Subsea pipelines are the arteries of the offshore industry, and around the world more than 18,000km are in service. Part of almost every project, they often form a large component of project cost. This course will provide a complete and up-to-date overview of the area of Subsea Pipeline Engineering, taking delegates through the pre-design phase, design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance.
It will give a complete picture of the work of design engineers and pipeline construction companies, using actual case studies from around the world to highlight the topics discussed. While the course requires no previous experience, this is not a superficial overview. The lecturers bring to the course a long experience of industry projects, in many parts of the world and under varied conditions. The technology is far from being static, and the trainers will discuss new developments and ideas for the future.
This presentation is about the Unconventional reservoirs characterization, the methodology of exploration, the techniques of production and the worldwide production and in Egypt.
With speakers from various disciplines and professions, the SPE Distinguished Lecturer program focuses on the hottest trends, tools, and technology in E&P around the globe. View the complete 2018-2019 Distinguished Lecturer schedule at www.spe.org/dl/schedule.php.
Subsea pipelines are the arteries of the offshore industry, and around the world more than 18,000km are in service. Part of almost every project, they often form a large component of project cost. This course will provide a complete and up-to-date overview of the area of Subsea Pipeline Engineering, taking delegates through the pre-design phase, design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance.
It will give a complete picture of the work of design engineers and pipeline construction companies, using actual case studies from around the world to highlight the topics discussed. While the course requires no previous experience, this is not a superficial overview. The lecturers bring to the course a long experience of industry projects, in many parts of the world and under varied conditions. The technology is far from being static, and the trainers will discuss new developments and ideas for the future.
This presentation is about the Unconventional reservoirs characterization, the methodology of exploration, the techniques of production and the worldwide production and in Egypt.
With speakers from various disciplines and professions, the SPE Distinguished Lecturer program focuses on the hottest trends, tools, and technology in E&P around the globe. View the complete 2018-2019 Distinguished Lecturer schedule at www.spe.org/dl/schedule.php.
This was the final report of the design project 1 (PGE 405).A project about Improved reservoir Evaluation. In this project, I discussed using different techniques in reservoir evaluation as well as using downhole fluid analysis.
Propane precooling mixed component refrigerant process (C3/MR) represents 80% of the commercial used processes. The process has proven to be efficient, flexible, reliable, and cost competitive (M. J. Roberts, 2004).
For these reasons the a C3MR process, using synthetic natural gas (SNG) from the methanisation process, was selected to be simulated. Simulation of the process has been conducted using Aspen Hysys® version V.8. process simulation software. The PR equation of state is used for thermodynamic properties calculations both for the natural gas and the refrigerants.
This was the presentation of design project 1 (PGE 405).A project about Improved reservoir Evaluation. In this project, I discussed using different techniques in reservoir evaluation as well as using downhole fluid analysis.
Adoption of the applied surface-backpressure types of managed pressure drilling (MPD) technologies in deepwater have mainly involved the use of a rotating control device (RCD). The RCD creates a closed drilling system in which the flow out of the well is diverted towards an automated MPD choke manifold (with a high-resolution mass flow meter) that aside from regulating backpressure also increases sensitivity and reduces reaction time to kicks, losses, and other unwanted drilling events. This integration of MPD equipment into floating drilling rigs to provide them with MPD capabilities, including the capacity to perform pressurized mud cap drilling (PMCD) and riser gas mitigation (RGM), has produced improvements not only in drillability and efficiency, but most importantly in process safety. Case histories on how MPD has performed will be presented on the following: • allowed drilling to reach target depth in rank wildcat deepwater wells that have formations prone to severe circulation losses and narrow mud weight windows; • increased drilling efficiency by minimizing non-productive time associated with downhole pressure-related problems and by allowing for the setting of deeper casing seats; • enhanced operational and process safety by allowing for immediate detection of kicks, losses and other critical downhole events. • provided riser gas mitigation capabilities that can detect a gas influx once it enters the drilling fluid stream, and not after it has already broken out above the rig blow-out preventers (BOPs).
