do power point videos
the powerpoint document or videos?
Let me see. One min
okaydear
Prior to beginning work on this video presentation, read Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure (Links to an external site.), The Difference Between the 5th and 6th Amendment Right to Counsel (Links to an external site.), Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion (Links to an external site.), Saul Ornelas and Ismael Ornelas Ledesma, Petitioners v. United States (Links to an external site.), and Pre-Trial Motions (Links to an external site.). The fourth, fifth and sixth amendments are the most important of the Bill of Rights which affect criminal law, prosecutions, and defenses in the United States. Consider the protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right to remain silent, the right to due process, the right to counsel, and the right to a speedy trial as the “Holy Grail” of constitutional protections for those accused of a crime. Part 1: Your PowerPoint (or equivalent) presentation: If your last name begins with the letters A through G (fourth amendment). Create a five- to eight-slide PowerPoint explaining the fourth amendment. Additionally, provide 50 to 75 words of explanations for each of your PowerPoint slides in the discussion area, just as you would present an oral presentation explaining the slides on the topics listed. In your PowerPoint slides and discussions, List the requirements of the fourth amendment. Define the key term warrant, and provide exceptions to the warrant requirement. Examine what the remedy is for a defendant when a motion granted to suppress is granted for a fourth amendment violation. In all presentations, support your observations using a minimum of two scholarly and/or credible sources either from the required readings this week or from independent research that you conduct in the University of Arizona Global Campus Library or online, and properly cite any references. Making your PowerPoint (or equivalent) Presentation You may wish to include visual enhancements in your presentation. These may include appropriate images, a consistent font, appropriate animations, and transitions from content piece-to-content piece and slide-to-slide. (Images should be cited in APA format as outlined by the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s Tables, Images, & Appendices (Links to an external site.) resource.) The Where to Get Free (and Legal) Images (Links to an external site.) guide provides assistance with accessing freely available public domain and/or Creative Commons licensed images. It is recommended that you access the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s How to Make a PowerPoint Presentation (Links to an external site.) and Simple Rules for Better PowerPoint Presentations (Links to an external site.
Evolving Technology Please respond to the following Analyze t.docxturveycharlyn
"Evolving Technology"
Please respond to the following:
Analyze the various technological improvements over the last 100 years and determine which has been the most significant for both guests and hotel owners. Explain your rationale.
Determine how evolving communications technology (i.e., cell phones and Wi-Fi) has changed guest expectations regarding communications, as well as how the lodging industry should respond.
WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECK PLAGARISIM. TYPE EACH QUESTION BEFORE ANSWER THEM.
.
Evolving Health Care Environment and Political ActivismRead and .docxturveycharlyn
Evolving Health Care Environment and Political Activism
Read and watch the lecture resources & materials below early in the week to help you respond to the discussion questions and to complete your assignment(s).
(Note: The citations below are provided for your research convenience. Students should always cross reference the current APA guide for correct styling of citations and references in their academic work.)
Read
Black, B. P. (2017). Chapter 14 and 15
Online Materials & Resources
Lucas, A. & Ward, C. W. (2016). Using social media to increase engagement in nursing organizations. Nursing, 46(6), 47-49.
Johnson, J. E. & Billingsley, M. (2014). Convergence: How nursing unions and Magnet are advancing nursing. Nursing Forum, 49(4), 225-232
Berg, J. G. & Dickow, M. (2014). Nurse role exploration project: The Affordable Care Act and new nursing roles. Nurse Leader, 12(5), 40-44
Vincent, D. & Reed, P. G. (2014). Affordable Care Act: Overview and implications for advancing nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(4), 254-259.
QUESTION
What are your thoughts about the debate regarding whether health care is a right or a privilege? How has the changing health care environment impacted your practice?
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
Your assignment will be graded according to the grading rubric.
.
Evolving Families PresentationPrepare a PowerPoint presentatio.docxturveycharlyn
Evolving Families Presentation
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation to explore how families have changed over time. Be sure to include the contributors to the various changes. The presentation should consist of at least eight (not to exceed 10) slides as described below:
Slide 1: Introduction
Slide 2: A
narrative
discussing
how the family has changed
over time? Explicitly note what changes have occurred.
Slide 3:
Visual depictions
of what the
"typical" family used to look like
. You are welcomed to use a range of media resources.
Slide 4:
Visual depictions
of what the
"typical" family looks like now
. (i.e., how do you perceive or define the typical family, how does society perceive or define the typical family, etc.) You are welcomed to use a range of media resources.
Slide 5: A
narrative
discussing and analyzing the
individual factors
that have contributed to the changing family. (See your textbook. You may use external resources as well.)
Slide 6: A
narrative
discussing and analyzing the
systemic or structural factors
that have contributed to the changing family over time. (See your textbook. You may use external resources as well.)
Slide 7:
Conclusions
Slide 8:
Citations/Resources
.
EvolutionLets keep this discussion scientific! I do not want .docxturveycharlyn
This document outlines discussion topics on evolution and asks students to respond to one of the topics in a primary post of at least 125 words, and also make a substantive reply to a fellow student. The first topic asks students to read an article on how some species are adapting to climate change, and then explain the difference between phenotypic plasticity and genetic evolution based on the article. It also asks how we can tell the difference between these two mechanisms when species change over time.
Evolutionary Theory ApproachDiscuss your understanding of .docxturveycharlyn
Evolutionary Theory Approach
Discuss your understanding of the theory of evolution. Explain how the concept of natural selection might be applied to the development of personality
Genetic/biological Approach
Develop two goals for a client with ADHD using the genetic and biological theories of personality development. Explain how these goals utilize the genetic and/or biological theories.
Explain how Eysenck’s approach compares with the other theories related to genetic and biological aspects of personality development. What are the benefits of each of these theories?
.
Evolution or change over time occurs through the processes of natura.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution or change over time occurs through the processes of natural and sexual selection. In response to problems in our environment, we adapt both physically and psychologically to ensure our survival and reproduction. Sexual selection theory describes how evolution has shaped us to provide a mating advantage rather than just a survival advantage and occurs through two distinct pathways: intrasexual competition and intersexual selection. Gene selection theory, the modern explanation behind evolutionary biology, occurs through the desire for gene replication. Evolutionary psychology connects evolutionary principles with modern psychology and focuses primarily on psychological adaptations: changes in the way we think in order to improve our survival. Two major evolutionary psychological theories are described: Sexual strategies theory describes the psychology of human mating strategies and the ways in which women and men differ in those strategies. Error management theory describes the evolution of biases in the way we think about everything. Learning Objectives • Learn what “evolution” means. • Define the primary mechanisms by which evolution takes place. • Identify the two major classes of adaptations. • Define sexual selection and its two primary processes. • Define gene selection theory. • Understand psychological adaptations. • Identify the core premises of sexual strategies theory. • Identify the core premises of error management theory, and provide two empirical examples of adaptive cognitive biases. Introduction If you have ever been on a first date, you’re probably familiar with the anxiety of trying to figure out what clothes to wear or what perfume or cologne to put on. In fact, you may even consider flossing your teeth for the first time all year. When considering why you put in all this work, you probably recognize that you’re doing it to impress the other person. But how did you learn these particular behaviors? Where did you get the idea that a first date should be at a nice restaurant or someplace unique? It is possible that we have been taught these behaviors by observing others. It is also possible, however, that these behaviors— the fancy clothes, the expensive restaurant —are biologically programmed into us. That is, just as peacocks display their feathers to show how attractive they are, or some lizards do push-ups to show how strong they are, when we style our hair or bring a gift to a date, we’re trying to communicate to the other person: “Hey, I’m a good mate! Choose me! Choose me!" However, we all know that our ancestors hundreds of thousands of years ago weren’t driving sports cars or wearing designer clothes to attract mates. So how could someone ever say that such behaviors are “biologically programmed” into us? Well, even though our ancestors might not have been doing these specific actions, these behaviors are the result of the same driving force: the powerful influence of evolution. Yes, evolution—certain trait.
Evolution, Religion, and Intelligent DesignMany people mistakenl.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution, Religion, and Intelligent Design
Many people mistakenly believe that a belief in evolution precludes a belief in God or intelligent design; in other words, some people falsely think that one must be an atheist or agnostic to believe in evolution and the Big Bang. The Catholic Church is one example of a religious institution that has long held the view that evolution and the Big Bang explain ‘how we got here.’ Read the below article from the
Catholic Herald
, and then answer the following questions: Why do you think so many people are mistaken about the ability to believe in God as well as evolution and the Big Bang? Do you find anything problematic about combining religious and scientific explanations of the universe? Explain.
NB: In this discussion, students often misuse the word ‘theory’, saying things such as “the Big Bang/evolution are ‘just’ theories.” But to say this is a misuse of the word 'theory' as it applies to scientific theory. Many people misunderstand the word as it is used in the realm of science, thinking it to mean a guess, a hypothetical, untested idea. However, in science, 'theory' means something different. Please read the article below:
"Just a Theory": 7 Misused Science Words - Scientific American
Article from the
Catholic Herald
By Patrick Cusworth October 31, 2014
Pope Francis's comments on the Big Bang are not revolutionary. Catholic teaching has long professed the likelihood of human evolution
Perhaps it was inevitable that Pope Francis’ comments on the Church’s position on scientific theories such as the Big Bang and evolution would cause a stir. In his address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Pope cautioned against the image of God the creator as “a magician, with a magic wand”, arguing that belief in both theories around the beginnings of the universe and the birth of humankind are consistent with the Catholic faith.
