Subsea pipelines are the arteries of the offshore industry, and around the world more than 18,000km are in service. Part of almost every project, they often form a large component of project cost. This course will provide a complete and up-to-date overview of the area of Subsea Pipeline Engineering, taking delegates through the pre-design phase, design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance.
It will give a complete picture of the work of design engineers and pipeline construction companies, using actual case studies from around the world to highlight the topics discussed. While the course requires no previous experience, this is not a superficial overview. The lecturers bring to the course a long experience of industry projects, in many parts of the world and under varied conditions. The technology is far from being static, and the trainers will discuss new developments and ideas for the future.
Overview of main components of subsea production / injection systems, including:
Wellhead
Subsea tree (Vertical, Horizontal, or Drill-thru)
Structural foundation / Template / Manifold /Jumpers
Subsea processing equipment
Chemical injection system
Umbilical with electrical power and signal cables
Risers
Production Control and Monitoring System
Subsea pipelines are the arteries of the offshore industry, and around the world more than 18,000km are in service. Part of almost every project, they often form a large component of project cost. This course will provide a complete and up-to-date overview of the area of Subsea Pipeline Engineering, taking delegates through the pre-design phase, design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance.
It will give a complete picture of the work of design engineers and pipeline construction companies, using actual case studies from around the world to highlight the topics discussed. While the course requires no previous experience, this is not a superficial overview. The lecturers bring to the course a long experience of industry projects, in many parts of the world and under varied conditions. The technology is far from being static, and the trainers will discuss new developments and ideas for the future.
Overview of main components of subsea production / injection systems, including:
Wellhead
Subsea tree (Vertical, Horizontal, or Drill-thru)
Structural foundation / Template / Manifold /Jumpers
Subsea processing equipment
Chemical injection system
Umbilical with electrical power and signal cables
Risers
Production Control and Monitoring System
1. Purpose of Hydro test.
2. Types of Pressure Test.
3. Procedure of Hydro test.
4. Limitations of Pneumatic Test.
5. Hydro testing test Pressure.
6. Test pressure subjected to external pressure.
7. Hydro test Pressure according to different process.
8. Volume required for the Hydro testing.
9. Pipeline De watering, Cleaning & Drying.
Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks ...Pradeep Dhondi
hi
i have made an excel base software base on API st.2000 "Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks" to make calculation easy and accurate , i have take many case study and verified my software got positive result.
if you think you need this software for design the vent , please go to "rajiravi.ml" website there you can find complete information base on software and information based on contact etc...
Single Phase Liquid Vessel Sizing for HYSYS DynamicsVijay Sarathy
Process Facilities often have intermediate storage facilities that store liquids prior to transporting to downstream equipment. The period of storage is short, i.e., of the order of minutes to hours & is defined as Holdup time. The Holdup time can also be explained as the reserve volume required to ensure safe & controlled operation of downstream equipment.
The intermediate vessel also acts as a buffer vessel to accommodate any surge/spikes in flow rates, and is termed as surge time.
Vessel Volume is an input data required in Process Dynamic Simulation and the following exercise covers estimation of volume required for single phase liquid flow into an intermediate vertical/horizontal/flat bottomed process vessel
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Line Sizing presentation on Types and governing Equations.Hassan ElBanhawi
Based on my 8 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry I can claim that you can find here All what you need to know about Pipeline Sizing. This is an introduction to understand more about their:-
-The basic idea.
-Simplified method for calculations.
-Equations.
-Data Tables.
-Worked Examples.
-Excel Sheets for Calculation.
-Links to other topics which may be interesting.
You can find also more at:
http://hassanelbanhawi.com/staticequipment/linesizing/
All the data and the illustrative figures presented here can be found through two reference books:-
ENGINEERING DATA BOOK by Gas Processors Suppliers Association
Process Technology - Equipment and Systems by Charles E. Thomas
Thank you.
This document contains tabulated information & guidelines for testing of valves in accordance with ASME B16.34 & MSS-SP-99. I have extracted each & every single detail from these standards. I have prepared this document basically for the testing of Instrument Valves having nominal size smaller than 1 Inch. But it can also be helpful for the testing of general purpose valves. It includes the testing requirements like test fluid, test conditions, test duration, test pressure, etc.
Reference Documents : ASME B16.34 (2013) Valves - Flanged, Threaded & Socket Welded , MSS-SP-99 (2010) Instrument Valves.
For any queries, please feel free to contact me on mistrynilesh@icloud.com
This DNV document outlines the technical standards, as developed by DNV, aimed at floating gas temrinals. Similar standards can be found in DNV.COM website, under "Resources".
1. Purpose of Hydro test.
2. Types of Pressure Test.
3. Procedure of Hydro test.
4. Limitations of Pneumatic Test.
5. Hydro testing test Pressure.
6. Test pressure subjected to external pressure.
7. Hydro test Pressure according to different process.
8. Volume required for the Hydro testing.
9. Pipeline De watering, Cleaning & Drying.
Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks ...Pradeep Dhondi
hi
i have made an excel base software base on API st.2000 "Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks" to make calculation easy and accurate , i have take many case study and verified my software got positive result.
if you think you need this software for design the vent , please go to "rajiravi.ml" website there you can find complete information base on software and information based on contact etc...
