This document discusses the doctrine of creation and how it has evolved over time in response to scientific advances. It addresses 5 challenges to the traditional doctrine from evolution, cosmology, physics, ecology, and neuroscience. The key points are: 1) The doctrine of creation was never intended as a scientific account but about God's relationship with creation. 2) In response to new understandings, the doctrine has expanded to include ideas like continuous creation and the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe. 3) Christian teachings have constantly adapted to new knowledge through history while maintaining core beliefs, showing doctrines are not fixed tests of orthodoxy.

1. After the 6th Day
Creatio Continua
Lecture 4: Mar 3, 2013

2. 1. The Doctrine of Creation
2. Five Challenges to the Doctrine of Creation
3. The History of Doctrinal Evolution
4. The Doctrine of creatio continua
5. After the 6th Day …

3. 1. The Doctrine of Creation
What do Christians believe about the creation … of humans,
life, and the universe with all the galaxies, dark matter, dark
energy, sub-atomic particles, anti-matter and even possible
extra-terrestrial life?
In the light of advances in human knowledge over the past 2000
years, how ought we rethink the Christian doctrine of creation?
The doctrine of creation has been mistakenly seen as a
competitor to the scientific origin theories of cosmogony
(universe), biogenesis (life) and paleoanthropology (man).

4. Creation & Redemption
Unlike many creation myths of the Ancient Near East, the
Christian doctrine of creation is not a quasi-historico-scientific
account of past events but also about future events.
It is not a theory about the universe comparable to the Big Bang
Model of cosmogony. It is neither testable nor falsifiable.
The doctrine of creation has always been intimately linked to the
doctrine of redemption in the eschaton (end of temporality or
created time). It was the question about our postmortem future
(afterlife) that led to the development of the creation doctrine.

5. Biblical texts on creation
The basic biblical texts about creation are found in:
Genesis 1 and 2
The letters to the Ephesians and Colossians and
The Prologue of John’s Gospel.
None of these texts were interested in describing a scientific or
even historical chronology of the life of the universe.

6. “We believe that God almighty, maker of heaven and earth.”
What does this mean in the context of the modern sciences of
cosmology, of the origins of life, and of human origins?
Nothing!
…unless we make the doctrine say what the authors never
intended – that it speaks to the question of origins.
Although genealogy (creation) is about the beginning of
existence, it can only be understood with reference to the final
purpose at the end of existence, its teleological eschatology
(redemption).

7. A brief history of the doctrine of creation
Trinitarian theology
Augustinian spiritual wisdom
Aquinas’ rational discourse
Theology of time & space
Natural & moral evil (slavery, women’s rights)
Divine action & human freedom, miracles and chance

8. What the Doctrine of Creation actually teaches
1) God created everything that is not God. Creation caused into
being realities other than God.
2) Everything God made was good, but not perfect. The world is
supposed to be worldly. While the world was created good,
the world we encounter is far from good. It presents us with a
combination of good and evil. It needs to be redeemed.
3) Creation was formed in Christ (Col 1:16). This opens up the
possibilities for a broad evolutionary development without
being limited to a consistency with the various forms of
Darwinist dogma.

9. 2. Five Modern Challenges –
1. Evolution by natural selection – Humans were not specially
created but evolved from earlier mammals and share a
considerable portion of the DNA and developmental genetics.
2. Contemporary cosmology and its impact on eschatology –
The universe is much older and larger than we thought.
3. Particle and quantum physics – Energy and matter at the very
small scale (quantum level) behave differently from our own
macro scale, with time and space that is not linear (past, present,
future).

10. 4. Environmental & ecological sensibilities – God did not create
the universe just for humanity – he also created bacteria, viruses
and Ebola strains.
5. Neuroscience, personhood & moral cognition – Biology and
social interaction (nature and nurture) shape our perception and
behavior. So an autistic person is compromised by brain defects
but can be dramatically helped by social therapy. Its not only all
about genetics.
Furthermore, reason and emotions interact to give rise to
cognition of neurons and brain function. So it is not true that
either emotions or reason are superior, we need both facets of
our brain functions to function normally.

11. Accounting for new universes, new life and new humanity?
The discovery of dark matter, dark energy and anti-matter, not to
mention the possibility of multiple universes, have prompted
the church to expand its claim of God’s continuing creation.
The discovery of extraterrestrial life should not surprise us.
Not only did modern humans change its structure over the past 7
million years, the evolution of the human species into a cyborg
race has already begun with over 50% of the human body able
to survive with replacement parts.

