Notes will upload soon

1. Topic:
Concepts and problems of
communication
Presented by Bint-e-Zahra

2. Contents
1. Conventions of meaning
a) Denotation
b) Connotation
c) Euphemism
2. Perception of reality
a) Abstracting
 Necessary/Desirable abstract
 Slanted statements
b) Inferring
 Necessary/Desirable inferences
 Risks/Dangers of inferences
3. Values, attitudes and opinions
a) Favorable or Unfavorable information
b) Inadequate or Incorrect information
c) Closed Minds
d) Sender’s credibility
e) Other circumstances affecting attitudes, opinions , responses

3. 1. CONVENTIONS OF MEANING:
There are lot of meanings for a single word. It include:
Knowledge of words
Experiences
Level of understanding
a) Denotations:
It is the dictionary definition of a word
b) Connotations:
It is extensions of denotations
For examples:
c) Euphemisms:
It is a expression used in place of one that may be suggest something unpleasant.
For examples:
 Passed away instead of died
 Between jobs instead of unemployed
Denotations Connotations
1 Attractive Pretty, Beautiful, Handsome, Fair
2 Reporter Journalist, Broadcaster, Newshounds

4. 2. PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY:
a) Abstracting:
It is a process in which select some facts while omitting other information.
Necessary desirable abstract:
Sometime we select some facts and ignore other due to lack of time or information
Slanted Statements:
Piece of information added or removed then it changed the meaning of sentence.
b) Inferring:
It can be defines as drawing conclusion on the basis of some evidences.
Necessary/Desirable inferences
Assume something and receive right result
Risks/Danger of inferences
Assume something and receive wrong result
Its mean that how you percept which depend upon
mentality which ever changes according to condition, experience,
culture, or country

5. 3. VALUES , ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS:
a) Favorable or Unfavorable information
b) Inadequate or Incorrect information
c) Closed Minds
d) Sender’s credibility
e) Other circumstances affecting attitudes, opinions , responses
Value: It is a commonly held believe.
Attitude: How people act and react?
Opinion: How people think, what the view of people are?
According to that different concepts, following are some facts that create
miscommunication:

6. Thank You

7. Any Question?