“The Big Bang, which is today posited as the origin of the world, does not contradict the divine act of creation; rather, it requires it”, he stated. Similarly, he argued, “evolution of nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation because evolution pre-supposes the creation of beings which evolve.”
Yet despite further murmurings that Pope Francis was beginning (yet another) revolution in Catholic doctrine, it must be pointed out – the Pope’s declaration on either theory has not broken with established Catholic belief in the slightest.
The Big Bang theory, originally hypothesised in 1927 by Jesuit priest and physicist Georges Lemaître, is based on the central proposition that the universe is continually expanding. As a preposition, the universe was originally contained within a single point, in a highly intense state of heat and density. As the universe began to expand it cooled, allowing the formation of subatomic particles, which began a series of physical cosmological processes, which led eventually to the known universe. While this has become the most co.
Evolution and Its ProcessesFigure 1 Diversity of Life on Eart.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution and Its Processes
Figure 1: Diversity of Life on Earth
The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution, a continuous process that is still occurring.
“wolf”: modification of work by Gary Kramer, USFWS; “coral”: modification of work by William Harrigan, NOAA; “river”: modification of work by Vojtěch Dostál; “protozoa”: modification of work by Sharon Franklin, Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; “fish” modification of work by Christian Mehlführer; “mushroom”, “bee”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; “tree”: modification of work by Joseph Kranak
Chapter Outline
1. Discovering How Populations Change
2. Mechanisms of Evolution
3. Evidence of Evolution
4. Speciation
5. Common Misconceptions about Evolution
Introduction
All species of living organisms—from the bacteria on our skin, to the trees in our yards, to the birds outside—evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living things today stay much the same from generation to generation, that is not the case: evolution is ongoing. Evolution is the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise.
The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Its power is that it provides direction for predictions about living things that are borne out in experiment after experiment. The Ukrainian-born American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky famously wrote that "nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (Dobzhansky 1964, 449). He meant that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a common ancestor is the foundation from which we understand all other questions in biology. This chapter will explain some of the mechanisms for evolutionary change and the kinds of questions that biologists can and have answered using evolutionary theory.
Discovering How Populations Change
By the end of this section, you will bbe able to:
· Explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution differed from the current view at the time.
· Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed.
· Describe how population genetics is used to study the evolution of populations
The theory of evolution by natural selection describes a mechanism for species change over time. That species change had been suggested and debated well before Darwin. The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas.
In the eighteenth century, ideas about the evolution of animals were reintroduced by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and even by Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. During this time, it was also accepted that there were extinct species. At the same time, James Hutton, the Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from pr.
Evolution in Animals and Population of HumansHumans belong t.docxturveycharlyn
"Evolution in Animals and Population of Humans"
Humans belong to the genus Homo and chimpanzees to the genus Pan, yet studies of primate genes show that chimpanzees and humans are more closely related to one another than each is to any other animals. In light of this result, some researchers suggest that chimpanzees should be renamed as members of the genus Homo. Discuss at least three (3) practical, scientific, and / or ethical issues that might be raised by such a change in naming.
.
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C 1C 2JProfessor Philosophy xxxx March 12, 2017P.docxRAHUL126667
C 1
C 2
J
Professor
Philosophy xxxx
March 12, 2017
Philosophy
A philosophical argumentative essay involves a reasoned defense of some claim by scholars, individual or a group of people. It must, therefore, offer an argument and it can't consist of the mere report of your opinions, nor in the mere report of the opinions of the scholars and philosophers, and instead defend the claims you make and offer valid reasons to believe them. The question of whether God exists or not is a major concern to most people worldwide. It is agreed on by different communities on a different basis, and therefore every prevailing mind of humankind will choose opinions based on their culture and origin.
In the ancient times, most people believed in the existence of many gods, of course apart from the Jews who believed in the existence of only one God. Obeying the first commandment was a bit difficult because the Jews had believed that Baal, Moloch, and Dagon were real gods but otherwise wicked since they collaborated with their enemies, therefore, the transition in the belief that these gods were wicked to the fact that they dint exist was impossible and very difficult to believe. Monotheism, which at the beginning of Antiochan persecution had been creed one part of the small nation, was adopted by Christianity and later Islam. It did not, however, succeed from the Hinduism part because they had very many gods; Buddhism had none since they were relatively primitive, the Hinduism had many gods instead (MacIntyre 31).
Christians are now faced with the problem of atheism, and the worst part being they aren't certain about the whole idea and no one can provide a conclusive argument on the side of theism. I think it's high time we abandoned this political and geographical nature of categorizing religion of people, which has occasionally been rejected by educated people ever since the time of the ancient Greeks. They were not contented by the religious beliefs of their neighbors but however focused more to consider what the reason and philosophy had to say about that particular issue.
I will not attempt to set forth in the argument about the existence of God. However, I still believe I one theory, which however still holds water, even amongst the many philosophers, is the existence of the first ever cause, from which the entire whole series starts. Some Hindu think suffers the defects of an argument, because he once said that the universe rests upon an elephant when asked what the elephant rested upon, he said it rested upon a tortoise; the argument, however, continued, because scholars now wanted to know what the tortoise rested upon (Beiser 65). On questioning, his words were then quoted, ‘I am tired of this, suppose we change the topic.' This clearly shows his uncertainty and illustrates the unsatisfactory character of the First-Cause argument (Beiser 101).
Basing on some modern treatises on physics, which show that some physical processes traced back in tim ...
This document provides an overview of creation science and arguments against evolution from a young Earth creationist perspective. It begins with definitions of key terms from science and evolution. It then discusses issues with the scientific method and evidence against evolution like gaps in the fossil record, limits to genetic variation, and problems with the origin of life. It argues creation science is a valid term as ICR scientists use the scientific method to evaluate evidence. Overall, it aims to present scientific arguments for a literal biblical creation over evolution.
This document discusses the rise of humanism as an alternative to Christianity. It traces humanism back to ancient Greek philosophers like Protagoras who asserted that man is the measure of all things. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, thinkers increasingly elevated human reason and abilities above revelation from God. This led to a secular, naturalistic worldview where man, not God, is central. The document argues that when God is removed, humanism leads to an unstable downward spiral and the rise of authoritarianism. It provides examples of rulers throughout history who claimed divine status or demanded worship as a way to consolidate power over populations without God.
This document discusses the relationship between Buddhism and science in the West. It notes that Western interest in Buddhism coincided with the rise of modern science, which led to a split between faith and reason in the West. Buddhism was seen as a way to reunite these domains. The document examines how adapting Buddhist concepts to Western thought, like science, risks distorting Buddhism's meaning and impact. It explores the historical encounter between Eastern and Western religious/philosophical traditions and how this meeting will profoundly shape history. The split between matter and spirit that afflicts modernity represents an ongoing issue that Buddhism may help address through its relationship with science.
Christology, Evolution, and Cultural Changeliasuprapti
This document summarizes the integration of biological evolution into understandings of the incarnation of Christ, known as "evolutionary Christology". It traces the development of this field from late 19th century British theologians through modern scholars. The key points are:
1) Christology was significantly affected by Darwin's theory of evolution in the 19th century, prompting theologians to reconsider understandings of Jesus in light of evolution.
2) Theologians from the late 19th century onward have proposed various "evolutionary Christologies" seeking to incorporate evolution into Christian doctrine, moving beyond apologetics to constructive engagement with science.
3) Examining the adaptation of Christology to evolution
Conflict between Christianity and Science- GROUP 5Sean Surio
There is no necessary conflict between Christianity and science. While there have been instances of conflict historically, often due to misunderstandings, many scientists and theologians now recognize the independence and compatibility of the two fields. Science seeks to understand the natural world through empirical evidence and reason, while Christianity is based on revelation and faith. When understood properly within their own domains, religion and science ask different questions and can operate independently or even complement each other.
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Relationship between religion and scienceFawad Kiyani
The relationship between religion and science has been debated since antiquity. Perspectives vary widely between cultures and eras, from viewing the relationship as one of conflict to one of harmony or independence. Elements of the scientific method originated with ancient Christian, Islamic, and pagan scholars. Views on the relationship also differ between religious traditions, with some embracing science and others viewing it as incompatible or secondary to religion. Modern frameworks for understanding the relationship include seeing science and religion as addressing different aspects of human experience, in dialogue, or integrated in some way.
This document discusses the doctrine of creation and how it has evolved over time in response to scientific advances. It addresses 5 challenges to the traditional doctrine from evolution, cosmology, physics, ecology, and neuroscience. The key points are:
1) The doctrine of creation was never intended as a scientific account but about God's relationship with creation.
2) In response to new understandings, the doctrine has expanded to include ideas like continuous creation and the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe.