Single Phase Liquid Vessel Sizing for HYSYS DynamicsVijay Sarathy
Process Facilities often have intermediate storage facilities that store liquids prior to transporting to downstream equipment. The period of storage is short, i.e., of the order of minutes to hours & is defined as Holdup time. The Holdup time can also be explained as the reserve volume required to ensure safe & controlled operation of downstream equipment.
The intermediate vessel also acts as a buffer vessel to accommodate any surge/spikes in flow rates, and is termed as surge time.
Vessel Volume is an input data required in Process Dynamic Simulation and the following exercise covers estimation of volume required for single phase liquid flow into an intermediate vertical/horizontal/flat bottomed process vessel
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Line Sizing presentation on Types and governing Equations.Hassan ElBanhawi
Based on my 8 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry I can claim that you can find here All what you need to know about Pipeline Sizing. This is an introduction to understand more about their:-
-The basic idea.
-Simplified method for calculations.
-Equations.
-Data Tables.
-Worked Examples.
-Excel Sheets for Calculation.
-Links to other topics which may be interesting.
You can find also more at:
http://hassanelbanhawi.com/staticequipment/linesizing/
All the data and the illustrative figures presented here can be found through two reference books:-
ENGINEERING DATA BOOK by Gas Processors Suppliers Association
Process Technology - Equipment and Systems by Charles E. Thomas
Thank you.
This document contains tabulated information & guidelines for testing of valves in accordance with ASME B16.34 & MSS-SP-99. I have extracted each & every single detail from these standards. I have prepared this document basically for the testing of Instrument Valves having nominal size smaller than 1 Inch. But it can also be helpful for the testing of general purpose valves. It includes the testing requirements like test fluid, test conditions, test duration, test pressure, etc.
Reference Documents : ASME B16.34 (2013) Valves - Flanged, Threaded & Socket Welded , MSS-SP-99 (2010) Instrument Valves.
For any queries, please feel free to contact me on mistrynilesh@icloud.com
This DNV document outlines the technical standards, as developed by DNV, aimed at floating gas temrinals. Similar standards can be found in DNV.COM website, under "Resources".
Analysis and Design of Marine Berthing StructureIJERA Editor
In the present dissertation a berthing structure was analyzed and designed using different load conditions and the best possible way to construct a new berthing structure was described. All the suitable and useful data was adopted from the proposed site location at Visakhapatnam Port and studied carefully before designing the structure. The proposed berthing structure was modeled with suitable geometry using STAADPRO, after which all considerable loads on the structure were induced and analyzed carefully. Different sectional dimensions were trialed during the analysis and the most acceptable structure was designed with providing all structural members with suitable reinforcement and satisfying all marine safety conditions.
● Enhancing Friction Stir Welding in Fishing Boat Construction through Deep Learning-Based Optimization
● Assist in GHG Abatement of Offshore Ships: Design and Economic Analysis of an Integrated Utilization Model of Hydrogen-Powered Ship and Offshore Wind Power
● Dynamic Assessment of OWT under Coupled Seismic and Sea-wave Motions
● Design Basis Considerations for the Design of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
● Numerical Simulations of the Pitching Airfoil by Using Discrete Vortex Method
● Offshore Fish Farming: Challenges and Recent Advancements
Summary of experience:
Design, engineering, construction, operation, maintenance and integrity of onshore/offshore pipeline systems (crude oil, refinery products, natural gas and water) and their components (stations, terminals and tank farms) within the scope of different projects (see details below) including Feasibility and Conceptual Design, FEED (Front End Engineering Design), EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction), PMC (Project Management Consultancy) and O&M (Operation and Maintenance) services.
Skills (Pipelines):
- Feasibility Studies;
- Conceptual Engineering Design & Management Support;
- Basic Engineering Design & Management Support;
- Front End Engineering Design (FEED) & Management Support;
- Detailed Engineering Design & Management Support;
- Engineering & Management Support for Procurement;
- Engineering & Management Support for Construction & Mechanical Completion;
- Engineering & Management Support for Pre-commissioning, Commissioning and Operational Start-up (Project Completion);
- Engineering & Management Support for Performance Testing, Operation and Maintenance;
- Project Management;
- Project Controlling;
- Project Engineering;
- Project Tendering;
- Tender (ITT) Preparation and Tender Evaluation.
Impact of Crack Length into Pipe Conveying Fluid Utilizing Fast Fourier trans...IJECEIAES
One of the most prominent problems experienced by the oil facilities is leakage of oil from the pipes. This problem caused 55% of oil refineries to be shut off. Oil leakage is a common problem that often results in oil waste, damage, and hazard to public health. Therefore, it is necessary to use Modern technologies to reduce this phenomenon and avoid them in advance. Pipes that convey fluids have many uses in various industries and living facilities. Risk increases when the fluid inside the pipe is flammable. In this work, main case that cause damage to the pipe, longitudinal crack is investigate.This work presents a new experimental model based on computer applications with a Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for testing the effect of longitudinal crack length by frequency and ultrasonic measurements to measure fluid velocity. The method is used for plastic pipe with 2 cm internal diameter, 3 cm external diameter, and 1 m length. The modulus of elasticity of the material is 800 N/mm2 according to the ISO 178 test method. The pipe conveys oil with simply supported ends. The results show that FFT model shows better features compared with other ways that depends on visual inspection or localized measurements which gave an external perception of pipeline damage. FFT model offers a reliable and cheap style for ensuring pipeline integrity and warning the risks before its occurrence. From the observations made the fundamental natural frequency (FNF) decreases by increasing of crack length in the pipe that conveys fluid.
