Tools used by astronomers (au + lightyears)
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Early astronomers used tools like the sundial, merkhet, quadrant, astrolabe, and cross-staff to measure the passage of time and the positions of stars and other astronomical objects. The telescope, invented in the late 16th century, revolutionized astronomy by allowing astronomers to observe celestial objects in greater detail. Units like the astronomical unit (AU) and light-year provide standardized measures for distances within our solar system and across the wider universe.
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center of the araph paner (the Sgn) and draw a straight ling from the center to the risht hand rdae,
parallel to the urid lines. The end of this line represents the basic 00 directice ia space. the
direction of the Sun as seen from the Earth at the time of the vemal equinox. Heliocentric
longitude is measured from this linc. Draw a circle of 4 cantimeters radius te represent the
F.arth's orbit. (Alitough the orbits of Mars and the Earth are actually ellipses, we will see that the
circles are pretry good approximations,) Using the protractor centered on the Sun and the vereal
cquines as the startine line lav off ceunterclockwise the heliocentric longitudes of the Farth for
each date in the table, and label the date. Next with the Earth as the center and with 0 in the
direction of and along a line parallel to the vernal squinas. mark off ceuntereleckwise the
directions for the scesentric longifudes of Mars, For each pair of observations, the position of
Mars in its orbit lies at the imfersection of the lines drawn from both Earth positions through the
corresponding goocentric leagitudes of Mars. The nexi step is to determine the center of the
circle that will approximate the orbit of Mars. What is needed is the center of the circle which
can be determined by taking the perpendicular bisector of three chords of the circle. This method
will be discused in class. Dae to constraction errors, these three lines may not all incrsect in one
point, so you may have to establish the "best center". The distance from the center to one of
Mars' positions will give you the radius of the eircle. Draw the circle representine the orbit of
Mars The line from the Sun through the eenter of Mars orbit will lie on the major axis of the
oebit of Mars. Derw in the maior avis so. that it wasses threash the Smn. the center of Mars"
orbit, and intersets the erbit of Mars. lahel the perihelion and aphelion positions of Mars.
Determine the distance Mars is from the Son using the scals that one astronamical unit equals 5
ecatimeters. The eceestricity (c) of the orbit is the ratio of the distanse betwoen the Sun and the
center of the orbit for Mars and the semi-major axis of the orbic, measured int the same usits.
Determine the eccentrisity (c). PURPOSE: To deternine the orbit of Mars from a limined set of
observations. PROCEDURE: Using some of the oboervations of Mans made by Tycho and the
method developed by Kepler, an approsimute erbit for the planet Mars will be determined. From
our earthbound viewpoint, the eccentricity of Mars ocbit provides the most interesting aspest of
the planef's motion. .
Ch14 the universe
Ancient civilizations used the motions of celestial bodies like the moon and stars to develop calendars and tell time. They observed that the sun's path through the sky shifted over the course of a year, marking seasons. The geocentric model viewed Earth as the center of the universe, with objects like the sun and stars orbiting around it. Stars twinkle due to differences in the density of Earth's atmosphere refracting light. Stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and undergo various stages of life depending on their mass, eventually ending as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.
TSST-Earth-space.ppt
This document provides an overview of teaching about Earth in space and the solar system. It outlines key learning outcomes such as explaining day and night, the phases of the Moon, and the motion of objects in space. Common misconceptions are addressed, and teaching approaches are suggested, including hands-on modeling of concepts. A brief history of astronomy is also given, highlighting how observations and scientific models have advanced over time from a geocentric to heliocentric understanding of the solar system. Resources for teaching this topic are referenced.
TSST-Earth-space.ppt
This document provides an overview of teaching about Earth in space and the solar system. It outlines key learning outcomes such as explaining day and night, the phases of the Moon, and the motion of objects in space. Common misconceptions are addressed, and teaching approaches are suggested, including hands-on modeling of concepts. A brief history of astronomy is also given, highlighting how observations and scientific models have advanced over time from a geocentric to heliocentric understanding of the solar system. Resources for teaching this topic are referenced.
Similar to Tools used by astronomers (au + lightyears) (20)
In order to use this scheme- Kepler had to have a series of Martian ob.pdf
In order to use this scheme- Kepler had to have a series of Martian ob.pdf
More from RileyAntler
Structural forms
The document provides instructions for a structural engineering challenge to build the tallest structure possible using 5 pieces of paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines key structural concepts like strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A sketch of the completed structure must be provided.
Unit d structures & forces
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The document discusses the wave model of light and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains that light is a form of energy that travels in waves, with characteristics like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and crest and trough. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of energy that travel as waves, including light, which is classified based on its wavelength.
Light sources
Incandescent lightbulbs produce light through heating while fluorescent and phosphorescent lights use electricity to excite particles that then glow and produce visible light. Fluorescent lights are more energy efficient than incandescent but contain toxic materials, while phosphorescent lights continue glowing after the energy source is removed. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent lights produce light through chemical reactions, as seen in glow sticks and deep sea creatures, respectively.
Unit c light and optics
The document discusses different types of light sources:
- Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures. Most of the energy is released as heat.
- Fluorescent lights use electricity to excite mercury vapor which produces ultraviolet light, causing a phosphor coating to glow and produce visible light. They are more energy efficient but harder to dispose of than incandescent lights.
- Phosphorescent materials continue to glow for a period of time after the light source is removed by slowly releasing stored energy.
- Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions produce light through chemical processes in glow sticks and deep sea creatures.