12. 3. The history of doctrinal evolution
No single doctrine of the Christian faith has survived unchanged
from the time of Jesus.
Each refinement may be traced to some increase in human
understanding based on observation.
We have come to realize that nature change (evolves) over time as
they adapt to changing conditions of weather, food supply, etc.
Christian doctrines changed significantly over the years in
response to scientific, technological and medical advances.

13. Tests of Orthodoxy?
There has never been a single test of orthodoxy with the Church.
Each of the thousands of Christian denominations hold to a
specifically distinct set of doctrines, with differences of
opinion based upon shifting scientific paradigms.
But early Christian leaders were careful not to create dogma (test
of orthodoxy) out of doctrine (teaching), so for e.g., John of
Damascus cites scripture to show that the heavens are
hemispherical (the flat earth position) and only cites
philosophical reasons to show that the heavens are spherical
(the round earth position). But he states that both views are
within “the orthodox faith.”

14. Christian responses to changing knowledge
In the 17th
century, the Reformed theological faculty of Leiden
declared the Copernican model of the universe to be contrary
to scripture, but the Reformed churches wisely refused to
follow their example.
Yet, today, many denominations consider it a firing offence if
any clergy does not subscribe to a scientific interpretation of
the scripture. The most common example is the interpretation
that Adam and Eve were two individuals who were never born
but created at a specific time, and immune to the forces of
evolutionary change.

15. Christian responses to changing knowledge
The greatest temptation is to interpret Genesis 1 as the science of
the day in order to assure its cultural respectability.
We ought to refrain from bringing the scientific questions into
the equation until after we have ascertained what the text says.
The tendency to make Moses teach the received science of the
day (whether Ptolemaic or Newtonian, whether evolution
science or creation science) is dangerous. It burdens the Bible
with prior knowledge of future science.

16. The creation doctrine was wrongly understood as a historical and
scientific description of God’s engagement with the universe.
To account for this, theologians scrambled to keep up-
In the ancient past, creation was limited to the Jewish view of the
earth as a flat disc on the waters, with a solid dome over it.
In the medieval times, ideas of a spherical earth floating in space
took root. The Ptolemaic model.
In modern times, the magnitude and age of the universe was
deemed to showcase the magnificent scope of creation.

17. They missed the point of the creation doctrine
The doctrine of creation was intended to describe the relationship
between creator and creation, with the final goal of offering the
hope of coming into the presence of God, not to posit a rival
historical or scientific account of origins.
In the Bible, creation refers to more than just original creation,
but also continuing creation and new creation.

18. 4. The doctrine of creatio continua
Creation continues with creation acting as agents of God. God
operates and acts with and through creation.
The account of creation in Genesis places the 7th
day as the day of
rest, when God’s creatio initio (creation) is complete and
creatio continua (providence) begins.

19. Creation itself is evolving according to God’s intention
Any Christian claim to God’s sovereignty must come to terms
with the fact that every part of nature, observable or not
(depending of the capability of tools such as optical scopes,
measuring instruments and finely-tuned detectors), is part of
God’s creation.
Our scientific knowledge of new matter, new life and even new
humans hitherto unknown, should cause us to celebrate the
almightiness of God.

20. Why does creation die?
Another bad doctrine: By the late medieval age, the Church
introduced the idea of a mythic age of created perfection by
using Paul’s midrash in Romans to interpret the poetry of
Genesis. By introducing the idea of the ‘fall’ into the Genesis
text, it accounted for the created process of death as a bad side-
effect, even though it was God’s plan for a post-mortem
resurrection.
Since the biology of life is linked to the death of prior life-forms,
from microbial to plant to animal life. God made life like this.

21. Divine Kenosis
A better doctrine is to understand creation as divine kenosis, a
costly grace that gives rise to both life and death, joy and
suffering – because the telos (ultimate purpose) is a complete
cosmic reconciliation between creator and creation.

22. 5. After the 6th
Day …Sabbath?
The account of creation in Genesis places the 7th
day as the day of
rest, when God’s creation is complete and providence begins.
Creatio ex nihilo = c. originalis + c. continua + c. nova
Creatio originalis causes God no effort while creatio continua +
creatio nova imposes a burden for which the Sabbath
celebrates its finished work.