This thesis focuses on assessing and integrating the information available during the
beginning of the exploration phase when an exploratory well has been drilled and has
found a new accumulation. The studied data set consist of cores and fluid laboratory
analysis, logs, well testing and seismic. The main objectives are: (i) develop the static
and dynamic models from the outset of the exploration stage when the geological
framework is still poorly understood; (ii) predict reservoir properties, e.g., permeabilitythickness
product, reservoir average permeability and productivity index by applying
analytical and numerical solutions. In order to achieve the goals this thesis proposes an
innovative manner to model the reservoir based on hydraulic flow unit concept. The
workflow generated allows decoupling of geological rock facies from reservoir fluid
flow behavior.
The early data integration and modeling permits to identify and address the key
uncertainties concerning the discovery and to assist and buttress well test design and
interpretations. Moreover, it allows a preliminary understanding of the reservoir and
helps to guide the subsequent steps of the exploration.
The hydrocarbon accumulation consists of a deepwater carbonate reservoir revealing to
be highly heterogeneous and in general composed by thin layers displaying a significant
contrast in flow potential. Despite such heterogeneity the employed methodology
succeeds in adjusting a permeability curve with core measurements. Following the
workflow the entire upscaling process moving from cores to well-logs, from well-logs
to static model and finally, from static model to dynamic model is described.
Furthermore, all the steps to populate the models with petrophysical attributes and the
analytical methods to predict reservoir parameters are also presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Increasing interest by governments worldwide on reducing CO2 released into the atmosphere form a nexus of of opportunity with enhanced oil recovery which could benefit mature oil fields in nearly every country. Overall approximately two-thirds of original oil in place (OOIP) in mature conventional oil fields remains after primary or primary/secondary recovery efforts have taken place. CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) has an excellent record of revitalizing these mature plays and can dramatically increase ultimate recovery. Since the first CO2 EOR project was initiated in 1972, more than 154 additional projects have been put into operation around the world and about two-thirds are located in the Permian basin and Gulf coast regions of the United States. While these regions have favorable geologic and reservoir conditions for CO2 EOR, they are also located near large natural sources of CO2.
In recent years an increasing number of projects have been developed in areas without natural supplies, and have instead utilized captured CO2 from a variety of anthropogenic sources including gas processing plants, ethanol plants, cement plants, and fertilizer plants. Today approximately 36% of active CO2 EOR projects utilize gas that would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere. Interest world-wide has increased, including projects in Canada, Brazil, Norway, Turkey, Trinidad, and more recently, and perhaps most significantly, in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. About 80% of all energy used in the world comes from fossil fuels, and many industrial and manufacturing processes generate CO2 that can be captured and used for EOR. In this 30 minute presentation a brief history of CO2 EOR is provided, implications for utilizing captured carbon are discussed, and a demonstration project is introduced with an overview of characterization, modeling, simulation, and monitoring actvities taking place during injection of more than a million metric tons (~19 Bcf) of anthropogenic CO2 into a mature waterflood.
Longer versions of the presentation can be requested and can cover details of geologic and seimic characterization, simulation studies, time-lapse monitoring, tracer studies, or other CO2 monitoring technologies.
This was the final report of the design project 1 (PGE 405).A project about Improved reservoir Evaluation. In this project, I discussed using different techniques in reservoir evaluation as well as using downhole fluid analysis.
Propane precooling mixed component refrigerant process (C3/MR) represents 80% of the commercial used processes. The process has proven to be efficient, flexible, reliable, and cost competitive (M. J. Roberts, 2004).
For these reasons the a C3MR process, using synthetic natural gas (SNG) from the methanisation process, was selected to be simulated. Simulation of the process has been conducted using Aspen Hysys® version V.8. process simulation software. The PR equation of state is used for thermodynamic properties calculations both for the natural gas and the refrigerants.
This was the presentation of design project 1 (PGE 405).A project about Improved reservoir Evaluation. In this project, I discussed using different techniques in reservoir evaluation as well as using downhole fluid analysis.
