This document discusses TOMOYO Linux, a mandatory access control implementation for Linux. It provides an executive summary, describes key concepts like domains and profiles, and outlines features like the policy learning mode and policy editor tools. LiveCD and installation instructions are also covered. The goal of TOMOYO Linux is to provide usable mandatory access control for most users and administrators.
XPDDS17: EFI Secure Boot, Shim and Xen: Current Status and Developments - Da...The Linux Foundation
The EFI secure boot is a protocol to verify authenticity of loaded and executed PE binary. Usually it is a second stage bootloader, e.g. GRUB2, or an OS kernel. The shim is an extension to the EFI secure boot which makes whole authentication process more flexible. The presentation will deal with the most important aspects of EFI secure boot and shim. Additionally, it will discuss how Xen hypervisor boot process can be protected with EFI secure boot and shim. However, this does not mean that everything is done and work out of the box. So, in the end it will be shown what is done to make EFI secure boot and shim usable when you boot Xen using GRUB2.
XPDDS17: EFI Secure Boot, Shim and Xen: Current Status and Developments - Da...The Linux Foundation
The EFI secure boot is a protocol to verify authenticity of loaded and executed PE binary. Usually it is a second stage bootloader, e.g. GRUB2, or an OS kernel. The shim is an extension to the EFI secure boot which makes whole authentication process more flexible. The presentation will deal with the most important aspects of EFI secure boot and shim. Additionally, it will discuss how Xen hypervisor boot process can be protected with EFI secure boot and shim. However, this does not mean that everything is done and work out of the box. So, in the end it will be shown what is done to make EFI secure boot and shim usable when you boot Xen using GRUB2.
Have You Driven an SELinux Lately? - An Update on the SELinux Project - OLS ...James Morris
"Have You Driven an SELinux Lately? - An Update on the SELinux Project"
This was given at OLS (Ottawa Linux Symposium) in 2008.
The paper from the talk may be found at
http://namei.org/ols-2008-selinux-paper.pdf.
Hi,
This presentation contains history of Unix operating system.
Kindly send me your comments to ankitmehta21@gmail.com so it will help me to improve future presentations.
Thanks,
Ankit Mehta
ankitmehta21@gmail.com
Protected Process Light will be Protected – MemoryRanger Fills the Gap AgainIgor Korkin
Windows OS issued a newly updated security mechanism to prevent illegal access to the memory of critical processes as well as for Digital Rights Management (DRM) requirements. It is Protected Process Light (PPL). Intruders can disable PPL to access the memory content of protected processes using a kernel driver. Also, they can illegally enable PPL for the malware apps to provide self-protection and access memory of protected processes, without disabling their PPL. PatchGuard does not check the integrity of PPL. This kind of attack is crucial for OS security and has to be prevented. This paper presents some undocumented internals of PPL during the creation of the protected process as well as accessing the protected process memory to analyze how the PPL can be tampered with. In this contribution, the hypervisor-based solution called MemoryRanger is applied to prevent such type of kernel attacks on PPL. MemoryRanger can prevent both types of attacks on PPL: disabling and enabling PPL in run time. MemoryRanger has been successfully tested on the recent Windows 10, version 20H2 Build 19042.631 x64.
Threats, Vulnerabilities & Security measures in LinuxAmitesh Bharti
This presentation is made for my college presentation of explaining "Threats, Vulnerabilities & Security measures in Linux' and also suggestion how you could enhance ur Linux OS security.
Have You Driven an SELinux Lately? - An Update on the SELinux Project - OLS ...James Morris
"Have You Driven an SELinux Lately? - An Update on the SELinux Project"
This was given at OLS (Ottawa Linux Symposium) in 2008.
The paper from the talk may be found at
http://namei.org/ols-2008-selinux-paper.pdf.
Hi,
This presentation contains history of Unix operating system.
Kindly send me your comments to ankitmehta21@gmail.com so it will help me to improve future presentations.
Thanks,
Ankit Mehta
ankitmehta21@gmail.com
Protected Process Light will be Protected – MemoryRanger Fills the Gap AgainIgor Korkin
Windows OS issued a newly updated security mechanism to prevent illegal access to the memory of critical processes as well as for Digital Rights Management (DRM) requirements. It is Protected Process Light (PPL). Intruders can disable PPL to access the memory content of protected processes using a kernel driver. Also, they can illegally enable PPL for the malware apps to provide self-protection and access memory of protected processes, without disabling their PPL. PatchGuard does not check the integrity of PPL. This kind of attack is crucial for OS security and has to be prevented. This paper presents some undocumented internals of PPL during the creation of the protected process as well as accessing the protected process memory to analyze how the PPL can be tampered with. In this contribution, the hypervisor-based solution called MemoryRanger is applied to prevent such type of kernel attacks on PPL. MemoryRanger can prevent both types of attacks on PPL: disabling and enabling PPL in run time. MemoryRanger has been successfully tested on the recent Windows 10, version 20H2 Build 19042.631 x64.
