1. TOURISM FOR DEVELOPMENT:
STRATEGY & PROCESS
MANAGEMENT
YES Summit,
Nairobi
2006
ARVIND MAYARAM
INDIA
2. TOURISM
a Potential Development Driver
Why Tourism
• Sustainable Livelihood
• Poverty Alleviation
• Uplift of Rural Artists
• Uplift of Rural Artisans
• Empowerment of Women
• Improvement in Urban and Rural Infrastructure
• Better Image, Quality of Life and Attitude of People
• Revival of Traditional Crafts
• Heritage Conservation
• Conservation of Natural Resources
3. TOURISM
a Potential Development Driver
Significant multiplier effect on the economy
– Every dollar spent by a tourist changes hands 13 times
– Every hotel room generates direct employment to 3 and
indirect employment to 8 persons
4. TOURISM
a Potential Development Driver
FAMINE-PROOFING
• Reducing absolute dependence on agriculture:
– Revival of traditional arts & crafts, building art, etc.
– Providing ready marketing opportunities for rural artisans
– Employment generation during entire year
• About half a million of artisans employed in Handicraft sector
in only one State of Rajasthan
• Handicraft Exports from one of the States, Rajasthan:
– 1991-92 Rs. 2800 mn.
– 2000-01 Rs.43,000 mn.
– 2004-03 Rs. 100,000 mn.
5. TOURISM
a Potential Development Driver
TOURISM creates:
a. Jobs in situ-wild life sanctuaries, historical
places, beaches, mountains etc. Does not result
in migration
b. Creates a large number of semi-skilled jobs for
local population
c. Contributes to overall economic development of
areas that would otherwise be deprived
6. TOURISM
India: Case Study
EMPLOYMENT
Every Rs.1 million ($25,000) invested creates…
• Tourism (directly) 47.5 Jobs
• Tourism (indirectly) 89 Jobs
(sub-sector of hotels and restaurants, transportation etc.)
• Agriculture 44.6 Jobs
• Manufacturing 12.6 Jobs
7. TOURISM
India: Case Study
TOURISM THIRD-LARGEST NET FOREX EARNER
(2001-02)
• Gem & Jewelry US$ 7.40 Bn.
• Readymade Garments US$ 5.50 Bn.
• Tourism US$ 3.30 Bn.
COMPARATIVE FOREX INFLOW (2000-01)
• FDI $ 2.4 bn
• Tourism $ 2.9 bn
*2001-02 & 2003-03 figures are not used due to the effect of Sept 11 2001
9. Tourism Circuit Approach
• Integrated
• Tourist, the focal point
• Circuit development involves creating a circular
route to be taken by tourists
• Based on features of tourist interest throughout
the circuit route
• Driven by infrastructure development
• FDI can play a major role in inducting capital,
technology, managerial skills and marketing
10. POSITIVE ROLE OF FDI IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
• Augments investible resources
• Improves technological standards
• Improves efficiency of the domestic industry
• Increases competitiveness
• Introduces ‘latest’ technology
• Improves allocative efficiency
• Introduces higher level of technical or ‘X’ efficiency
• Results in diffusion of technology and knowledge to local firms
• Leads to labour turnover or ‘reverse engineering’
• Results in income ‘multiplying’ effect
11. OBVERSE SIDE OF THE COIN
• Could result in cutting into the market of local firms (reduce
productivity)
• Could result in ‘financial leakages’
– Repatriation of profits
– Direct channeling of tourists’ expenditure to the home country
– Remittances by expatriate workers
– Imports on account of weak host country supply chain
• In international tourism, cross-border anti-competitive practices may
adversely affect smaller tourism service suppliers from developing and
least developed countries particularly vulnerable to anti-competitive
policies
• Employment opportunities may not increase for local population
because of absence of skilled manpower
13. INITIATIVE: Policy/Regulatory Framework
Tourism Development Mission/Tourism Policy
Mission for Tourism Development Tourism Policy
• Efforts to raise tourist arrivals • Comprehensive Tourism Master Plan
• Aggressive domestic and international • Promoting Private sector investment
marketing • Enhancing quality and diversifying
• Organizing international tourism events tourism products
• Development of tourism infrastructure
• Awareness about and professional
• Aggressive marketing & publicity
management of heritage and raising
resources for it • Tourism as ‘Industry’
• Tourism Trade Regulation Act – to
• Ensuring hassle-free and pleasant stay prevent possible exploitation of tourists
of tourists • HRD for Tourism Sector
• Tourism promotion through Internet • Upgrading Tourism Support Services
• Encourage Public Private Partnerships • Improved Connectivity
• Rural tourism for generating • Preservation of historical and cultural
employment in rural areas heritage and promoting Heritage
• Eco-tourism Tourism
• Promoting Adventure, Wildlife, Eco-
Tourism (as applicable)
14. INITIATIVE: Policy/Regulatory Framework
Tourism (Facilitation) Law
OBJECTIVES PROVISIONS
To make the country/region “Tourist • Definitions
Friendly”: • Regulatory
• Security for tourist, i.e. • Anti-begging
• Special attention to tourists by Police
– Not to be mobbed by beggars,
• Voluntary Adoption of law
touts, taxi drivers etc.