Adoption of the applied surface-backpressure types of managed pressure drilling (MPD) technologies in deepwater have mainly involved the use of a rotating control device (RCD). The RCD creates a closed drilling system in which the flow out of the well is diverted towards an automated MPD choke manifold (with a high-resolution mass flow meter) that aside from regulating backpressure also increases sensitivity and reduces reaction time to kicks, losses, and other unwanted drilling events. This integration of MPD equipment into floating drilling rigs to provide them with MPD capabilities, including the capacity to perform pressurized mud cap drilling (PMCD) and riser gas mitigation (RGM), has produced improvements not only in drillability and efficiency, but most importantly in process safety. Case histories on how MPD has performed will be presented on the following: • allowed drilling to reach target depth in rank wildcat deepwater wells that have formations prone to severe circulation losses and narrow mud weight windows; • increased drilling efficiency by minimizing non-productive time associated with downhole pressure-related problems and by allowing for the setting of deeper casing seats; • enhanced operational and process safety by allowing for immediate detection of kicks, losses and other critical downhole events. • provided riser gas mitigation capabilities that can detect a gas influx once it enters the drilling fluid stream, and not after it has already broken out above the rig blow-out preventers (BOPs).
This thesis focuses on assessing and integrating the information available during the
beginning of the exploration phase when an exploratory well has been drilled and has
found a new accumulation. The studied data set consist of cores and fluid laboratory
analysis, logs, well testing and seismic. The main objectives are: (i) develop the static
and dynamic models from the outset of the exploration stage when the geological
framework is still poorly understood; (ii) predict reservoir properties, e.g., permeabilitythickness
product, reservoir average permeability and productivity index by applying
analytical and numerical solutions. In order to achieve the goals this thesis proposes an
innovative manner to model the reservoir based on hydraulic flow unit concept. The
workflow generated allows decoupling of geological rock facies from reservoir fluid
flow behavior.
The early data integration and modeling permits to identify and address the key
uncertainties concerning the discovery and to assist and buttress well test design and
interpretations. Moreover, it allows a preliminary understanding of the reservoir and
helps to guide the subsequent steps of the exploration.
The hydrocarbon accumulation consists of a deepwater carbonate reservoir revealing to
be highly heterogeneous and in general composed by thin layers displaying a significant
contrast in flow potential. Despite such heterogeneity the employed methodology
succeeds in adjusting a permeability curve with core measurements. Following the
workflow the entire upscaling process moving from cores to well-logs, from well-logs
to static model and finally, from static model to dynamic model is described.
Furthermore, all the steps to populate the models with petrophysical attributes and the
analytical methods to predict reservoir parameters are also presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Increasing interest by governments worldwide on reducing CO2 released into the atmosphere form a nexus of of opportunity with enhanced oil recovery which could benefit mature oil fields in nearly every country. Overall approximately two-thirds of original oil in place (OOIP) in mature conventional oil fields remains after primary or primary/secondary recovery efforts have taken place. CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) has an excellent record of revitalizing these mature plays and can dramatically increase ultimate recovery. Since the first CO2 EOR project was initiated in 1972, more than 154 additional projects have been put into operation around the world and about two-thirds are located in the Permian basin and Gulf coast regions of the United States. While these regions have favorable geologic and reservoir conditions for CO2 EOR, they are also located near large natural sources of CO2.
In recent years an increasing number of projects have been developed in areas without natural supplies, and have instead utilized captured CO2 from a variety of anthropogenic sources including gas processing plants, ethanol plants, cement plants, and fertilizer plants. Today approximately 36% of active CO2 EOR projects utilize gas that would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere. Interest world-wide has increased, including projects in Canada, Brazil, Norway, Turkey, Trinidad, and more recently, and perhaps most significantly, in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. About 80% of all energy used in the world comes from fossil fuels, and many industrial and manufacturing processes generate CO2 that can be captured and used for EOR. In this 30 minute presentation a brief history of CO2 EOR is provided, implications for utilizing captured carbon are discussed, and a demonstration project is introduced with an overview of characterization, modeling, simulation, and monitoring actvities taking place during injection of more than a million metric tons (~19 Bcf) of anthropogenic CO2 into a mature waterflood.
Longer versions of the presentation can be requested and can cover details of geologic and seimic characterization, simulation studies, time-lapse monitoring, tracer studies, or other CO2 monitoring technologies.