Threats, Vulnerabilities & Security measures in LinuxAmitesh Bharti
This presentation is made for my college presentation of explaining "Threats, Vulnerabilities & Security measures in Linux' and also suggestion how you could enhance ur Linux OS security.
I've uploaded my own Japanese translation of Jos's speech at Stanford University at http://www.slideshare.net/haradats/youve-got-to-find-what-you-love-jobs-says.
If you treasure the original speech like I do, why don't you make and share your version in your language?
This kit is a LaTeX template including the speech text. All you need is replace "*Your*" with translations and compile.
Enjoy.
Hint:
To adjust the horizontal positions of paragraphs, \baselineskip is handy.
Note:
The original text which has been published at the Stanford University is slightly different from the spoken words. My guess is that Stanford text is based on Job's memo received from Jobs.
La grafica vettoriale si basa su rettangoli, cerchi, curve e altre forme geometriche per comporre i disegni. Inoltre, permette di impaginare con cura dei testi e creare volantini, brochure e altri tipi di prodotti destinati alla stampa.
Il talk è stato tenuto il 15 Marzo 2016 a Schio (VI), presso l'associazione AViLUG. Il materiale integrativo si può scaricare all'indirizzo:
http://www.avilug.it/doku.php/news/20160315_dallo_scatto_al_volantino
My own Japanese translation of the legendary Steven Jobs's speech at the Stanford university.
Browser version available in http://slides.com/haradats/deck#/
この翻訳および文書の作成は、2015年10月23日に芝浦工業大学で行った講義、「人生をより良く生きるためのプレゼンーション入門」の資料として作成したものです。
PDFファイルは下記でダウンロードできます。
http://www11.plala.or.jp/tsh/stanford.pdf
During the presentation, speaker told his story of software protection to ensure the router's performance. He lead the participants through all the stages, from setting up a task to a Linux configuration and Kernel for security. He shared libraries and real examples of using security tools (SSL, ciphersuites, cgroups, tomoyo etc.) and suggest alternative tools.
This presentation by Serhii Voloshynov (Senior Software Engineer, Consultant, GlobalLogic, Kharkiv) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv Embedded TechTalk #3 on November 16, 2018.
• Each SELinux access control model is simple, but actually
access control is more complex
• Red Hat puts a lot of effort into SELinux, policy and utils for
SELinux usability
– Enlarging default policy modules
– Encouraging Policy module system
– Analyzing and generating policies from access violation log
Linux Kernel Security: Adapting 1960s Technology to Meet 21st Century ThreatsJames Morris
Unix was not designed with security primarily in mind. It was initially developed in the late 1960s -- before the Internet was invented. While relatively simple, the Unix security model is inadequate for protecting against common security threats. Its designers identified fundamental design flaws over thirty years ago. As Linux is modeled on Unix, it inherits this traditional Unix security model. Meeting modern security requirements has required significant enhancements to Linux, which are ongoing, but well-advanced. While many new security ideas have emerged, Linux developers have necessarily been constrained by decades of operating system standards and conventions. Aimed at admins, developers and technical managers, the talk will cover:
* The historical context of Linux security
* Modern security OS requirements
* How these requirements are being addressed (or not) by various enhancements made to Linux security
* Areas of ongoing and future work. We'll also consider how FOSS culture contributes to security.
Learning, Analyzing and Protecting Android with TOMOYO Linux (JLS2009)Toshiharu Harada, Ph.D
TOMOYO Linux is a MAC (Mandatory Access Control) implementation which gives support to protect Linux systems as well as to learn, understand and analyze system behavior. Being lightweight, it results suitable for embedded systems too. This tutorial aims to show in a practical way how to make the best use of TOMOYO Linux potentials in order to study and protect embedded Linux systems, taking Android as a specific study case. Though Android is amazingly expanding its target to various kinds of devices, it was designed mainly for mobile phones. Then, unlike other embedded operating systems, it presents some peculiar characteristics which require a particular attention to apply MAC effectively. The session is directed to those who want to learn how to use TOMOYO Linux, to managers or developers interested in security concerning embedded Linux and Android, and even to anyone just wishing to take a closer glance at Android internals.
Moby and LinuxKit: what to expect from the main announcements at DockerCon 2017 in Austin. Speech made at Containerday 2017 on April 28th in Verona by Kiratech.