- Light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Excretory system
The excretory system works to maintain balance in the body by filtering waste and toxins from the blood and eliminating them from the body. It is led by the kidneys, which filter waste through tiny nephrons. The kidneys then produce urine, which travels through ureters to the bladder for storage and is later released through the urethra. In addition to the kidneys, the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs all play roles in excretion to eliminate various waste products.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS sends sensory information to the CNS and carries out the CNS's instructions through the body. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic system, which controls voluntary movement and reflexes. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system has two circuits - one sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and return to the heart, while the second sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow for gas exchange between blood and tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out, with the right side pumping to the lungs and left side pumping to the body.
Specialized cells & tissues
Specialized cells combine to form four main tissue types in humans and animals - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue. Connective tissue supports and connects parts of the body, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, nervous tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue allows movement. Cells also combine to form three tissue types in plants - photosynthetic tissue uses sunlight to produce energy, protective tissue forms a waterproof layer, and transport tissue moves food and water.
Cell transport
This document discusses several concepts related to cell transport. It defines concentration and explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It also defines permeable, impermeable, and semi-permeable membranes. A semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, allows some substances like water and small particles to pass through via diffusion while blocking larger particles, which require channel proteins. The document also explains that osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. The tonicity of the environment determines whether cells appear bloated or shrunken.
The cell
All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
Unit b cells & systems
The document provides information about microscopes and cells. It discusses the first microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen and how it allowed humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains the basic parts and use of the compound light microscope, including how lenses are used to enlarge images and micrometers are used to measure tiny objects. It also discusses estimating sizes of objects viewed under the microscope using the field of view. The document concludes by outlining the six main characteristics of living things: made of cells, need energy, grow and develop, respond to environment, reproduce, and have adaptations.
Biomagnification
Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain. Chemicals accumulate in plants and algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, building up further in larger fish and predatory birds and mammals. This can lead to toxic levels of chemicals like mercury and pesticides in organisms high on the food chain, including humans. An example given is how mercury from power plant emissions concentrates over 10,000 times moving from water to algae to fish to humans. Exposure to high levels of biomagnified chemicals can cause illness and affect offspring.
Transporting chemicals
Chemicals can be transported through the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the air, chemicals disperse and deposit based on their properties and wind patterns. Groundwater transports chemicals slowly through permeable soil. Surface water carries dissolved chemicals long distances while non-dissolved chemicals sink and concentrate near the source. Chemicals also leach through soil, with the rate affected by soil composition.
Monitoring the atmosphere
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat in the atmosphere. It defines greenhouse gases as atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that trap heat. It then explains the greenhouse effect as radiant energy from the sun being reflected back to the Earth's surface by a layer of these gases, trapping heat. It also discusses the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities and deforestation, which add to the heat-trapping in the atmosphere. A separate section explains ozone depletion and the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation, and how CFC chemicals released into the atmosphere break down the ozone.
Monitoring air quality
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutant levels in the air and estimating emissions from sources. Common air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone. Sulfur dioxide forms smog and acid rain and affects respiratory and eye health, produced from burning coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicle and industrial combustion and cause smog. Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicles, industry and trees, and can cause breathing problems.
Monitoring water quality
Monitoring water quality is important to detect harmful pollutants and their concentrations. Five important chemical factors that indicate water quality are undissolved solids, phosphates and nitrates, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, and heavy metals. Each of these factors can be tested through specific chemical reactions to determine their presence and concentration in water samples. Biological indicators like the presence of certain aquatic organisms can also help assess water quality.
Human impacts
Human activities like agriculture, solid waste disposal, and industry have significantly impacted the environment by adding and releasing chemicals. Agriculture contributes to eutrophication through fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides that can accumulate up the food chain. Solid waste disposal in landfills produces leachate containing heavy metals and other toxins that seep into soil and water without protective layers. Wastewater from daily use also contaminates the environment with chemicals even after treatment at sewage plants. Burning fossil fuels further pollutes the air with gases causing acid rain and air pollution.
Transport of substances
This document discusses several methods of transporting substances in biology. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a membrane. Active transport moves nutrients against a concentration gradient using energy. Ingestion directly takes substances in, while hydrolysis uses enzymes and water to break down larger molecules. A substrate provides nutrients and a surface for an organism to live or move on.
Acids & bases
This document defines acids and bases, their properties, and how pH is used to measure acidity and alkalinity. Acids have a pH below 7 and increase hydrogen ion concentration in water, tasting sour. Bases have a pH above 7 and increase hydroxyl ion concentration, tasting bitter. Neutral substances have a pH of 7. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, with lower numbers being more acidic and higher more basic. Acid rain forms when rainwater reacts with air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from industry and vehicles.
More from RileyAntler (20)
Recently uploaded
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingAuthoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Recently uploaded (20)
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Tools used by astronomers (au + lightyears)
- 1. Tools Used by Early Astronomers
- 2. Sundial Sundial: The sundial has been used for more than 7000 years to measure the passage of time. The merkhet uses a string with a weight on the end to accurately measure a straight vertical line, much like a plumb bob. A pair of merkhets were used to establish a north-south line by lining them up with the pole star. This allowed for the measurement of night-time hours as it measured when certain stars crossed a marked meridian on the sundial.
- 3. Quadrant Quadrant: was designed to measure a stars height above the horizon.
- 4. Astrolabe Astrolabe: The astrolabe was used to make accurate charts of star positions.
- 5. Cross-staff Cross-staff: was used to measure the angle between the moon and any given star.
- 6. EarlyTelescope Early Telescope: The telescope was invented in the late 16th century, it revolutionized astronomy.
- 7. AstronomicalUnits Astronomical Units (AU): is used to measure distances inside our solar system. 1 AU = the average distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun (149 599 000 km)
- 8. Light-year Light-year: is the distance that light travels in one year Light travels at 300 000 km/s So 1light-year = 9.5 trillion km Interesting fact: The light from stars can take many thousands of years to reach us, so some of the stars that we see at night may no longer exist.
- 9. Light-year