This intensive 5-day course provides a comprehensive
overview of offshore drilling operations and the associated
challenges. The course will equip participants with a solid
understanding of the key concepts, technologies, and
processes involved in offshore well operations.
Understand the history, significance, and lifecycle of
offshore oil and gas operations. Identify and differentiate
various types of offshore rigs (Jackup, Semi-submersible,
Drillship) and their capabilities. Grasp the fundamentals of
well design, rig selection, and operational considerations
in different environments. Gain knowledge of essential
well construction activities, including conductor installation,
drilling, casing, cementing, and
completion.
PetroSync - Surface Geochemical Exploration for Oil and GasPetroSync
The great majority of oil and gas pools and mature source rocks have recognizable surface geochemical expression. The O&G industry devotes significant time and resources in finding and defining traps, but little or none in establishing the likely presence of hydrocarbon in those traps, especially for older onshore basins.
This course examines the difficulties, challenges and problems facing today’s deepwater drilling programme designers and personnel where wells are being drilled in increasingly difficult downhole and environmental conditions with ever increasing cost and legislation further contributing to design and operational pressures.
In low oil-price environments, it is customary to cut expenses, reduce staff, and postpone most, if not all, capital investments. While this strategy may be financially sound in the short term, it is ineffective in the long run, particularly for companies with the need to sustain production levels or to replace reserves through drilling, production or reservoir projects. Heavy oil projects are usually more challenging, as production costs are higher and the oil price is even lower.
This presentation addresses the dilemma of controlling cost and at the same time sustaining production and increasing recovery. A balance can be struck by focusing on the quality of decisions, such as when and where to invest, and ensuring that projects are delivered on- budget, a common issue in the E&P industry. The central idea in this presentation is that, in the most complex and financially challenging case of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) projects, the combination of quality decision making and the implementation of “fit-for-purpose” technology offers the most promising middle-point. By providing eight examples of innovative technologies to help reduce uncertainty, cost and time for delivering commercial EOR oil, and three successful case studies, the audience will gain confidence in the proposition that it is perfectly viable to double recoveries for many of our fields in the next 15 years, even in the current price scenario.
Finally, EOR is a business, and as such it needs to compete favorably with other businesses in a company’s E&P portfolio - challenging in low oil price environments. The lecture will close by presenting a strategy, illustrated with an example, on how to divert from the traditional engineering approach in favor of a managerial decision approach, that will help engineers to justify viable recovery projects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. KC44703 OIL & GAS 1
ELECTIVE
COURSE SUMMARY INFORMATION
UMS
2. 9 Course Outcome:
At the end of the course, students
should be able to:
1. Describe and explain all the major stages in the life of an oil
or gas field, from gaining access to opportunity, through
exploration, appraisal, development planning, production,
and finally to decommissioning, including the fiscal and
commercial environment in which oil and gas field
development takes place.
2. Explain the fundamentals of petrophysics, its process and
methods used in extracting formation properties from core
sample for reservoir modelling and simulation afterwards.
3. Apply the state-of-the-art reservoir engineering principles,
concepts and basic practice to engineering problems.
4. Apply fundamental principles and specialized applications
in all forms of enhanced oil recovery techniques
2
3. 17
Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic Lect.
(hrs)
Tut.
(hrs)
Topic 1: Overview
Introduce the various steps of the petroleum industry life cycle and the
disciplines involved at each step
4 4
Topic 2: Introduction to Geology
Where and how to find oil and gas; looking into the subsurface; finding the
right target; discovering a new field; sizing up the resources, Petroleum Origin
& Accumulation
Types of reservoir rocks
2 2
Topic 3: Drilling and production
Focusing on the new field; imaging the reservoir; planning the field
development; building surface facilities and infrastructure; drilling the
producing wells; squeezing the last drop.
2 2
Topic 4: Petrophysics
Definitions & Measurements
Porosity & permeability
Packing & particle size
Porosity of complex porous media
Saturations
Capillary Pressures Curves
2 2
3
4. 17
Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic Lect.
(hrs)
Tut.