Sustainable Solution for Shoring Method of Cross-Creek Bridge in Ankeng MRT S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the Ankeng Light Rail MRT system (ALRMS) project, the U7 box girder passes crossing the Erbads creek and needs a temporary supporting system for the construction work. In this study, three temporary shoring system options were proposed to be the construction method. The D-B Contractor, New Asia construction and Development Corporation, evaluated and selected the optimal choice, The Steel truss frame with supporting beams, to serve as the temporary supporting system. Compare the deflection of Δmax and Δactual, which are 1.609 cm and 1.59 cm, respectively. This result presented that the shoring system composed of the H912*302*18*37 supporting beams and steel truss frame had achieved outstanding performance and work to construct the U7 box girder. This paper presents how the three options are evaluated and the detailed construction processes along with the survey verification for the method.
Sustainable Solution for Shoring Method of Cross-Creek Bridge in Ankeng MRT S...
INIO2014 Presentation
1. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
1
A Glance Through
from Conceptual Design to Detail Engineering
in
Submarine Pipeline Projects
Prepared by :
Hadi Tahmasbi Ashtiani
Lead Offshore Structural Engineer, Pars Oil & Gas Company
MSc., Structural Engineering, University of Tehran
MBA, Construction Management, The Petroleum University of Technology
PMP certified by Project Management Institute (PMI)
2. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
2
Content :
1. Introduction & Overview
2. Relevant Codes & Standards
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
5. Route Selection Study
6. Flow Assurance Study
7. Material & Grade Selection
8. Pipe Manufacturing
9. Pipe Anti-corrosion Coating & CP Design
10. Wall Thickness Calculation
11. Local Buckling Criteria - Combined Loading
12. Fracture Criteria
13. On-bottom Stability of Pipeline
14. Pipeline Installation Studies
15. Shore Approach Design
16. Free Span Analysis
17. Riser Design – Rigid Pipeline
18. Pipeline Global Buckling (Lateral & Upheaval)
19. New Technologies in Submarine Pipeline Industries
20. Verification & Certification Services
21. Cause Study of Pipeline Incidents (PARLOC)
22. Description of SPM System
23. Applicable Software Programs in Pipeline Design
24. References
3. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
3
1. Introduction & Overview – Historical Perspective
Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large
quantities of oil, refined oil products or natural gas with competitive
advantages such as safer mode of transportation & higher reliability.
Oil was transported by wooden barrels until
1870s. As the volume was increased, the
product was transported by tank cars or trains
and eventually by pipelines.
1 barrel (US, Petroleum) ~ 159 litter
The first onshore pipeline was built in the United States in 1859 to
transport crude oil from an oil field in Pennsylvania to a railroad station.
(2 inch in size, 9.7 km in length)
The first offshore pipeline (PLUTO) was built in Europe in 1944 between
England and France as alternative to oil tankers. (Prototype tested on 1942)
(3 inch in size, 130 km in length)
4. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
4
1. Introduction & Overview – Today Achievements
Total Length of pipelines (gas, oil & petroleum products) up to 2010 was
estimated about 2 millions km. About 50 times of the earth's circumference.
About 10 percent of total pipeline are submarine pipelines.
1-USA about 800,000 km
2-Russia about 250,000 km
3-China about 75,000 km
5. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
5
1. Introduction & Overview – Today Achievements
Generally the most deepwater flow lines carry very high pressure and high
temperature (HP/HT) fluid.
The deepest pipeline installed is 2,775 m water depth in 2007.
By the year 2005, Statoil’s Kristin Field in Norway holds the HP/HT record
of 911 bar and 167oC in 330m of water.
Blue Stream submarine pipeline:
Natural gas
Between Russia & Turkey
1550 MMSCFD
Maximum WD : 2150 m
2 @ OD 24” & thickness 31.8 mm
In length of 396km x 2
250 bar & X65
Commissioned on 2005
About 1.7 billion USD (2.15 MUSD/km) Onshore : 48” & 56” Offshore : 2 x 24”
6. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
6
Langeled submarine pipeline:
Natural gas
Between Norway & UK
2500 MMSCFD
Maximum WD : 385 m
OD 42” (29.1/33.3/34.1 mm) & OD 44” (23.3/24 mm)
In length of 1166 km
250 bar & X70
Commissioned on 2007
About 3 billion USD (2.5 MUSD/km)
1. Introduction & Overview – Today Achievements
Nord Stream submarine pipeline:
Natural gas
Between Russia & Germany
5300 MMSCFD
Maximum WD : 210 m
2 @ OD 48” (26.8 to 41 mm)
In length of 2 x 1220 km
220 bar & X70
Commissioned on 2012
7. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
7
1. Introduction & Overview
Offshore pipelines can be classified as follow:
8. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
8
2. Relevant Codes & Standards
Three disciplines mainly involve in field of offshore pipeline engineering:
1- Thermo-Hydraulics
Multiphase flow assurance study & line sizing
2- Material Science
Material selection & corrosion study
3- Mechanics
Structural mechanics
Hydrodynamic mechanics
Soil mechanics
Offshore
Pipeline
Eng.
9. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
9
2. Relevant Codes & Standards
1- Flow assurance study & line sizing
API RP 14E (ISO 13703 ): Recommended practice for design and
installation of offshore production platform piping systems
2- Material Science
API Spec 5L (ISO 3183) : Petroleum and natural gas industries, Steel
pipe for pipeline transportation systems
NACE MR0175 (ISO 15156) : Petroleum and natural gas industries,
materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production
DNV-RP-F106 : Factory applied external pipeline coatings for corrosion
control
DNV-RP-F103 : Cathodic protection of submarine pipelines by galvanic
anodes
3- Structural /Hydrodynamic /Soil mechanics
Large number of standards, e.g.:
ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8, BS 8010, EN 14161, ISO 13623,
API RP-1111, API RP-2SK, DNV OS-F101, DNV RP-F105,
DNV RP-F109, DNV RP-F110, DNV RP-C203, DNV-OSS-301,
0029/ND, 0032/ND, etc.
10. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
10
2. Relevant Codes & Standards
Following table gives a comparison between different pipeline codes and
standards with respect to mechanical design of pipeline:
ASD: Allowable Strength Design LSD: Limit State Design RBD: Reliability Based Design
11. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
11
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Concept
Design
Construction
Operation
Feasibility Study
Business Development
Basic Design
Detail Design
Line Pipe
Component & Assemblies
Corrosion Protection & Weight Coating
Pre-intervention
Installation
Post-intervention
Pre-commissioning
Commissioning & Startup
Integrity Management
Inspection & Repair
Re-qualification
Abandonment
12. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
12
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Conceptual Engineering
Feasibility study :
Technical e.g. identifying potential routes, reviewing of new
technologies & recourses
Economical e.g. cost/benefit studies, IRR analysis, sensitivity
analysis (studying of factors could have positive/negative effects
on profitability), etc.
Political, legal ,etc. (e.g. territorial waters is extended up to 12
nautical miles from shore line)
Risk analysis e.g. identifying of high level risks & prepare risk
response plan
Prepare rough schedule and cost estimate (-25% to +75%)
Reviewing of all existing alternatives in all aspects and eventually
enter into go/no-go decision process & project selection.
13. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
13
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Meteorological and Oceanographic survey
Geophysical survey (bathymetry, faults, etc.)
Geotechnical survey (soil engineering parameters)
Environmental Baseline Study & Environmental Impact Assessment
Basic Engineering
Prepare design basis and design procedure (select the applicable Code)
Route selection study
Flow assurance study:
line sizing, pressure profile, temperature profile, etc.
Hazard Identification & operability study (HAZOP & HAZID study)
Material/grade selection & wall thickness calculation
Construction specification & methodology
Procurement engineering of long lead items (LLIs)
Prepare a more precise time schedule/cost estimation (-5% to +10%)
Tendering strategy & preparing tendering documentation (e.g. EPC)
14. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
14
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Meteorological and Oceanographic survey
Metocean (METeorological-OCEANographic) survey consists of
collecting of wind, waves, current, tide and other oceanographic &
meteorological parameters in order to characterize the engineering
parameters required for pipeline design.
For example:
Wave height & relevant wave period with 1,10,100 years return
period in eight directions.
Current speed profile with 1,10,100 years return period in eight
directions.
Wind speed with 1,10,100 years return period in eight directions.
Tide level (astronomical, storm surge, etc.)
Wave scatter diagram
Temperature profile of seawater
Salinity and seawater resistivity
15. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
15
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Geophysical survey
The geophysical route survey objectives were as follows:
Select a coordinate system (e.g. world geodetic system, WGS84)
Bathymetry : obtain accurate water depths along the pipeline
route with a reasonable survey corridor width (e.g. 1000 m)
Identify and locate any existing subsea installations (e.g. pipeline,
cable), features, debris or obstructions.
Obtain information about the shallow sub-seabed morphology and
lithology and give a brief description of soil in seabed surface
using drop core along the route
Study of active earthquake faults in area & evaluation of related
design parameters
16. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
16
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Geotechnical survey
The geotechnical survey will typically encompass the following:
Coring and sampling for material identification, description and
subsequent laboratory testing. (UU triaxial compression test)
In situ testing for accurate stratification and determination of
key geotechnical parameters. (CPT )
The main objectives of geotechnical survey is to determine the soil
engineering parameters required for pipeline design. For example:
Undrained shear strength for cohesive soil, i.e. clay
Angle of friction for cohesionless soil, i.e. sand
Soil density, water content, liquid and plastic limit, grain size
distribution, carbonate content, soil classifications, etc.
17. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
17
3. Different Phases in a Submarine Pipeline Project
Route optimization and finalization (alignment sheets)
Metallurgy & welding study
Pipe coating selection & pipeline cathodic protection study
Pipeline on-bottom stability analysis (weight coating)
Free span analysis (VIV damage analysis)
Pipeline end expansion analysis (Tie-in spool design)
Pipeline global buckling analysis (lateral or upheaval)
Riser analysis
Shore approach analysis (Trenching/backfilling, vertical profile)
Pipeline crossing analysis (e.g. rock dumping, steel/concrete supports)
Pipeline installation study (e.g. lay-ability)
Material specifications, data sheets & MTOs
Construction spec. (Coating, Installation, Pre-comm., Comm., etc.)
Detail Engineering
Review and verifying of basic engineering (Endorsement)
18. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
18
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
Maximum application extent of DNV OS-F101 :
19. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
19
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
Categorization of fluids :
Fluids to be transported by the pipeline system shall be categorized according
to their hazard potential as given bellow :
20. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
20
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
Applicable for offshore section :
21. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
21
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
Applicable for onshore section :
22. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
22
Limit State Categorizations :
Serviceability Limit State (SLS):
A condition which, if exceeded, renders the pipeline unsuitable
for normal operations.
Ultimate Limit State (ULS):
A condition which, if exceeded, compromises the integrity of
the pipeline.
Fatigue Limit State (FLS):
An ULS condition accounting for accumulated cyclic load
effects.
Accidental Limit State (ALS):
An ULS due to accidental (in-frequent) loads.
The design format is based on partial safety factors methodology,
also called Load and Resistance Factor Design format (LRFD).
The load and resistance factors will be defined based on limit state
& safety class of pipeline in each design case.
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
23. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
23
Example of partial safety factors applied for loading :
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
24. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
24
Example of partial safety factors applied for resistance :
4. DNV Standard (Limit State Design Methodology)
25. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
25
5. Route Selection Study
Minimize the pipeline distance from initiation to termination; economically
the shortest route possible is the most advantageous.
Avoid wherever possible restricted offshore areas such as anchorages,
shipping lanes, military reservations, etc.
Follow a smooth seabed profile; avoiding, wherever possible, coral growths,
rock outcrops, soft or liquefiable soils, unstable seabed area (sand ripples)
and other seabed obstacles.
Avoid pipeline/cable crossings. Where this is not possible, crossings should
be as perpendicular as commercially possible.
26. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
26
5. Route Selection Study
Example of route selection in Georgia Strait (Canada)
Cutting
27. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
27
5. Route Selection Study
Bridge
Embankment
28. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
28
5. Route Selection Study
Flexible spool connected by flanges
Welded spool connected (Hyperbaric welding)
29. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
29
5. Route Selection Study
More thorough survey showed later that in fact there is a pass
across the ridge a broad curving valley (“Valdes Gap”) with plenty
of space for two pipelines.
The shortest route is not necessarily the best route.
30. Marine Pipeline Engineering
Short Course
(12 -14 Jan 2014 - Tehran)
INIOAS
(OETRC)
Tahmasbi
30
6. Flow Assurance Study
Flow assurance is required to determine the optimum size (ID) based on
required flow rate and pressure & considering erosion velocity limitation.
The pressure drop will drastically increase with decreasing the pipe size.
If the pipeline is to transport a sour fluid containing H2S, CO2, etc.,
corrosion inhibitors should be applied or a special corrosion resistant
alloy (CRA) pipe material should be used and/or a corrosion allowance
can be added to the required pipe wall thickness.
Pigging requirements in order to wax/condensate buildups removal.
Mitigation or Prevention Strategies for deposition and line plugging
due to hydrate, wax, asphaltene & scale to be reviewed and selected.
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7. Material & Grade Selection
Materials & Grade Requirements for Pipeline :
Strength: The ability to withstand an applied stress without failure.
Ductility: is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress.
Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically
deform without fracturing.
Weld-ability: As the equivalent carbon content rises, the weld-ability
of the alloy decreases. (Set limitations on CE & Pcm)
Corrosion Resistance
Existence of H2S & CO2 (pH, pressure & ppm)
Resistance to Cracking
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC)
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
Operating Temperature
Tests (tensile, hardness, CVN impact,
guided bend, etc.)
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7. Material & Grade Selection
Chemical composition recommended by TOTAL (% weight, maximum)
C-MnSteel
SweetService
C-MnSteel
SourService
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7. Material & Grade Selection
Materials of Construction :
Carbon Manganese steel
Carbon Manganese steel + Corrosion Allowance
Carbon Manganese steel + CA + Corrosion Inhibitor
Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs)
Inconel alloy (625, 825, etc.) – Nickel base
Weld-able high Chromium steel
• Standard duplex stainless steel (22% Cr)
• Super duplex stainless steel (25% Cr)
Martensitic stainless steel (13% Cr-2Mo & 13% Cr-2.5Mo)
Internally clad C-Mn steel (more applicable for OD>18”)
Flexible pipe
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7. Material & Grade Selection
Typical Materials Cost Comparisons :
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7. Material & Grade Selection
Flexible Pipeline :
Flexibility & superior dynamic behavior for risers: A typical 8'' internal
diameter can safely be bent to a radius of 2m or less. (10D)
High Speed laying : Because it comes in a continuous length spooling on a reel,
laying speed commonly averages 500m per hour. (12 km/day)
Modularity : The independent layers of a flexible structure enable it to be
tailored to the precise needs of a specific development.