FILEgrain: Transport-Agnostic, Fine-Grained Content-Addressable Container Ima...Akihiro Suda
My talk at Open Source Summit North America (Los Angeles - September 11, 2017): http://sched.co/BDpM
---
The current Docker/OCI image format uses TAR archives, which are created for each of Dockerfile `RUN` changesets, for representing rootfs layers.
One of the problems with this format is that a container cannot be started until all the TAR archives are downloaded.
Also, the format has limitations in concurrency of downloading, and granularity of file deduplication among different versions of images.
FILEgrain solves these problems by using content-addressable store in the granularity of files, rather than of TAR archives, in the transport-agnostic way.
Since the files can be lazily downloaded, a container can be started without downloading whole the image.
The experimental result with 633MB of Java image shows that downloading 4MB of files is enough for running sh, 87MB for JRE, and 136MB for JDK.
Further information are available at https://github.com/AkihiroSuda/filegrain .
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
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Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
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Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
FOSDEM'08: TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
1. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Toshiharu Harada
haradats@nttdata.co.jp
NTT DATA CORPORATION
February 24, 2008
2. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
JFYI
This slide has been under control of Subversion.
The version you are viewing is
$Id: tomoyo.tex 71 2008-03-07 10:06:22Z haradats $
The latest and a better version is
http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/document/fosdem2008.pdf.
Visit the elinux Wiki for general information of
TOMOYO Linux
http://elinux.org/TomoyoLinux.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 1
3. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
About
This slide
. . . was prepared for the presentation of TOMOYO Linux at
the FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track.
Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
. . . is project manager of TOMOYO Linux and the
author/speaker/contact person of the program.
NTT DATA CORPORATION
. . . is the largest SI company in Japan and has been supporting
the project.
http://www.nttdata.co.jp/en/index.html.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 2
4. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Executive Summary
• TOMOYO Linux is designed and developed to be a
practical security enhancements to Linux 2.4 and 2.6.
• It can be used to analyze a system as well as protection.
• Ubuntu based LiveCD (ISO image) is available.
• There are two different versions:
Version 1.x non LSM, full featured.
Version 2.x LSM compliant, for mainline inclusion.
• Gorgeous GUI should be available soon.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 3
5. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
TOMOYO Linux Security Goal
Quotes from the message posted to LKML (Linux Kernel
Mailing List).
The TOMOYO Linux’s security goal is to provide
“MAC that covers practical requirements for most
users and keeps usable for most administrators”.
TOMOYO Linux is not a tool for security professional
but for average users and administrators.
Full message can be found at
http://lwn.net/Articles/263179/.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 4
6. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
What is TOMOYO Linux
• TOMOYO Linux is a mandatory access control
implementation to Linux 2.4 and 2.6 kernel.
• TOMOYO Linux consists of set of kernel patch files and
utilities. No userland modifications are needed for
TOMOYO Linux.
• Available packages include:
RedHat Linux 9, Fedora Core 3-6, Fedora 7/8,
CentOS 4.6/5.1, Debian Sarge/Etch/Lenny,
OpenSUSE 10.1/10.2/10.3, Asianux 2.0/3.0,
Ubuntu 6.06/6.10/7.04/7.10, Vine Linux 4.2,
Gentoo 2007.0 and Turbolinux 10/11 Server.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 5
7. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Project Official Information
• http://elinux.org/TomoyoLinux (English)
• http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/ (English and Japanese)
• http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/wiki-e/ (English)
• http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/ (English and
Japanese)
• http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/cgi-bin/lxr/source
(the code)
If you have not heard of TOMOYO Linux, elinux.org Wiki word
is the best place to start.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 6
8. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
“mandatory access control”
• often called as ‘MAC’.
• the opposite of ‘DAC’ (Discretionary Access Control), that
was included in good and sweet old UNIX and early days
Linux.
• MAC was designed to compensate the shortages of DAC.
MAC has been ported to most modern operating systems by
now. SELinux is an implementation of the MAC to Linux.
Please refer TCSEC and NSA SELinux web site for more
information.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 7
9. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Why developing another MAC while SELinux is
available?
• The project members were not smart enough to use
SELinux. :-)
• Linux is open source. So, why not? :-)
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 8
10. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
How many MACs are there on this planet?
• Already in-tree
– SELinux
• Just (2.6.25) in-tree
– SMACK (Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel)
• Want to be in-tree
– AppArmor (formerly known as SubDomain)
– TOMOYO Linux
– LIDS (Linux Intrusion Detection System)
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 9
11. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
• “Our Own Way” for some reasons
– RSBAC
– GRESECURITY
• Where to find the players?
– “Linux Weather Forecast” run by the Linux Foundation
might help.
http://www.linux-foundation.org/en/Linux_Weather_Forecast
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 10
12. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
How do they compare?