(hrs)
Topic 5: Overview of Volumetric Equations
GRV calculations
Reserve definition and catagories
Volume-in-Place calculations
Reserve estimates
Land descriptions
Trapping mechanism
Reservoir statistics
2 2
Topic 6: Phase behaviour
Pure substance
Two component mixtures
Three component mixtures
Reservoir Fluids Identification
Five reservoir fluid types
Production Rule of Thumb
2 2
Topic 7: Flow through porous media
Darcy’s Law
Diffusivity Equation
Transient State
Pseudo-steady State
Steady State
4 4
4
5. 17
Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic Lect.
(hrs)
Tut.
(hrs)
Topic 8: Fundamentals of Well-Test
Inflow Performance at High Production
Rates Transient Testing
Drawdown Testing and Semilog Analysis
Buildup Testing and The Horner Plot
2 2
Topic 9: Drive Mechanism
Primary drive mechanisms
Secondary drive mechanism
Tertiary/ Enhanced Oil Recovery
Performance of drive mechanism
Reservoir depletion concepts
2 2
Topic 10: Introduction to EOR
Displacement Fundamentals
Immiscible Gas Injection
Miscible Gas Drive
Thermal Recovery Methods
Chemical Recovery Methods
Microbial EOR
Case Studies
4 4
Total Hours 26 26
5
6. 18 Main references supporting the course;
William D McCain (2000), The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition,
Pennwell Corporation
L.P Dake (2001), Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, 8th impression,
Elsevier Science
Hyne N. J. (2001). Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration,
drilling and production, 2nd ed. Penn Well Corporation.
Additional references supporting the course;
Introduction to Petroleum Technology, INSTEP Training Module for
PETRONAS staff (2007)
How the energy industry works: an insiders’ guide. 2007
Van Dyke, K, Fundamentals of Petroleum, University of Texas Petroleum
Extension Service
6
7. 19 Delivery Plan
Week Topic Assessment
1 Topic 1: Overview Assignment 1
2 Topic 1: Overview
3 Topic 2: Introduction to Geology
4 Topic 3: Drilling and production Assignment 1 - submission
5 Topic 4: Petrophysics Assignment 2
6 Topic 5: Overview of Volumetric Equations Test 1 - Topics 1, 2, and 4
7
Topic 6: Phase behaviour and Resevoir fluid
identification
8 Topic 7: Flow through porous media
9 Topic 7: Flow through porous media
10 Topic 8: Fundamentals of Well-Test Assignment 2 - submission
11 Topic 9: Drive Mechanism Test 2 - Topics 5, 6, and 7
12 Topic 10: Introduction to EOR
13 Topic 10: Introduction to EOR
14 Revision
7
8. KC44703 OIL & GAS 1 :
GEOLOGY – PETROLEUM
ORIGIN PART 1
ASSOC. PROF. DR RACHEL FRAN MANSA
SEPT 2015 SEM 1
Modified from materials by Assoc Prof Ir Abdul Aziz Omar, UTP, SEPT 2014
11. Falling
oil
prices
Strong US dollar
• Strong dollar lowers
prices of commodities
OPEC: U.S. Output
could take Hit
• Drilling can subside due
to high cost, caused by
low oil prices, causes
drop in production
A Global Oil Glut
• Global oversupply
Iran Nuclear Deal
Could Add to
Oversupply
http://www.ibtimes.com/why-are-oil-prices-falling-here-are-four-reasons-crude-
prices-continue-trend-lower-1848742
http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29643612
19. • What is it that is demanded from Oil?
• What makes oil so cheap now?
• What can gas be used for?
• What are the current changes in energy supply?
29. PROSPECTING : PRELIMINARY
RESEARCH
Preliminary prospect research involves an investment of primarily time to make
a determination whether or not a prospect is worth pursuing.
• Preliminary lease checks.
• Researching and mapping logged wells (productive and
• dry holes) in the prospect area.
• Reviewing seismic the generation company may have in
• its library.
• QC publicly available seismic.
• Compare notes with other geologists with experience in
• the prospect area.
30. PROSPECTING : EXPANDED
PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT
Completing a developed prospect
usually involves utilizing multiple
confirming geological, geophysical or
geochemical technologies.
31. PROSPECTING : EXPANDED
PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT
Seismic Surveys - Seismic surveying is based
on the simple concept that sound waves will
travel through different geological structures at
different speeds that can be measured by time.