Water depth up to 3000m, Temperature up to 170oC , Pressure up to 460 bar
for 10” ID. (Based on Technip’s presentation)
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8. Pipe Manufacturing
Manufacturing Process :
Seamless, UO, UOE, TRB, ERW, Spiral/Helical
U Forming O Forming Expansion
For manufacturing processes which introduce cold deformations, a fabrication factor
to be applied to compensate the weakening of pipe against external pressure.
The fabrication factor may be increased through heat treatment or external cold sizing.
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Example of One Mill’s Pipe Production Range
8. Pipe Manufacturing
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9. Pipe Anti-corrosion Coating & CP Design
Pipeline external corrosion protection is based on combination of anti-corrosion
coating and cathodic protection system.
Different types of anti-corrosion coating applicable for offshore pipeline:
3-layer polypropylene (PP) Max. temperature : 140oC
3-layer polyethylene (PE) Max. temperature : 110oC
Hot enamel coating + CWC Max. temperature : 90oC
Polychloropene (Neoprene) Max. temperature : 90oC
Dual layer Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Max. temperature : 90oC
The two main methods of cathodic protection system are :
Sacrificial anodes (Aluminum anode & Zinc anode)
Impressed current systems (less practical for offshore pipeline)
Pipeline anti corrosion coatings are the first barriers of defense against
corrosion, however, due to probable damages could be made on coatings
(coating breakdown), CP System shall be applied in parallel.
Maximum anode distance of 300 m is advised for pipeline CP design.
CP design should be done as per formulation and methodology defined in :
DNV-RP-F103 (Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes)
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10. Wall Thickness Calculation
For thin wall pipe (D/t>20)
Hoop Stress
Longitudinal Stress
DNV-OS-F101 (Oct 2013)
(Submarine Pipeline System)
DNV &
ISO
ASME
(B31.8)
API
1111
LC 1 0.77 0.72 0.72
LC 2 0.67 0.5 0.6
Comparison between different
standards (fluid : gas)
Stresses Due to Internal Pressure
t1= t-tfab-tcor
= 0.96 for pressure test
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10. Wall Thickness Calculation
Local buckling – external over pressure only
t1= t-tfab-tcor
Ovality
Example : OD 32”, t=20.6mm, Grade X65, UOE, LC1
fo =0.1% : Pc= 93.3 bar
fo =0.5% : Pc= 84.9 bar , Pe = 71 bar
fo =1% : Pc= 76.9 bar
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10. Wall Thickness Calculation
Propagation buckling cannot be initiated and then propagated unless local
buckling has occurred.
Propagation buckling pressure (Ppr) is always less than collapse pressure (Pc)
Example : Grade X65, D/t=40, LC1, Calm sea
Pipe Seamless UO,TRB UOE
Allowable
W.D.
125 m 116 m 106 m
Buckle arrestors should be applied if
pipeline to be installed in water depth
more than above.
t2= t-tcor
Buckle
Arrestor
Propagation buckling
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11. Local Buckling Criteria - Combined Loading
Internal Pressure, Operation Case External Pressure, Pre Operation Case
LCC - Combined Loading Calculation based on DNV-OS-F101 (2013)
An example :
OD=32 inch, Thickness=20.6mm, X65, Gas, Location 1, UOE
Pb=258.3 bar, Pc=84.9 bar, Mp=567 ton-m, Sp=2248.4 ton
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11. Local Buckling Criteria - Combined Loading
DCC - Combined Loading Calculation based on DNV-OS-F101 (2013)
An example :
OD=32 inch, Thickness=20.6mm, X65, Gas, Location 1, UOE
Pb=258.3 bar, Pc=84.9 bar
Internal Pressure, Operation Case External Pressure, Pre Operation Case
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11. Local Buckling Criteria - Combined Loading
Moment
Strain (or Curvature)
Safety factor for DCC
SF for LCC
Bending + Internal Pressure Bending + External Pressure
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12. Fracture Criteria
Appendix A (Fracture Limit State of Girth Weld)
The purpose of the fracture limit state evaluation of girth welds in pipelines is to avoid
failure (fracture, tearing and fatigue crack growth) during the installation and operation
stages by determining the criticality of possible weld flaws.
Supplementary requirement (P)
Additional tests during the steel production and pipe manufacturing to be performed.
Sufficient capacity in elongation of steel before failure and strain-hardening (YS/TS) shall
be assured.
(Strain concentration factor shall be considered)
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13. On-bottom Stability of Pipeline
Submarine On-bottom stability refers to the resistance of a submarine
pipeline to movement on the seabed under extreme environmental
conditions.
The effective way to stabilize the submarine pipeline on the seabed is to
apply the weight coating mostly from high density concrete
produced from iron ore.
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13. On-bottom Stability of Pipeline
Bare submarine Pipelines with D/t over 31 will float in seawater water.
Flowline in deep water might be stable on seabed with no requirement
of weight coating .
The following methods can be adopted to keep the pipeline stable on the
sea floor:
Concrete weight coating
Trenching (Specially in shore approach area and shallow waters)
Burial
Covering (e.g. rock dumping, concrete mattress, etc.)