• Bench-marking
– Not to be cheated-cost / quality • Certification
• Accessible/reliable Information • Third Party Inspections
• Good amenities & reliable services • Penalties
• Cleanliness & hygiene • Exit Clause
• • Heritage
Heritage conservation
• Declaring building/area/township
protected heritage
• Construction to be strictly regulated
15. INITIATIVE: Institutions
Decision-support Structures
Single Window Clearance System
• A. Investment Proposals
• B. Visa applications
• C. Concessions to commercially use state assets
• D. Licenses to operate tourism related activities
(recurring)
16. INITIATIVE: Institutions
Decision-support Structures
• Tourism Advisory Council
– Top political and bureaucratic executives
– Membership to include tourism trade and industry
representatives, experts…
– To deliberates upon policy initiatives, demands of the industry,
problems with the government institutions, development plans
• Tourism Regulatory Authority
– Accreditation
– Benchmarking services
– Grievance redress
– Adjudication
17. INITIATIVE: Institutions
Human Resource Development (Indicative)
• Institute of Crafts for the handicrafts sector
– Design input
– Professional degree/diploma in craft & design-techno-design
managers
– Facilitating marketing and marketing linkage intervention
– Technology intervention and product and process standardization
– Capacity building at artisan level
– Documentation and resource centre
– IPR issues related to the handicrafts sector
• Entrepreneurship Management Institutes
– Entrepreneurship development for SMEs
– Tourism specific entrepreneurship programmers for tourism
enabled services
18. INITIATIVE: Institutions
Human Resource Development (Indicative)
• Institutes of Hotel Management
– HRD in hospitality industry
– Managerial level courses
– Language skills
• Food Crafts Institutes
– Shop floor level skill development courses
– Language skills
• Centre for Heritage Management
– Capacity building amongst officials in the local governments,
town planners, urban and civic bodies, government functionaries
about heritage conservation and management issues
19. INITIATIVE: Infrastructure
INVESTMENT
Public Private P-P Partnership
Highways, Hotels, Travel BOT Roads, Airports,
Airports, Urban Agencies, Tour Resorts, Heritage
Infrastructure, Operators, Dealers, Properties, Circuit
Power Handicraft Stores development, Web-portals
20. INITIATIVE: Infrastructure
Public Finance
• Several key sectors like water supply, sewerage, roads, capacity
building and public awareness, and heritage conservation can be
covered - assistance from multilateral and bilateral funding agencies
• Separate budgetary provisions for tourism related activities in Forest,
PWD and other related departments
• Public finance and assistance from organizations such as the UNESCO
and the World Monument Watch for restoration of heritage
monuments
TOURISM Infrastructure (Illustrative)
• Civil Aviation (Airports)
• Roads Up-gradation Project
• Urban Infrastructure
• Public facilities
• Information Kiosks
21. PPP: Project Development Process
OUTPUT CONTENT
I Detailed Feasibility To assess the feasibility and to recommend a suitable institutional and financial
Report plan for the project
II Risk Management • To assess the major areas of vulnerability underlying the assumptions,
Plan forecast cash flows and profitability of the project
• To assist in the development of suitable strategies to limiting such effects
• To ensure the equitable sharing and allocation of project risk
• To reflect the differing perspectives of the consortium, contractors,
Government, lender, etc, on the project and to assess the balancing of
interests achieved
III Environment and To assess the environment and social impact of the project and to incorporate
Social Assessment appropriate mitigation measures
Report
IV Contractual To develop the contractual framework of the project and to provide the draft
framework agreements to be entered into by the principal stakeholders to the project, such
Documentation as Government, Operators, Lenders, etc.
V Procurement To provide a blue print to achieving technical close for the project, including
selection and award of the contract to successful bidders.
22. CONCLUSIONS
• Tourism is the main driver of economic growth/employment
generation in more than 80 countries
• It has the potential of addressing issues such as rural poverty,
empowerment of women, strengthening the economic status of the
rural artisans, earning forex etc.
• It is necessary to create the right environment to attract FDI by
establishing progressive legal-institutional framework and facilitating
organizations
• Circuit development approach yields fastest results
• HR is the key
• Presenting bankable projects to the investors not only increases the
possibility of attracting forex but also establishes benchmarks for the
future