23. God ‘created’ & God ‘made’
The creation narrative in Genesis uses two different words, ‘bara’
(create) and ‘asah’ (make).
‘Bara’ refers to originating creation (the heavens and the earth)
while ‘asah’ refers to a transformative crafting of what has
already been created (the heavens and the earth).
God ‘created’ in no time (kairic time) but ‘made’ in time (chronic
time), the duration of ‘six days’.

24. How the Kingdom of God became Heaven
The church’s made heaven the place of salvation for the soul.
The prayer for the kingdom on earth to come as it is in heaven
was replaced by our longing ‘to go to heaven’.
The kingdom of God’s glory and salvation of all creation became
heaven which in turn became the salvation of the human soul.
Heaven is now as uncreated and eternal as God, and is no longer
a part of creation (despite Genesis 1: 1).

25. Old/New Heaven & Old/New Earth
God is the creator of heaven (where God is present, along with
the angels) and earth (where all other creation is present) – the
writer/s were not aware of the size of the universe.
Upon redemption to a new heaven and a new earth, we
collectively form the kingdom of God or kingdom of glory, to
which our resurrected bodies will be drawn.
Following earthly death, our souls arrive at the old heaven,
unredeemed, to await the resurrection and join God’s dwelling,
which will then be the new heaven and earth.

26. Teilhard de Chardin’s challenge to human primacy
Advances in
astronomy (the infinite universe),
biology (the various types of humanoids, some of which became
extinct) and
psychoanalysis (which exposed the unconscious drives and
involuntary suppressions),
suggest our incidental appearance on earth – this means that
although we eventually emerged in history, we are contingent
and God could have made another species to receive the Image
of God.

27. Jurgen Moltmann’s Open Creation
The universe is in disequilibrium and an irreversible history
(non-cyclic time) permits only unique events. With no
repetition, ‘natural laws’ are mere approximations.
The future of any phenomena therefore cannot be said to be
predictable by laws but rather, are open to contingencies
unknown to us (quantum indeterminacy). The future is not
fixed.
The universe is participatory, anticipatory and self-transcendent
(which subsists from God’s transcendency).

28. Conclusion
If God’s good (but imperfect) creation includes all that were, all
that are now, and all that are to be, within the complete range
of space and time (geohistory), then Christians need not be
fearful that their fixed doctrine will fall short of experienced
reality.
We can now embrace the gift of science, technology and
medicine as evolving gifts of God through the human mind.
So, what did God do after the 6th
Day? He completed the initial
creation (creatio initio) but continues to create (creatio
continua) as we marvel at the future unfolding of his grace in a
new creation (creatio nova) to come.

29. Implications
The doctrine of creation begins with reflection on the doctrine of
redemption – salvation.
The long evolutionary history of the doctrine means that as it
changes in line with fresh insights drawn from new data, no
current doctrine will remain static.
If we were created for a purposeful future, someone greater than
ourselves must value us. To live life is a special gift. We are
capable of much more than we dare hope. We are called to a
nobler existence than we presume.

30. Application
Do not be unnecessarily anxious about the wrong issues.
Consider what is beyond our capacity to transform and what is
within our ability to change for the better. Then get on with it –
Carpe diem (seize the day)
Welcome new knowledge (science, the arts, music, literature) as
gifts from God, so we may
-bind up the wounds and alleviate human suffering,
-seek justice from the oppressed and speak up for the voiceless,
-model generosity to those who are less fortunate.

31. Academy for Christian Thought
Who Are We?
We are a resource for Christian organizations seeking to understand the roles
of history, the natural sciences and philosophy in their ministries.
We are an adoptive authority for both believer and skeptic seeking an
informed approach to understanding of divine reality with integrity.

32. Why is ACT different?
1. We provide a safe space to learn and to discuss topical issues pertinent both
to the academy and the religious life of people.
2. We initiated a ‘copyleft’ program to distribute our materials royalty-free in
the Two-Thirds World, to counter limited access to our materials due to
economic disparity.
3. We engage the academy through participation in international conferences
on religion and the natural sciences - to narrow the distance of mutual
suspicion between academy and church.
4. We partner with churches and campus ministries - to bridge the
cognitive gap between the pulpit and the pew and serve as a clearing house
of ideas and a trusted resource.