Design criteria and guidance for calculation of required thickness of CWC
and density of concrete with considering the wave and current loading,
load reduction due to trenching and pipe embedment in seabed
are well defined in:
DNV-RP-F109
(On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines)
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14. Pipeline Installation StudiesSurfaceTowMid-depthTowOff-bottomTowBottomTow
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14. Pipeline Installation Studies
Overbend Area:
Creation I : Static Loading
Creation II : Dynamic Loading & SNCF
Sagbend Area:
Dynamic Loading & SNCF may be ignored.
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14. Pipeline Installation Studies
Stress Strain Curve for X65 materialExample of Pipe Stress Analysis Results
At sagbend area the pipe is hard to control, so more stringent stress criteria
(lower stress limit) is applied.
fy (Yield Stress)
87% fy
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14. Pipeline Installation Studies
Pipeline Diameter (inches)
MaximumWaterDepth(m)
The installation vessel's limitation such as tensioner capacity, stinger
geometry, etc. should be checked in pipeline install-ability evaluation.
Tensioner range : from 70 ton to 1050 ton (Solitaire)
Limitation
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15. Shore Approach Design
The effects of wave and current forces in shallow water is more
dominate than in deep water.
In shore approach area, it is recommended that pipeline to be buried
same as onshore pipeline.
For example, according to MMS regulations applicable on USA
coastal areas (water depth less than 60m):
If OD<8 inch pipeline to be buried to a depth of minimum 1m cover
If the pipeline leakage may have serious hazard to others, all
pipelines (regardless of pipe size) must be buried.
Pipeline stress analysis to be done to calculate the allowable vertical
curvature of pipeline in shore approach area.
R=1000.D is equal to about 0.05% strain or 1000 kg/cm2 stress in pipeline.
Pipeline exposed on seabed
Pipeline in trenching area
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16. Free Span Analysis
1-Local buckling criteria – combined loading (Load Controlled Condition)
2-Fracture criteria
Loading includes wave, current, self weight, thermal expansion, internal
overpressure, external overpressure, pipeline curvature , residual tension, etc.
Dynamic stress due to VIV (cross flow & inline flow) to be added to above,
according to formulation and methodology defined in :
DNV-RP-F105
Recommended practice for free spanning pipelines (Feb 2006)
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16. Free Span Analysis
3-Fatigue Limit State (DNV-RP-F105)
The submarine pipeline system shall have adequate safety against fatigue failures
within different phases of the design life of the system.
Typical causes of stress fluctuations in a pipeline system are:
Direct wave action (mainly for risers)
Vibrations of the pipeline system due to VIV (mainly for pipeline in seabed)
Movements of installation vessel during laying (installation phase)
Fluctuations in operating pressure and temperature (shutdown/startup)
A common split for fatigue capacity in the different phases is as below:
Installation : 10%
As-laid (flooded, hydro-test ) : 10%
Operation : 80%
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17. Riser Design – Rigid Pipeline
Major Criteria to be checked :
1- Local buckling criteria
(Combined Loading, LCC)
2- Fracture criteria
3- Fatigue Limit State
Major Loading :
1- Wave & Current
2- Thermal expansion
3- Internal Pressure
4- External pressure
5- Jacket movement
6- Self weight
7- Soil-pipe interaction
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18. Pipeline Global Buckling (Lateral & Upheaval)
Effective axial force of a totally restrained pipe in the linear elastic stress
range is:
For example:
OD 32”, t 20.6 mm, MOP 120 bar,
temperature increase : 50oC
Temperature share = 72%
Pressure share = 28%
Identifying the susceptibility to buckling:
Minimum force to initiate buckling :
(Based on Hobbs formula)
Susceptible to buckling
Effective axial force in pipeline route
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18. Pipeline Global Buckling (Lateral & Upheaval)
Side-scan Sonar Image of a Lateral Buckled Pipeline (Offshore)
Upheaval Buckling of Gas Injection Pipelines (Onshore)
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18. Pipeline Global Buckling (Lateral & Upheaval)
Design methodology & criteria has been comprehensively described in :
DNV-RP-F110
Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines Structural Design
due to HT/HP
SAFEBUCK (Safe Design of Pipelines with Lateral Buckling Design
Guideline) is another reference which has been developed in frame of
JIP (Joint Industries Program)
Design concept in both guidelines (DNV & Safebuck) is as below :
1. Identifying the susceptibility to buckling
2. Ensure the pipeline keep in place and not buckle or,
3. Allow and facilitate the pipeline to buckle in a controlled manner.
Local buckling criteria, fracture criteria and fatigue Limit state shall be
satisfied.
Increase in thickness as a solution for global buckling phenomena
could not be effectively helpful because it increases the effective
axial force due to thermal expansion as well.
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18. Pipeline Global Buckling (Lateral & Upheaval)
In order to control or mitigate the global buckling problems, such
methods can be adopted as follows:
Snake lay
Buckle initiators (sleepers, buoyancies, etc.)
Buckle arrestors (Rock dumping, burial, anchor, etc.)
Expansion loop
Typical Vertical Sleeper ArrangementTypical Snake Lay Configuration
(exaggerated vertical scale)
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19. New Technologies in Submarine Pipeline Industries
Submarine pipeline is a live industry with rapidly changing in technological
advances, so keeping updated on the latest is essential. As instance, some items
are presented here:
New Built or Upgraded of Lay-barge:
Solitaire modifications as below made in 2005 to meet the requirements of
the ever-deeper water pipe laying :
Increase the stinger length and strength from a three-section (110m)
to a four-section (140m)
Double the tension capacity from 525 tons to 1050 tons.