3) Christian teachings have constantly adapted to new knowledge through history while maintaining core beliefs, showing doctrines are not fixed tests of orthodoxy.
Similar to Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method ofempir.docx (9)
Exam #3 ReviewChapter 10· Balance of payment statements · .docxturveycharlyn
Exam #3 Review:
Chapter 10:
· Balance of payment statements
· Know all the components of the balance of payment statements
· Balance of international indebtedness
· Know the debit and credit transactions of the balance of payments.
· Which is debit and which one is credit
· What determine the US balance of trade
· Essay: How do we measure international investment position of the US?
· Essay: How did the US become the net debtor so quickly?
Chapter 11:
· What happened to the international merchandise transactions (trade) if the US dollar is appreciated or depreciated against other currencies?
· What depreciation is and what appreciation is?
· Know the differences between the spot market and the forward market?
· What is spot market
· What is forward market
· How do you prevent the loss and remove the risks of a foreign currency transaction?
· Essay: How do you trade on the future market?
· Essay: Differences of trading between in the future market and the forward market?
Chapter 15:
· Study Manage floating exchange rate system.
· What happens to the US dollar if the inflation of the US and inflation in a foreign country are different?
· Which exchange rate system does not require monetary reserves?
· Under the floating exchange rate system, if import and exports increase or falls, what happens to the dollar value?
· What happens to the balance of trade when the currency is appreciated or depreciated?
· Essay: difference between current pect and adjustable pect exchange rate.
Bonus question about the video that wi will finished on monday.
ECO-358: Assignment 4, Article Analysis
1. Please read the attached article several times and highlight its main points and/or arguments. If you need additional research to write your analysis of this article, please do so and cite your sources appropriately and make up a reference page at the end of your assignment to list sources (APA format is required).
2. Choose 7 concepts and/or theories from our textbook to use as guidance and foundation to analyze the article. These concepts and theories can be from any chapter of the textbook. You should choose concepts and theories that are broad/big/important enough so you can write a lot about them with information from the article. Simple definitions don’t have much to write, don’t choose them.
3. Your paper must include an article summary (very short one, just 1 paragraph), a body, and a brief conclusion. Please show me how the article contents relate to the concepts/theories you choose or vice versa. Each concept/theory has to be underlined and also has textbook page number reference on your paper. The minimum length is 5 double space pages, excluding title and reference pages.
4. Your paper has to be in APA format and style. Visit Doane College writing center, or read APA guide posted on BB for guidance on APA writing. There are many requirements on APA format. Here are some most basic and essential ones you must have on your paper: cover page,.
Evolving Role of the Nursing Informatics Specialist Ly.docxturveycharlyn
The document discusses the evolving role of nursing informatics specialists. It describes how the role has expanded over the last 50 years from basic IT support to more specialized roles requiring graduate degrees. Emerging areas for nursing informatics include supporting virtual care delivery, remote patient monitoring, and integrating new sources of patient data from sensors. The role will continue evolving rapidly to help healthcare organizations effectively manage and apply new knowledge and technologies.
eworkMarket45135.0 (441)adminNew bid from Madam Cathy.docxturveycharlyn
ework
Market
45
13
5.0
(441)
admin
New bid from Madam Cathy
here is my bid
admin
TJ2021 accepted the bid and paid the down payment
Im about to post the second one
okay dear
Do you know how to do power point videos
the powerpoint document or videos?
Let me see. One min
okaydear
Prior to beginning work on this video presentation, read Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure (Links to an external site.), The Difference Between the 5th and 6th Amendment Right to Counsel (Links to an external site.), Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion (Links to an external site.), Saul Ornelas and Ismael Ornelas Ledesma, Petitioners v. United States (Links to an external site.), and Pre-Trial Motions (Links to an external site.). The fourth, fifth and sixth amendments are the most important of the Bill of Rights which affect criminal law, prosecutions, and defenses in the United States. Consider the protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right to remain silent, the right to due process, the right to counsel, and the right to a speedy trial as the “Holy Grail” of constitutional protections for those accused of a crime. Part 1: Your PowerPoint (or equivalent) presentation: If your last name begins with the letters A through G (fourth amendment). Create a five- to eight-slide PowerPoint explaining the fourth amendment. Additionally, provide 50 to 75 words of explanations for each of your PowerPoint slides in the discussion area, just as you would present an oral presentation explaining the slides on the topics listed. In your PowerPoint slides and discussions, List the requirements of the fourth amendment. Define the key term warrant, and provide exceptions to the warrant requirement. Examine what the remedy is for a defendant when a motion granted to suppress is granted for a fourth amendment violation. In all presentations, support your observations using a minimum of two scholarly and/or credible sources either from the required readings this week or from independent research that you conduct in the University of Arizona Global Campus Library or online, and properly cite any references. Making your PowerPoint (or equivalent) Presentation You may wish to include visual enhancements in your presentation. These may include appropriate images, a consistent font, appropriate animations, and transitions from content piece-to-content piece and slide-to-slide. (Images should be cited in APA format as outlined by the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s Tables, Images, & Appendices (Links to an external site.) resource.) The Where to Get Free (and Legal) Images (Links to an external site.) guide provides assistance with accessing freely available public domain and/or Creative Commons licensed images. It is recommended that you access the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s How to Make a PowerPoint Presentation (Links to an external site.) and Simple Rules for Better PowerPoint Presentations (Links to an external site.
Evolving Technology Please respond to the following Analyze t.docxturveycharlyn
"Evolving Technology"
Please respond to the following:
Analyze the various technological improvements over the last 100 years and determine which has been the most significant for both guests and hotel owners. Explain your rationale.
Determine how evolving communications technology (i.e., cell phones and Wi-Fi) has changed guest expectations regarding communications, as well as how the lodging industry should respond.
WRITE MINUMUM 4 SENTENCES FOR EACH PARAPGRAPH. PROVIDE ORGINAL WORK. WRITE THEM ON YOUR OWN WORDS. GONNA USE TURNITIN TO CHECK PLAGARISIM. TYPE EACH QUESTION BEFORE ANSWER THEM.
.
Evolving Health Care Environment and Political ActivismRead and .docxturveycharlyn
Evolving Health Care Environment and Political Activism
Read and watch the lecture resources & materials below early in the week to help you respond to the discussion questions and to complete your assignment(s).
(Note: The citations below are provided for your research convenience. Students should always cross reference the current APA guide for correct styling of citations and references in their academic work.)
Read
Black, B. P. (2017). Chapter 14 and 15
Online Materials & Resources
Lucas, A. & Ward, C. W. (2016). Using social media to increase engagement in nursing organizations. Nursing, 46(6), 47-49.
Johnson, J. E. & Billingsley, M. (2014). Convergence: How nursing unions and Magnet are advancing nursing. Nursing Forum, 49(4), 225-232
Berg, J. G. & Dickow, M. (2014). Nurse role exploration project: The Affordable Care Act and new nursing roles. Nurse Leader, 12(5), 40-44
Vincent, D. & Reed, P. G. (2014). Affordable Care Act: Overview and implications for advancing nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(4), 254-259.
QUESTION
What are your thoughts about the debate regarding whether health care is a right or a privilege? How has the changing health care environment impacted your practice?
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.
Your assignment will be graded according to the grading rubric.
.
Evolving Families PresentationPrepare a PowerPoint presentatio.docxturveycharlyn
Evolving Families Presentation
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation to explore how families have changed over time. Be sure to include the contributors to the various changes. The presentation should consist of at least eight (not to exceed 10) slides as described below:
Slide 1: Introduction
Slide 2: A
narrative
discussing
how the family has changed
over time? Explicitly note what changes have occurred.
Slide 3:
Visual depictions
of what the
"typical" family used to look like
. You are welcomed to use a range of media resources.
Slide 4:
Visual depictions
of what the
"typical" family looks like now
. (i.e., how do you perceive or define the typical family, how does society perceive or define the typical family, etc.) You are welcomed to use a range of media resources.
Slide 5: A
narrative
discussing and analyzing the
individual factors
that have contributed to the changing family. (See your textbook. You may use external resources as well.)
Slide 6: A
narrative
discussing and analyzing the
systemic or structural factors
that have contributed to the changing family over time. (See your textbook. You may use external resources as well.)
Slide 7:
Conclusions
Slide 8:
Citations/Resources
.
EvolutionLets keep this discussion scientific! I do not want .docxturveycharlyn
This document outlines discussion topics on evolution and asks students to respond to one of the topics in a primary post of at least 125 words, and also make a substantive reply to a fellow student. The first topic asks students to read an article on how some species are adapting to climate change, and then explain the difference between phenotypic plasticity and genetic evolution based on the article. It also asks how we can tell the difference between these two mechanisms when species change over time.
Evolutionary Theory ApproachDiscuss your understanding of .docxturveycharlyn
Evolutionary Theory Approach
Discuss your understanding of the theory of evolution. Explain how the concept of natural selection might be applied to the development of personality
Genetic/biological Approach
Develop two goals for a client with ADHD using the genetic and biological theories of personality development. Explain how these goals utilize the genetic and/or biological theories.