• A shock or sound wave is created using a thumper
truck/ship or even explosives drilled into the ground.
• The sound waves travel under the ground and are
reflected back by the various rock layers. These
reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the
type or rock and the density of the rock layers they pass
through.
• The seismic receiving truck/ship reads and records these
sound waves as they are detected by listening devices
called geophones.
32. PROSPECTING : EXPANDED
PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT
Types of Seismic Surveys -
• 2D Seismic - Two-dimensional seismic lines
are created by laying the geophones out in a
single line.
• 3D Seismic - A 3-D seismic survey is
basically a dense grid of 2-D lines.
• 4D Seismic - Adds a time lapse variable to
• 3D seismic, performing repeated 3D seismic
surveys over a producing hydrocarbon field
over time.
33. PROSPECTING : EXPANDED
PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT
Other prospecting methods
• Geochemical Techniques - Analysis of soil
samples at the
• surface is correlated to petroleum
accumulation at depth.
• Radar Gas Imaging - Hydrocarbons are
generated and/or trapped at depth and leak in
varying but detectable quantities to the
surface. Gas sensing instruments are flown
over an area to look for hydrocarbons seeping
from the earth.
• Magnetic Surveys - can determine where oil-
bearing sedimentary rock (nonmagnetic) is
more likely to be found.
34. PROSPECTING : EXPANDED
PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT
• Acquisition and analysis of these
technological surveys is quite capital
intensive.
• Purchased 3D seismic surveys - range of
$15,000 to more than $40,000 per square
mile.
35.
36.
37. PROSPECTING : ACQUISITION
AND EXPLORATION
• Appraisal Drilling
• Conceptual Development Plan
• Surface and Subsurface Development Plan
Appraisal and Conceptual
Development Plan
• Field Descrption
• Future Reservoir Characterization
• Drilling and Well Completion Plan
• Facilities Description
Field Development Plan
• Basic Design
• Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
• Detailed Design
• Operating Plan
Engineering and
Construction
38. PROSPECTING : ACQUISITION
AND EXPLORATION
• Issues considered:
1. Size of reserves
2. Water depth
3. Distance to shore
4. The environment
5. Risks
6. Costs - economics
56. WELL COMPLETION
Well Completion
• Production casing: Set
through the payzone to seal
the well.
• Cementing: To keep the
casing in place
• Perforated casing: Where
the fluid flows into the well
57.
58. ABANDONMENT
• Terminate ability of wells to produce
• Plug all penetrated zones
• 2 Phases –down hole and surface
abandonment
59. ABANDONMENT
• Down hole:
• Plugging and cementing
• • Surface:
• On shore –cut well casing 2-4 m
below ground and capped
• Off-shore –cap well
60. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)
• Typical primary recovery of a reservoir is 20-25% of estimated
volume
• EOR intends to capture another 20-30% volume.
• Current technologies:
• WAG/IWAG,
• chemical EOR,
• Microbial EOR,
• Thermal EOR
62. UPSTREAM PROJECT LIFECYCLE
Stages of a typical oil and gas project:
1. Licensing
2. Exploration
3. Appraisal
4. Development
5. Production
6. Abandonment
64. INPUT REQUIREMENTS FOR
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
• TECHNICAL: Development plan
• Production forecast, total recovery
• Number of wells and costs
• Surface facilities (infrastructure,
export) + cost
• Phasing of development
• ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS:
• Gas reinjection / disposal
• Water reinjection / disposal
• COMMERCIAL: Development plan
• PSVs?? (gas/oil)
• Price differentials with PSVs
• Forecast of inflation/exchange
rates
• CONTRACT & LEGISLATION:
• Type of contract (Royalty/tax, PSA,
Margin)
• Production/Signature bonuses
• Fiscal regime
65. DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
• Finding and development, production and technical costs are all currently rising
• As fields mature, companies intensify the search for new reserves, which are
becoming scarcer.
• Raw materials such as steel (which is used extensively by oil companies) are rising
in cost as the dollar (the default currency of oil company revenues) is falling. These
effects act to further squeeze margins.
• Fortunately for the oil companies, the significant rise in oil and gas prices has
outweighed these cost pressures,