Upgrade the A&R system capacity from 400 tons to 1050 tons.
In 2007 she set the world record for pipeline installation at a depth of 2,775 m
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19. New Technologies in Submarine Pipeline Industries
Technological Solution for Ultra- High Strength Pipeline
Applying C-Mn steel with grade up to of X70 for sour services (Europipe)
Applying C-Mn steel with grade up to X120 for sweet services (Europipe)
Advanced Connection Technologies
Zap-Lok connection utilizes high-strength mechanical interference
connections to provide a safe and reliable pipeline connection as well as a
fast and low-cost method for constructing steel pipelines in sizing between
2” to 12”.
INSTALLATION PRESS
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19. New Technologies in Submarine Pipeline Industries
Advanced Connection Technologies
With Smart Flange connector subsea pipeline repairs are easier and take
less time without the need for hyperbaric welding and can be installed in
diverless applications and for variety of from 2 inch up to 24 inch.
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19. New Technologies in Submarine Pipeline Industries
New Concept to Deal with Pipeline Expansion
SliPIPE works to reduce the end force
expansion exerted at the tie-in point
due HT/HP effects by absorbing the
end expansion through sliding within
itself and simultaneously reducing or
eliminating the effective axial
compressive force in the pipeline.
There are many similar examples of innovations,
advancements and changes in pipeline industries. So we
should keep ourselves updated on the latest continuously.
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20. Verification & Certification Services
Based on DNV-OSS-301 ( Certification and Verification of Pipelines):
Verification is used where DNV’s scope applies to the verification of only a single (or
more) phase of the project, for example, verification of the design but not of
construction, installation or testing. Verification results in the issue of a DNV
statement of compliance.
Certification is used only where DNV’s scope covers the integrity of the entire
pipeline system and results in the issue of a DNV pipeline certificate.
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20. Verification & Certification Services
GL merged with Noble Denton in 2010.
DNV and GL have merged to form DNV GL Group in Sep 2013.
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21. Cause Study of Pipeline Incidents (PARLOC)
PARLOC is a report describes studies performed regarding loss of containment
from offshore pipelines operated in the North Sea.
Damaged Categorized
By Diameter Range
52.2% < 9”
47.8% > 9”
Total database : ~ 24,800 km & ~ 328,800 km-years operating life
73%
27%
62.6%
37.4%
38.7%
61.3%
62.2%
37.8%
23%
51%
26%
17.4% : anchor, impact, corrosion,
material, natural hazard, etc.
82.6% : leakage in flange, seal,
valves, etc.
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22. Description of SPM System
Single Point Mooring (SPM ) is used for loadingunloading of tankers, providing a
weathervane mooring in open sea conditions.
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Submarine
Hoses
PLEM
CALM
System
Anchor Piles
VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier)
Length = 350 m
Beam= 55 m
Draft = 28 m
Tanker Maneuvering Area
22. Description of SPM System
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22. Description of SPM System
Turntable Buoy Type Turret Buoy Type
FP
FP
RP
RP
Main Bearing provides the mechanical connection
between the fixed and the rotating parts
Product Swivel provides the fluid transfer
between the fixed and the rotating parts
Three-race roller type
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23. Applicable Software Programs in Pipeline Design
Engineering Software Application
Mathcad,
Microsoft Excel
Spread sheet for mathematical calculation
Sesam Pipeline (FatFree,
StableLines, etc)
AGA/PRCI , etc.
Engineering tools & in-house softwares for
general calculation
AutoCad
SAGE Profile
Route Selection study
Preparation of project drawings
OLGA
PIPESIM
Pipeline flow assurance analysis
ABAQUS
ANSYS
SAGE Profile
Pipeline nonlinear (both geometric & material)
stress analysis
OFFPIPE
SAGE Profile
OrcaLay
OrcaFlex
Pipeline installation stress analysis
Dynamic motion analysis of floating body
subject to environmental loads.
AutoPIPE
CAESAR II
Riser Stress analysis (Rigid pipeline)
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24. References
Subsea Pipeline Engineering (2nd Edition), by Andrew C. Palmer, Roger A. King
Offshore Pipelines: Design, Instillation and Maintenance, by Shanhong Song, Ali
Ghalambor, Jacob Chacko, Boyun Guo
Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines: Volume 1 Buckling and Collapse, by Stelios
Kyriakides, Edmundo Corona
Design and Installation of Marine Pipelines, by Mikael Braestrup, Jan B. Andersen,
Lars Wahl Andersen, Mads B. Bryndum, Niels-J Rishøj Nielsen
Subsea Pipelines and Risers, by Yong Bai, Qiang Bai
Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers, by Jaeyoung Lee, P.E.
SAFEBUCK JIP: Safe Design of Pipelines with Lateral Buckling Design Guideline, by
Malcolm Carr
DNV Rules & standards
PARLOC 2001: The Update of Loss of Containment Data for Offshore Pipelines, by
Mott MacDonald Ltd.
Free access websites related to engineering of submarine pipeline & SPM.