Explain how Eysenck’s approach compares with the other theories related to genetic and biological aspects of personality development. What are the benefits of each of these theories?
.
Evolution or change over time occurs through the processes of natura.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution or change over time occurs through the processes of natural and sexual selection. In response to problems in our environment, we adapt both physically and psychologically to ensure our survival and reproduction. Sexual selection theory describes how evolution has shaped us to provide a mating advantage rather than just a survival advantage and occurs through two distinct pathways: intrasexual competition and intersexual selection. Gene selection theory, the modern explanation behind evolutionary biology, occurs through the desire for gene replication. Evolutionary psychology connects evolutionary principles with modern psychology and focuses primarily on psychological adaptations: changes in the way we think in order to improve our survival. Two major evolutionary psychological theories are described: Sexual strategies theory describes the psychology of human mating strategies and the ways in which women and men differ in those strategies. Error management theory describes the evolution of biases in the way we think about everything. Learning Objectives • Learn what “evolution” means. • Define the primary mechanisms by which evolution takes place. • Identify the two major classes of adaptations. • Define sexual selection and its two primary processes. • Define gene selection theory. • Understand psychological adaptations. • Identify the core premises of sexual strategies theory. • Identify the core premises of error management theory, and provide two empirical examples of adaptive cognitive biases. Introduction If you have ever been on a first date, you’re probably familiar with the anxiety of trying to figure out what clothes to wear or what perfume or cologne to put on. In fact, you may even consider flossing your teeth for the first time all year. When considering why you put in all this work, you probably recognize that you’re doing it to impress the other person. But how did you learn these particular behaviors? Where did you get the idea that a first date should be at a nice restaurant or someplace unique? It is possible that we have been taught these behaviors by observing others. It is also possible, however, that these behaviors— the fancy clothes, the expensive restaurant —are biologically programmed into us. That is, just as peacocks display their feathers to show how attractive they are, or some lizards do push-ups to show how strong they are, when we style our hair or bring a gift to a date, we’re trying to communicate to the other person: “Hey, I’m a good mate! Choose me! Choose me!" However, we all know that our ancestors hundreds of thousands of years ago weren’t driving sports cars or wearing designer clothes to attract mates. So how could someone ever say that such behaviors are “biologically programmed” into us? Well, even though our ancestors might not have been doing these specific actions, these behaviors are the result of the same driving force: the powerful influence of evolution. Yes, evolution—certain trait.
Evolution, Religion, and Intelligent DesignMany people mistakenl.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution, Religion, and Intelligent Design
Many people mistakenly believe that a belief in evolution precludes a belief in God or intelligent design; in other words, some people falsely think that one must be an atheist or agnostic to believe in evolution and the Big Bang. The Catholic Church is one example of a religious institution that has long held the view that evolution and the Big Bang explain ‘how we got here.’ Read the below article from the
Catholic Herald
, and then answer the following questions: Why do you think so many people are mistaken about the ability to believe in God as well as evolution and the Big Bang? Do you find anything problematic about combining religious and scientific explanations of the universe? Explain.
NB: In this discussion, students often misuse the word ‘theory’, saying things such as “the Big Bang/evolution are ‘just’ theories.” But to say this is a misuse of the word 'theory' as it applies to scientific theory. Many people misunderstand the word as it is used in the realm of science, thinking it to mean a guess, a hypothetical, untested idea. However, in science, 'theory' means something different. Please read the article below:
"Just a Theory": 7 Misused Science Words - Scientific American
Article from the
Catholic Herald
By Patrick Cusworth October 31, 2014
Pope Francis's comments on the Big Bang are not revolutionary. Catholic teaching has long professed the likelihood of human evolution
Perhaps it was inevitable that Pope Francis’ comments on the Church’s position on scientific theories such as the Big Bang and evolution would cause a stir. In his address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Pope cautioned against the image of God the creator as “a magician, with a magic wand”, arguing that belief in both theories around the beginnings of the universe and the birth of humankind are consistent with the Catholic faith.
“The Big Bang, which is today posited as the origin of the world, does not contradict the divine act of creation; rather, it requires it”, he stated. Similarly, he argued, “evolution of nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation because evolution pre-supposes the creation of beings which evolve.”
Yet despite further murmurings that Pope Francis was beginning (yet another) revolution in Catholic doctrine, it must be pointed out – the Pope’s declaration on either theory has not broken with established Catholic belief in the slightest.
The Big Bang theory, originally hypothesised in 1927 by Jesuit priest and physicist Georges Lemaître, is based on the central proposition that the universe is continually expanding. As a preposition, the universe was originally contained within a single point, in a highly intense state of heat and density. As the universe began to expand it cooled, allowing the formation of subatomic particles, which began a series of physical cosmological processes, which led eventually to the known universe. While this has become the most co.
Evolution and Its ProcessesFigure 1 Diversity of Life on Eart.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution and Its Processes
Figure 1: Diversity of Life on Earth
The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution, a continuous process that is still occurring.
“wolf”: modification of work by Gary Kramer, USFWS; “coral”: modification of work by William Harrigan, NOAA; “river”: modification of work by Vojtěch Dostál; “protozoa”: modification of work by Sharon Franklin, Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; “fish” modification of work by Christian Mehlführer; “mushroom”, “bee”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; “tree”: modification of work by Joseph Kranak
Chapter Outline
1. Discovering How Populations Change
2. Mechanisms of Evolution
3. Evidence of Evolution
4. Speciation
5. Common Misconceptions about Evolution
Introduction
All species of living organisms—from the bacteria on our skin, to the trees in our yards, to the birds outside—evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living things today stay much the same from generation to generation, that is not the case: evolution is ongoing. Evolution is the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise.
The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Its power is that it provides direction for predictions about living things that are borne out in experiment after experiment. The Ukrainian-born American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky famously wrote that "nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (Dobzhansky 1964, 449). He meant that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a common ancestor is the foundation from which we understand all other questions in biology. This chapter will explain some of the mechanisms for evolutionary change and the kinds of questions that biologists can and have answered using evolutionary theory.
Discovering How Populations Change
By the end of this section, you will bbe able to:
· Explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution differed from the current view at the time.
· Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed.
· Describe how population genetics is used to study the evolution of populations
The theory of evolution by natural selection describes a mechanism for species change over time. That species change had been suggested and debated well before Darwin. The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas.
In the eighteenth century, ideas about the evolution of animals were reintroduced by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and even by Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. During this time, it was also accepted that there were extinct species. At the same time, James Hutton, the Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from pr.
Evolution in Animals and Population of HumansHumans belong t.docxturveycharlyn
"Evolution in Animals and Population of Humans"
Humans belong to the genus Homo and chimpanzees to the genus Pan, yet studies of primate genes show that chimpanzees and humans are more closely related to one another than each is to any other animals. In light of this result, some researchers suggest that chimpanzees should be renamed as members of the genus Homo. Discuss at least three (3) practical, scientific, and / or ethical issues that might be raised by such a change in naming.
.
Evolution of Seoul City in South KoreaHow the City changed s.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution of Seoul City in South Korea
How the City changed since it was first created. Describe the changes over time up to the present day.
Note
: Insert Citations at the final slide
include pictures of city (not the people in the city)
and you should have enough information ( only takes about the city, Don't talk about the people)!!!!
6 slides
.
evise your own definition of homegrown terrorism. Then using t.docxturveycharlyn
evise your own definition of homegrown terrorism. Then using the e-Activity, provide one example of what you believe to be a specific homegrown terrorist attack that occurred in the United States. Provide a rationale for your response.
There are many agencies, including private security, directly involved in defending against homegrown terrorism that are not part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Examine at least three agencies that are not part of the DHS but play a direct role in homeland security. Hypothesize the key reasons why you believe these three agencies are not part of the DHS. Justify your response.
.
eview the Paraphrasing tutorial here (Links to an external sit.docxturveycharlyn
eview the Paraphrasing tutorial
here (Links to an external site.)
. There's also a helpful video
here (Links to an external site.)
.
Directions
: Paraphrase the quote below by putting into your own words
"I am most willing to answer all questions about myself. I have nothing to hide from your committee and there is nothing in my life of which I am ashamed. I have been advised by counsel that under the fifth amendment I have a constitutional privilege to decline to answer any questions about my political opinions, activities, and associations, on the grounds of self-incrimination. I do not wish to claim this privilege. I am ready and willing to testify before the representatives of our Government as to my own opinions and my own actions, regardless of any risks or consequences to myself."
Excerpt from Lillian Hellman,
Letter to HUAC (Links to an external site.)
, May 19, 1952.
you need to put this in your own words. So, take it out of the quote. Don't forget to cite!
Type your answer into the text box below.
.
Evidenced-Based Practice- Sample Selection and Application .docxturveycharlyn
Evidenced-Based Practice- Sample Selection and Application
Description: Professional nursing practice is grounded in the translation of current evidence
into practice.
Course Competencies: 1) Examine the relationships among theory, practice, and research. 2)
Interpret research findings using the elements of the research process. 5) Evaluate data from
relevant sources, including technology, to inform the delivery of care to culturally and
ethnically diverse populations. 6) Collaborate with health team members to collect, interpret,
synthesize and disseminate evidence to improve patient outcomes in complex health care
environments.
QSEN Competency: 3) Evidence-Based Practice
BSN Essential III
Area Gold
Mastery
Silver
Proficient
Bronze
Acceptable
Acceptable
Mastery not
Demonstrated
Fully detail how
the research
process is
sampling
dependent.
Describes
neighborhoods
that reflect the
best fit for 1-
Geriatrics 2-
South East Asians
3- Poverty 4-
Pediatrics
Fully details how
the research
process is
sampling
dependent.
Describes
neighborhoods
that reflect the
best fit for 1-
Geriatrics 2-
South East Asians
3- Poverty 4-
Pediatrics
Describes how
research and
sampling affect
generalizability of
findings but does
not identify
specific
populations in
Sentinel City®
Superficially
describes
sampling but does
not connect to
generalizability of
research findings
to practice
Identifies
populations of
interest but does
not relate to
research
applicability
Fully detail, with
specific
example(s), inter-
professional
evidence-based
practice guidelines
and states
outcomes specific
to one area of
choosing 1-
Geriatrics 2-
South East Asians
3- Poverty 4-
Pediatrics
Fully details, with
specific
example(s), inter-
professional
evidence-based
practice guidelines
and states
outcomes specific
to one area of
choosing 1-
Geriatrics 2-
South East Asians
3- Poverty 4-
Pediatrics
Describes, with
specific
example(s) inter
professional
evidence-based
practice guidelines
but does not
develop outcomes
specific to a
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Superficially
describes with
what evidence-
based practice
guidelines are
available but does
not address
interprofessional
nature or
outcomes
Provides
suggestions to
improve care for
population but
provides no
research/evidence
to support
APA, Grammar,
Spelling, and
Punctuation
No errors in APA,
Spelling, and
Punctuation.
One to three errors
in APA, Spelling,
and Punctuation.
Four to six errors
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Seven or more
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References Provides two or
more references.
Provides two
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Provides one
references.
Provides no
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Include a PICO
model that clearly
labels specific
.
Evidenced-Based Practice- Evaluating a Quantitative Research S.docxturveycharlyn
This document outlines the competencies and evaluation criteria for a course on evidenced-based practice and evaluating quantitative research studies. The course aims to help baccalaureate graduate nurses develop skills in several areas related to research and evidence-based practice, including examining relationships between theory, practice and research; interpreting research findings; differentiating ethical and legal guidelines for research; integrating evidence from various sources to inform clinical practice; and collaborating with health teams on research and improving patient outcomes. Students will be evaluated on their ability to critically evaluate the research design, methods/procedures, results and implications of studies using established checklists to determine mastery of these competencies.
eview the Captain Edith Strong case study in Ch. 6 of Organi.docxturveycharlyn
eview
the Captain Edith Strong case study in Ch. 6 of
Organizational Behavior and Management in Law Enforcement
.
Answer
the questions in column one.
This is not an opinion paper, SO DO NOT USE FIRST OR SECOND PERSON;
your answers should be supported with the textbook readings and outside research; you need a minimum of two references and citations.
Format
your references consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Evidenced based practice In this writing, locate an article pert.docxturveycharlyn
Evidenced based practice
In this writing, locate an article pertaining to the topic below. Choose your article wisely, because you will be incorporating the article into all three of your writing assignments this session. In this writing, please discuss how this (one) article will be beneficial to your assigned topic. (The article should be a research conducted in United states.) Also state what you will be focusing on.
Topic: Preventing Healthcare Associated Infections.
This should be a page. Do not use direct quotes, but paraphrase. Also, cite the article you chose in APA 6th edition format.
Research Design: Observational
and Correlational Studies
Video Title: Research Design: Observational and Correlational Studies
Originally Published: 2011
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Inc
City: Thousand Oaks, USA
ISBN: 9781483397108
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483397108
(c) SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Research Methods.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483397108
NARRATOR: Research Design-- Observational and Correlational Studies. Since the moment you
were born, you've been exploring the world around you. In a sense, you've been conducting research.
You've noticed the ways people interact with each other, the relative sizes of objects,
NARRATOR [continued]: and how the colors of nature change with the seasons. Each of us is an
amateur researcher, observing, analyzing, and drawing conclusions about everything we see. In order
to conduct a more formal study whose conclusions you can share with others, you need to apply
scientific methods to your research.
NARRATOR [continued]: Knowing about scientific research methods will also help you understand,
interpret, and be more analytical in your thinking about studies you read about in textbooks, journals,
newspapers, or online. To make sure your research is as strong as possible, let's talk about designing
your study and interpreting your results.
NARRATOR [continued]: Specifically, we'll focus on some overarching types of research studies,
when to use an observational design, along with some advantages and disadvantages, two different
types of observational design, those that you conduct in the field and those that you conduct in a
laboratory,
NARRATOR [continued]: analyzing data from an observational study, including some statistical
methods, when to use a correlational design, along with some advantages and disadvantages, how
to design and implement one, and analyzing data from a correlational study.
NARRATOR [continued]: Before we begin to explore research designs, it is important to understand
the terms "variable" and "construct." These terms are used interchangeably and are found throughout
scientific literature.
NICOLE CAIN: A "construct," which can also be called a "variable," is a topic of interest that varies
from person to person. Some examples of constructs that researchers .
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method ofempir.docx
1. Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method of
empirical science began to develop. The key players were
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630), and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Although it may
seem ironic now, each of these men believed in the Christian
God. They viewed science as studying the handiwork of an
almighty Creator and discerning His natural laws. Galileo
considered God to have written two “books”: the Bible and
nature (Hummel, p. 106).
Contrary to popular belief, the cause for the diversion
between Christianity and science originated not with the
Church but with the university professors who were threat-
ened by Galileo’s revolutionary ideas. These professors were
steeped in the Greek scientific method, which included
observation to a small extent, but mostly explained the
workings of nature through rational deduction from first
principles, or assumptions, an entire view of the universe had
been built up. Consequently, the professors embraced such
misconceptions as the sun having no imperfections, the moon
being a perfectly smooth sphere that shone with its own light,
and the earth alone having a moon since the earth was at the
center of the universe. Galileo’s recently invented telescope
quickly demonstrated the incorrectness of such assumptions
(Hummel, pp. 91-94).
Not willing to be thwarted by Galileo, the professors decided
to make the controversy religious rather than academic
(Hummel, p. 92). They argued that the heliocentric (sun-cen-
tered) view contradicted scripture (e.g., Psalm 104:22 says,
“The sun rises.” Therefore, the sun must revolve around sta-
tionary earth). In the face of what at that time appeared to be
2. a genuine contradiction between scripture and the heliocen-
tric theory, the theologians of the Roman Catholic Church
had no choice but to condemn Galileo’s views, because the
conflict had challenged the authority of the Church.
As a result of that controversy, the schism between reason
and faith had begun. There were now two apparently
irreconcilable sources of truth: the church and science.
Secularism
A Religion Profile from International Students, Inc.
1
Secularism: An Overview
Number of Adherents
Demographer Davit Barrett estimates that there are 150 million
atheists and 768 million nonreligious people in the world. The
combined total comes to more than 918 million people (Barrett).
Secularism Among the Nations
In more than 40 countries, atheists or nonreligious make up
more than 10 percent of the population (World Christian
Database). The following are just a few of those countries:
Austrailia, Britain, Canada, China, Cuba, Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, North Korea,
Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Sweden,
Uruguay and Vietnam.
Defining the Terms
An “atheist” is one who says there is sufficient evidence to
show that God does not exist. An “agnostic” is one who says
3. there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not God
exists. The “functional atheist” is one who is apathetic
concerning God’s existence. For the purposes of this profile,
the term “secularist” will be used to indicate all three.
The Rise of Secularism
The Renaissance (Ca. A.D. 1400-1600)
In the early 1400s, Gutenberg invented the printing press with
movable type. As a result, the writings of the past became
much more accessible to the public, and this increased
accessibility sparked two responses. One was a greater
awareness of and obedience to God’s Word, which led to the
Reformation. The other was a pursuit of humanistic themes,
which drew upon the writings of Greek and Roman thinkers
and served as the foundation for the Renaissance. The word
“renaissance” means “rebirth,” and that which was reborn
was man’s sense of independence and individualism.
In the way that philosopher Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
responded to a movement call Pyrrhonism (named after the
Greek skeptic Pyrrho, 365-275 B.C.), he contributed to the
trend of moving the source of truth away from the Church.
Pyrrhonism was a form of utter skepticism whereby every-
thing was doubted. As a result, nothing could be known for
certain. The significance of Descartes’ cogito ergo sum (“I
think, therefore I am”) is that he had used Pyrrhonists’ own
method of questioning everything in order to establish one
fact: The doubter could be certain of his own existence
(Brown, p. 184). Descartes had no intention of being a
religious reformer; nevertheless, his new method of
approaching truth shook Christianity to its core. It was used to
shift the basis for certainty from God to man.
4. The Enlightenment (ca. A.D. 1600-1800)
The success of science ushered in the Age of Enlightenment.
During the Enlightenment, people began to elevate science to
being the ultimate test for truth.
The discoveries of the laws of science by men like Francis
Bacon (1561-1626), Robert Boyle (1627-1692), and Isaac
Newton (1642-1727) gave support to the analogy that the
universe was like a machine. Such an analogy, when
misapplied, tended to dismiss the need to believe in a God
who sustained the universe.
Other challenges to the Christian worldview came through
philosophers Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), David Hume
(1711-1776), and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Hobbes drew
out the implications of a materialistic philosophy in which
matter was the ultimate stuff of the universe. Hume, in his
Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, presented
arguments against the veracity of the miracle accounts in the
Bible. And Kant encouraged people to assert the power of
their own intellect and to throw off the shackles of
ecclesiastical authority (Brown, pp. 286-287).
Still, even with the onslaught of the Enlightenment, most
people in the nineteenth century, including scientists, believed
in the existence of a rational and personal Creator. The reason
was that there was no alternative theory to that of creation
that adequately explained the existence of an orderly
universe. That changed with Charles Darwin.
The Modern Age (ca. 1800 to present)
In 1859, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The
5. Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. In it,
Darwin theorized that life forms had resulted from natural,
random processes and not from the pre-design of an
intelligent Creator. The gap that had previously been filled
with a religious faith in a Creator could now, through the
theory of evolution, be filled with a purely scientific and
naturalistic explanation. Many scientists became enthralled
with the theory of evolution, and began to apply it to every
field of study, including history (Marx) and psychology
(Freud).
The result of Darwinism was that, for many, the belief in God
became an unnecessary hypothesis. If mankind was to find
solutions for its problems and hope for its future, people must
look inward, not toward God.
The Beliefs of Secularism
The Denial of God
The most fundamental tenet of secularism is the denial of the
existence of the supernatural. According to secularism, belief
in God is nothing more than a projection of man’s own
thoughts and desires. God did not make man in His image;
instead, man made God in his image.
The Denial of Miracles
After having denied God’s existence, it’s logical then to
conclude that miracles—the result of God’s intervention—are
not possible. The miracles recorded in the Bible, secularists
surmise, must have been the embellishments of the authors
who were promoting their particular religious agenda (Geisler
and Brooks, ch. 5; Geisler, 1992).
6. The Fact of Evolution
Secularists assert that the existence and complexity of the
universe can be sufficiently explained through naturalistic
principles as set forth in the theory of evolution. Personality
and mind also have resulted from the evolutionary process
and are sufficiently explained through the interaction of
chemical and biological elements. Thus, there is no “ghost in
the machine.”
The Potential of Man
Secularists see religion as being restrictive and escapist.
Religion does nothing more than to assuage the fears of an
ignorant people. If humanity is to survive, secularists say,
mankind must face problems squarely and find the answers
within itself, reason, and science. Secularism begins and ends
with man.
Man will be able to face the issues squarely only when freed
from the shackles of religion.
The Centrality of Science
Secularists are confident that the scientific method of inquiry
is the only reliable avenue by which to discover truth and
knowledge. According to the secularistic point of view, there
2
The Finality of Death
At death, the individual ceases to exist in any cohesive or
conscious form. As the signers of The Humanist Manifesto II
7. wrote, “There is no credible evidence that life survives the
death of the body” (Lamont, p. 293).
is an irreconcilable antagonism between reason and faith,
science and religion, empirical observation and revealed
authority.
The Stress on Relativity
Secularists deny that there is an absolute moral reference
point beyond man (i.e., a holy God). They contend that
humankind does not need an absolute moral standard beyond
itself in order to have a sufficient foundation and motivation
for moral behavior. Humanity is by nature good, and all that
is needed to realize that innate goodness is education, not
religious transformation.
3
Secularism
God
Matter, in one form or another, is all that has existed from
eternity.
Humanity
Humanity is by nature monistic in that man consists of
only one substance: matter. Humanity represents the high-
est point of the gradual and random processes of evolution.
Humanity’s Problem
The problem is that humanity depends on the escapist
promises of religion, rather than facing problems squarely
8. and believing that humankind has the potential to create a
world in which peace and justice will prevail.
The
Solution
The solution is in extending the scientific method of ratio-
nal inquiry into all aspects of life, while at the same time
maintaining a sense of compassion for the individual.
Jesus Christ
At most, Jesus was a good moral teacher. Because the bib-
lical authors embellished the details of Jesus’ life, though,
we can be certain of very little concerning what is histori-
cally accurate.
After Death
There is no personal survival after death.
Christianity
9. God alone is infinite and eternal. The material universe is
finite and has not always existed. God created it out of
nothing.
Humanity is by nature dualistic in that man consists of two
substances: body and spirit. Humanity, being made in the
image of God, represents the highest point of God’s
creation.
The problem is that man has rebelled against a personal
and holy God. As a result, man lives for himself and places
hope in false gods, such as success, money, nature, science,
education, etc.
The solution is in man being restored to a right relationship
with a holy God through faith in Jesus Christ. While
Christianity encourages the rational inquiry of science, it
opposes scientism, which goes beyond the limits of science
in that it claims that the scientific method is a sufficient
avenue to all truth.
Jesus was the very embodiment of God on earth. The Bible
meets the qualifications for being authentic history. It
records that Jesus lived, died for our sins, and rose from
10. the dead.
There is personal survival after death, either to eternal life
with God or eternal separation from Him.
Secularism and Christianity Contrasted
Suggestions for Evangelism
What Kind of God Did the Student Reject?
Don’t assume that all secularist international students have
rejected the personal God of the Bible. Since they came from
cultures influenced by various non-Christian religions, they
might not have considered the possibility that a personal God
who loves them exists. Ask questions to discern their concept
of God.
Offer Evidence for God’s Existence
In the following section, some evidences for God’s existence
is listed. Notice how each new bit of evidence tells us a little
more about the nature of God—from Cause, to Intelligent
11. Cause, to Moral Being, to Fulfiller of our Longings.
• The Origin of the Universe and of Life
The second law of thermodynamics says that while the
total amount of energy remains constant (the first law), the
availability of usable energy is constantly decreasing.
Energy, then, inevitably moves toward a state where it is
increasingly unusable and inaccessible. The inevitable
cooling of a cup of hot tea typifies the constraints
impressed by the second law.
What are the implications of the second law with respect
to the origin of the universe? It means that the universe
had a beginning. Why? Because if the universe has always
existed, then an infinite amount of time would have
already passed until this present moment. But this cannot
be true because, according to the second law, the universe
would then be in a state of equilibrium—a cold and lifeless
state of absolute rest.
The question that obviously follows is: If the universe has
not always existed, then who or what caused it to come
into existence? We can appeal to science for the answer.
Scientists understand that the universe was tuned in at its
inception to a precision of greater than sixty decimal
12. places, which is a precision equal to the number ten
multiplied by itself more than sixty times. Unless the
universe had been finely tuned, it would not have
“worked.” But all known natural processes are not tuned
that finely, only to several decimal places. Only a First
Cause with supreme intelligence could have produced such
phenomenal accuracy.
Further questions include: What is life, and how did it
originate? Could life have arisen from the gradual changes
that resulted from the interaction between natural forces
over billions of years?
To help answer such questions, try doing a simple
experiment. Pour salt and pepper into a clear container that
can be covered, and keep the salt and pepper separate.
Then shake it. What happens? The salt and pepper become
mixed. Now continue shaking the container to try to
separate the two. Do they become unmixed? What would
be the best way to separate the salt from the pepper?
What does this experiment illustrate? First, that the ran-
dom processes of nature destroy, not create, patterns. Sec-
ond, that it would take an intellect (by physically
separating the salt from the pepper) to restore the pattern
13. (see Gange, ch. 7).
Living cells are like the pattern of the salt and pepper
being separated, except that the patterns in such cells are
much more complex. They are not only complex but also
viable, in that not just any pattern will do; living cells must
maintain a particular pattern that will produce and sustain
life. Such a pattern, moreover, contains a vast amount of
information, such as is found in DNA. Life is not the mere
repetitive pattern that is contained in crystals, which the
random processes of nature can produce, but it is like the
pattern contained in a blueprint, which can be produced
only by an intelligent being.
The question of origins, then, concerns the issue of what is
a sufficient source for the information—the coherent and
viable patterns—contained within living cells? To say that
the information contained in a complex living cell came
from the random and gradual evolutionary processes of
nature is to believe that one can separate the salt from the
pepper by shaking the container—an outcome that, being
unobserved, is a matter of faith and one that goes against
the observed second law. The best explanation for the
source of information in living cells is not blind nature, but
a Supreme Intellect. After all, it is an everyday empirical
14. fact that people, not random forces, are the source of
meaningful and coherent patterns (e.g., words, cars,
buildings, etc.). Also, it is not mere coincidence that the
theme of separation—the instilling of information—is
found in the creation account of Genesis 1, where God
separated light from darkness; the waters above from the
waters below; sea from land; time into days and years; sea,
air, and land life, each after its own kind; man from dust;
and woman from man.
• The Presence of Design
The argument from design is built on the premise that
design indicates the work of an intelligent designer (see Ps.
19:1, Rom. 1:20). The classic example is that of a watch.
Obviously, the intricate inner workings of a watch could
not have come about as the result of random chance, but
4
Approaching Secularists
doubt that lingers. For example, Corliss Lamont, who was
voted Humanist of the Year in 1977, wrote, “Even I, disbe-
15. liever that I am, would frankly be more than glad to awake
some day to a worthwhile eternal life” (Lamont, p. 98).
Atheist philosopher Bertrand Russell, too, expressed some
hesitation concerning the idea that this life is all there is: “It
is odd, isn’t it? I care passionately for this world and many
things and people in it, and yet...what is it all? There must
be something more important, one feels, though I don’t
believe there is” (Heck, p. 224). What would be the source
of our yearning for an existence beyond? Perhaps the uni-
verse has played a cosmic joke on us. Or, our yearning is a
mistake of evolution. What, though, if it’s not a joke or a
mistake, but a pointer to that which is real?
The Deeper Issues
People make decisions based not only on their intellect, but
also on their emotions. So, one should also try to pluck those
deeper chords.
5
only by the thoughtful planning of an intelligent designer
(see Olsen, pp. 26-27, and Denton, ch.14). The same is true
of the relationship between the creation and the Creator
(e.g., the intricacies of the human eye).
16. • The Stirring of the Conscience
Our consciences and feelings of guilt give evidence to our
moral nature. Such moral feelings are like currency—they
are worthless unless backed up by something of value out-
side themselves. They also indicate that the best explana-
tion for why we have moral sensibilities is that our Source
must be both moral and personal, for impersonal natural
forces do not have moral sensibilities. In other words, since
there is a moral law binding on all of that insists we do
what is just and good, there must be a Moral Law Giver
(see Geisler and Brooks, ch.13).
• The Longing for Something Beyond
While secularists might say publicly that they accept death
as being the final end, there is nevertheless that private
Secular Assertion
“There is no absolute truth.”
“Life is meaningless.”
“Science is the only avenue to truth.”
17. “All morality is relative.”
“Each individual determines his or her own purpose in life.
There is no ultimate purpose.”
The theory of evolution, which is lauded as a natural law,
contends that complexity (life) arises out of simplicity (non-
life) without the aid of intelligence.
“Humanity is, by nature, good.”
“What is needed today is rational and logical thinking.”
Contradiction or Problem
Such a statement itself claims to be an absolute truth.
The person who says this claims to make a meaningful state-
ment (Zacharias, p. 73).
Such a statement cannot itself be proven to be true by the sci-
entific method.
How can we tell if a person who makes such a statement is
telling the truth, since he or she might consider it convenient
18. to lie? Plus, such a person often does not hesitate to make
moral judgments concerning social issues, or concerning his
or her view of God (e.g., Why did God permit evil?)
If there’s no ultimacy to any purpose, then even the
individual purposes are meaningless. How does anyone know
there is no ultimate meaning unless he or she has an ultimate
perspective?
Contradiction or Problem: But the law of entropy, which is an
indisputable law of nature, says that complex things disinte-
grate to a state of simplicity (see Noebel, pp. 330-333).
Such a statement lacks meaning since there is no moral refer-
ence point in secularism by which to gauge goodness.
How can our thoughts be trusted to reflect reality if they are
the product of nothing more than chemical and biological
elements?
Contradictions and Problems within the Secularistic Worldview
responding to their objection directly, ask them to consider
19. something: What is the source of their sense of justice?
Some might answer that each individual is his or her own
source. Others might say that the moral foundation for our
sense of justice is to be found in social consensus.
The problem with such answers is that they derive the sense
of “ought” from that which “is.” But that which “is” is an
insufficient basis for our sense of “ought.” Just because most
people have told a lie does not negate our sense that lying is
morally wrong. If we base our sense of justice on nothing
higher than ourselves or social consensus, then we will be
mired in moral relativity. But is not “relative justice” a
contradiction in terms?
In order for one’s sense of justice to have meaning, it must be
based on a firm moral standard. What we observe is that
moral sensibilities are properties of personal beings, not
natural forces. But what kind of being would be 1) personal,
2) beyond humanity, and 3) have moral sensibilities? The
answer: God! Therefore, the sense of justice raised in the
objection actually affirms the existence of the very thing that
is being questioned, for only a personal, holy God is a
sufficient moral basis for our sense of justice. In brief, then,
things can’t be ultimately unjust unless there is an ultimate
20. justice (God).
But will God indeed judge those who have never heard of
Jesus? No and yes. No, in the sense that He will not judge us
on the basis of revelation that we have not received. Yes, He
will judge us, though, on the basis of how we respond to the
knowledge that we have received (Rom. 2:12). God has given
everyone an awareness of who He is. By what means?
Through what is called “general revelation,” which includes
the disclosure of God through creation and conscience (Lewis
and Demarest, ch. 2; Rom 1:19-20; 2:14-15; cf. Ps. 8:1, 3;
19:1-4; Isa. 40:12-14, 26; Acts 14:15-17; 17:24-25).
“The Bible Is Not Worth Serious Consideration”
Secularists dismiss the Bible, contending that it is filled with
myths, contradictions, and scientific inaccuracies. Because of
space limitation, only a few responses to this objection will be
summarized (see Boice, ch. 5; Geisler and Howe, ch.1).
First, ask if they have read the Bible, and if they have not
done so, challenge them to read it. It’s very possible that their
attitude toward the Bible was received through someone else.
Second, every educated person should be familiar with the
21. Bible. Why? Because, according to the Guinness Book of
World Records, the Bible is the number one bestseller of all
time (MacFarlan, p. 383). Also, the Bible has had a signifi-
cant influence on Western literature. One book on literature
says, “Great authors commonly show a familiarity with the
Bible, and few great English and American writers of the
6
Show That You Care
Floyd McClung of Youth with a Mission articulated this prin-
ciple in a catchy way: “People don’t care how much you
know until they know how much you care” (Aldrich, p. 35).
Obviously, part of what it means to care is being concerned
about people’s needs.
Caring also means building a friendship that is unconditional.
While we should not be shy in sharing our faith with an inter-
national student, neither should our friendship be conditioned
on how a student responds to the message of Christ.
Another way of showing that you (and God) care is by
praying for your international friend. Ask how you may pray
specifically for him or her. For many international students, it
will be news that God cares about their individual needs.
22. Responding to Hindrances and Objections
The Problem of Evil
The problem of evil is that if there is an all-powerful and
all-good God, then He wouldn’t allow evil. But evil does
happen, so God is either not all powerful or not all good.
One may respond to this objection by pointing out, first, that
the problem of evil actually assumes the existence of an abso-
lute standard of goodness. That standard can be found only in
a holy God, the very thing that the argument is trying to deny
(see Geisler and Brooks, ch. 4; Zacharias, pp. 174-178).
Second, identify the source of evil (see Kreeft, pp. 49-56). We
are talking about moral evil, not natural disasters or physical
diseases. With respect to moral evil, we are persons, and per-
sons have the ability to choose between good and evil. Evil is
the result of persons having chosen wrongly. God cannot be
held responsible for the way His creatures have chosen to go
against Him, since their ability to choose is real.
Could God have made a world where the people were
programmed to choose to do only that which is good? Yes,
23. but such creatures would have been automatons, not persons,
and they would not have had the ability to make real choices.
Third, when a person cites the problem of evil as an
objection, he or she is assuming that God has not dealt with
evil. The Bible declares, however, that God has dealt with evil
through the atoning death of Jesus Christ. The real issue, then,
is that He has not dealt with it in a way they expected or as
soon as they desired. But if God is all good and all powerful,
then we know that if evil is not defeated, it eventually will be,
because Jesus Christ’s resurrection demonstrated that victory.
“How Can a Just God Judge Those Who Have Never
Heard of Jesus?”
This objection raises the issue of justice. So, before
seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries
can be read with satisfaction by one ignorant of Biblical
literature” (Holman, pp. 61-61).
Third, the Bible should be given serious consideration
because it is historically accurate (see Bruce; Geisler and
24. Brooks, ch. 9; Kitchen; Wilson; and Yamauchi).
Fourth, the secularist should give the Bible serious considera-
tion because it is unique among religious scriptures in that it
speaks of a God who is absolute in His holiness and who
judges sinners. In light of that fact, would bad men write such
fierce judgments against their own sin? Or, on the other hand,
would good men put “Thus saith the Lord” on something that
they had devised themselves? Isn’t it more likely that it came
from God (Boice, pp. 57-58)?
Other approaches to this objection include: 1) the Bible’s
amazing unity, considering it consists of 66 books that were
written over a fifteen-year period (see McDowell, p.18); 2)
the biblical authors being led to avoid scientific misconcep-
tions about the body, the heavens, and the earth that were pop-
ular in the cultures and religions of its time (see Barfield;
Montgomery, part 3); and 3) the fulfillment of prophecy (see
McDowell, ch. 9; Montgomery, part 4, chs. 3-4).
“Evolution Sufficiently Explains the Origin of the
Universe and the Diversity of the Species”
Most of us don’t have the expertise to present the evidence
against evolution with any sense of scientific sophistication.
25. How, then, should we respond to the objections raised by
those who believe in evolution?
1. Keep it Simple
Keep the meaning of creation basic. Your definition of
creation should include nothing more than the belief that an
intelligent Creator is necessary to explain the origin of the
universe. Anything more will divert the discussion away from
the core issue.
2. Evolution Is Also Based on Inference
Evolution is based on faith just as much as creationism. Be
aware that evolutionists move from the observable to the
theoretical in a way that is not warranted by the evidence.
They observe that minor changes occur within species
(microevolution), but they then extrapolate from those
observations the theory that such changes eventually add up
to the formation of entirely new species (macroevolution).
While microevolution is empirically verifiable, the extrapola-
tion to macroevolution is only a theory that has never been
observed and that is a matter of faith (Johnson, p. 115).
3. Belief in Creation Is a Reasonable Inference
Creationism is a reasonable alternative to evolution. After all,
one of the principles of science is that every effect has a
26. sufficient cause. Creationism posits a sufficient cause for our
7
existence as persons: a personal God who is morally holy,
intelligent, and self-existent. Evolution, on the other hand,
posits what appears to be an insufficient cause in that the
complex (human life) comes out of the simple (nonlife), or
that the universe arose from nothing without a cause.
Creationism is reasonable, moreover, because it is able to
make a distinction between operation science, which has to do
with the principles that govern the continued operation of the
universe, and origin science, which has to do with the
principles that caused the universe to begin. By saying that
science can make statements about the origin of the universe,
evolutionists are assuming that the very same laws involved
in the operation of the universe are adequate to explain the
origin of the universe. Such an assumption is similar to saying
that the very same laws that explain how a car functions are
sufficient to explain how the car was designed and built. They
aren’t, because the origin of the car needed the guidance of
intelligent beings (Geisler, 1983, pp. 137-138).
If you want to garner evidence against evolution that is of a
27. more scientific nature, the following are fruitful lines or
argumentation (see Noebel, ch. 14).
• the fossil record: the sudden appearance of complex life
forms and lack of transitional forms,
• the problem of life coming from nonlife (see Gange, ch. 9;
Thaxton),
• the problem of complexity arising out of simplicity without
the aid of intelligent intervention,
• the immense amount of information encoded into the DNA,
which would indicate an intelligent source rather than that
of a random chance (see Grange),
• the lack of beneficial mutations,
• the limits to the amount of change possible within a species.
For books that address the theory of evolution from a
scientific perspective, the following three are recommended:
Evolution: A Theory in Crisis by Michael Denton, Darwin on
Trial by Philip Johnson, and Of Pandas and People by
Percival Davis and Dean Kenyon.
28. Recommended Resources
For books that address most of the common objections raised
by secularists, see Copan, Geisler and Brooks, Gish, Kreeft,
Moreland (1987), and Strobel (2000 and 2004).
For books that give scientific evidence for the existence of an
Intelligent Designer, see Broom, Dembski and Kushiner, and
Moreland (1994).
For books that could be given to secularists for them to con-
sider arguments for the existence of God, see Boa, Geisler
and Turek, and Strobel (2000 and 2004). For DVDs that could
be shown to a secularist, see ColdWater Media and Illustra
Media (2002 and 2004).
tmatthews
Text Box
1500 year
Kreeft, Peter. Yes or No: Straight Answers to Tough Questions
about Christianity. San
Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1991.
29. Lamont, Corliss. The Philosophy of Humanism. New York:
Continuum, 1988.
Lewis, Gordon and Bruce Demarest. Integrative Theology, Vol.
1. Grand Rapids, Mich.:
Zondervan Publishing House, 1987.
MacFarlan, Donald (ed.). Guinness Book of World Records.
New York: Bantam Books,
1991.
McDowell, Josh. Evidence that Demands a Verdict. San
Bernardino, Calif.: Campus
Crusade for Christ, 1972.
Montgomery, John (ed.). Evidence for Faith: Deciding the God
Question. Dallas: Word
Publishing, 1991.
Moreland, J. P. Scaling the Secular City: A Defense of
Christianity. Grand Rapids,
Mich.: Zondervan, 1987.
Moreland, J.P. (ed.). Creation Hypothesis: Scientific Evidence
30. for an Intelligent
Designer. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1994.
Noebel, David. Understanding the Times. Manitou Springs,
Colo.: Summit Press, 1991.
Olsen, Viggo. The Agnostic Who Dared to Search. Chicago:
Moody Press, 1990.
Ross, Hugh. The Fingerprint of God. Orange, Calif.: Promise
Publishing Co., 1989.
Strobel, Lee. The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates
Scientific Evidence That
Points Toward God. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2004.
Strobel, Lee. The Case for Faith: A Journalist Investigates the
Toughest Questions to
Christianity. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2000.
Thaxton, Charles, Walter Bradley, and Roger Olsen. The
Mystery of Life’s Origin:
Reassessing Current Theories. New York: Philosophical
Library, 1984.
31. Wilson, Clifford. Rocks, Relics and Biblical Reliability. Grand
Rapids, Mich.: Zonder-
van Publishing House, 1977.
www.worldchristiandatabase.org. 3/20/05.
Yamauchi, Edwin. “Archeology and the New Testament.” The
Expositor’s Bible Com-
mentary, Vol. 1. Frank E. Gaebelein (ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.:
Zondervan, 1979.
Zacharias, Ravi. A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of Atheism.
Brentwood, Tenn.:
Wolgemuth & Hyatt, 1990.
Christian Apologetic Websites
Apologetics Research Network www.arn.org
All About God www.allaboutgod.com
Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture
www.discovery.org/csc
Genesis Foundation www.genesisfoundation.org
Josh McDowell www.josh.org
Reasons to Believe www.reasons.org
32. Bibliography and Resources
Aldrich, Joseph C. Life-Style Evangelism. Portland, Oreg.:
Multnomah Press, 1981.
Barfield, Kenny. Why the Bible Is Number 1: The World’s
Sacred Writings in the Light
of Science. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1988.
Barrett, David and Todd M. Johnson. “Annual Statistical Table
on Global Mission..”
International Bulletin of Missionary Research. January 2002.
http://www.wnrf.org/cms/statuswr.shtml. 1/26/04.
Boa, Kenneth and Robert Bowman, Jr. 20 Compelling Evidences
that God Exists. Tulsa,
Okla.: River Oak Publishing, 2002.
Boice, James M. Foundations of the Christian Faith. Downers
Grove, Illl.” InterVarsity
Press, 1986.
Broom, Neil. How Blind Is the Watchmaker? Nature’s Design
and the Limits of Natural-
istic Science. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
33. Brown, Colin. Christianity and Western Thought: A History of
Philosophers, Ideas and
Movements, Vol. 1. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press,
1990.
Bruce, F. F. The New Testament Documents: Are They
Reliable? Downers Grove, Ill.:
InterVarsity Press, 1978.
ColdWater Media. Icons of Evolution: The Growing Scientific
Controversy over Darwin
(DVD). Palmer Lake, Colo.: ColdWater Media, 2001.
Copan, Paul. That’s Just Your Interpretation: Responding to
Skeptics Who Challenge
Your Faith. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 2001.
Davis, Percival and Dean Kenyon. Of Pandas and People: The
Central Question of Bio-
logical Origins. Dallas: Haughton Publishing, 1989.
Dembski, William and James Kushiner. Signs of Intelligence:
Understanding Intelligent
Design. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 2001.
34. Denton, Michael. Evolution: A Theory in Crisis: New
Developments in Science Are
Challenging Orthodox Darwinism. Bethesda, Md.: Adler &
Adler, 1985.
Gange, Robert. Origins and Destiny: A Scientist Examines
God’s Handiwork. Dallas:
Word Publishing, 1986.
Geisler, Norman. Is Man the Measure? Grand Rapids, Mich.:
Baker Book House, 1983.
Geisler, Norman. Miracles and the Modern Mind. Grand Rapids,
Mich.: Baker Book
House, 1992.
Geisler, Norman and Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith
to Be an Atheist.
Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 2004.
Geisler, Norman and Ron Brooks. When Skeptics Ask: A
Handbook on Christian Evi-
dences. Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books, 1990.
35. Geisler, Norman and Thomas Howe. When Critics Ask: A
Popular Handbook on Bibli-
cal Difficulties. Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books, 1992.
Gish, Duane. Evolution: The Fossils Still Say No! El Cajon,
Calif.: Institute for Creation
Research, 1995.
Heck, Joel (ed.). The Art of Sharing Your Faith. Tarrytown,
N.Y.: Fleming H. Revell
Company, 1991.
Holman, C. Hugh. A Handbook to Literature (third ed.).
Indianapolis: Odyssey Press,
1975.
Hummel, Charles. The Galileo Connection: Resolving Conflicts
Between Science and
the Bible. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1986.
Illustra Media, The Privileged Planet: The Search for Purpose in
the Universe (DVD).
La Habra, Calif.: Illustra Media, 2004.
Illustra Media. Unlocking the Mystery of Life: The Scientific