I am trying to provide a fair and helpful chart. Comments and
suggestions would be appreciated.
http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/wiki-e/?WhatIs#comparison
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 11
13. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
TOMOYO Linux General Features
1. “Policy learning mode” revolutionary enlightens the loads
of policy management tasks.
2. Policy definitions of TOMOYO Linux is exceptionally
human readable and understandable.
3. TOMOYO Linux can live with any file system (built on
top of the VFS layer).
4. Small footprint
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 12
14. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Key Concepts
• TOMOYO Linux limits the access by the behavior of the
subject while SELinux limits the access by the attributes of
the subject and object.
• TOMOYO Linux kernel keeps track of the process
invocation history (a.k.a. system call chains). Every
process remembers its parent and ancestors.
– This scheme quite well suits to the Linux’s fork/exec
mechanism. Process invocation history information is
copied when fork() and added the new process name
when execve() issued.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 13
15. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Terminology
• TOMOYO Linux Policy is composed of per DOMAIN
access control definitions.
• In TOMOYO Linux, DOMAINs are automatically defined
and given names by the TOMOYO Linux kernel, no
operations required for the administrators side.
• Access control modes for each DOMAIN is specified by a
number that ranges 0. . . 255. That number is called as
PROFILE id.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 14
16. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
• Administrators need to define the meaning of each
PROFILE id in /etc/ccs/profile.conf.
• Administrators define the entity of each PROFILE id by
choosing the desired MAC functionality.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 15
17. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
• While SELinux has system wide global modes called
“enforcing” and “permissive”, TOMOYO Linux has per
domain four MODEs to administrate MAC behavior.
Mode unpermitted access Log domains
0 (Disabled) granted grows
1 (Learning) granted and learned logged grows
2 (Permissive) granted logged grows
3 (Enforcing) rejected logged unchanged
• Learning mode is for designing a policy.
• Permissive mode is for testing the policy.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 16
19. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Profile Sample
Description
The following example defines profile number 35, “file access is
enforced (access will be restricted) and network and signal are
learned (access will not be restricted)”.
Example
35-MAC_FOR_FILE=3
35-MAC_FOR_NETWORK=1
35-MAC_FOR_SIGNAL=1
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 18
20. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
TOMOYO Linux supports MAC only for files?
“Hell, No!”:-)
TOMOYO Linux supports MAC for networking
(MAC FOR NETWORK), signals (MAC FOR SIGNAL),
capabilities (MAC FOR CAPABILITY) . . . and much much
more.
For the meanings of each directives, please RTFM.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 19
21. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
“Domain” of TOMOYO Linux
Domain name starts from the prefix string, “<kernel>”.
Names of the programs (issued execve()) will be appended
sequentially with a single space character as a separator. (quite
simple, huh?)
<kernel> /sbin/init
<kernel> /sbin/init /boo /bar
<kernel> /sbin/init /foo /bar /buz
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 20
22. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
TOMOYO Linux ACL Example
Captured on Ubuntu 7.10 Desktop.
<kernel> /sbin/init
--x /bin/dash
rw- /dev/console
rw- /dev/null
r-- /etc/event.d/control-alt-delete
r-- /etc/event.d/logd
...
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 21
23. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Policy Configuration Files
All policy configuration files are located at /etc/ccs in plain
text format.
Name File
Domain Policy domain policy.conf
System Policy system policy.conf
Exception Policy exception policy.conf
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 22
24. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Policy Editor (CUI)
CUI program “editpolicy” is located at /usr/lib/ccs with
other TOMOYO Linux tools.
editpolicy has roles of:
1. To show the current (on memory) policy settings
2. To modify them.
editpolicy understands and deals with the all three
TOMOYO Linux policy configuration files.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 23
25. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Policy Editor (CUI)
When invoked, domain policy screen will be displayed.
Entering TAB key will change the screens.
Screen Name Description
Domain Policy Shows domain transition trees.
The total number of existing domains
will be displayed in the top of the screen.
Move cursor control keys to choose a domain.
System Policy Shows system global settings.
Exception Policy Shows lists of MAC access control
exceptions.
2008-2-24 FOSDEM’08 Embedded Track 24
26. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Other tools
savepolicy
Saves current policy settings under /etc/ccs.
loadpolicy
Loads policy settings to the kernel.
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TOMOYO Linux LiveCD
Definition
TOMOYO Linux LiveCD = Ubuntu 7.10 Desktop +
TOMOYO Linux kernel and tools
For what?
Casual, safe and free trial of TOMOYO Linux.
Where can I get one?
http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/wiki-e/?TomoyoLive
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LiveCD Design Specification
TOMOYO Linux LiveCD comes with predefined policy
definition.
domain policy.conf
# cat /etc/ccs/domain_policy.conf
<kernel>
use_profile 1
#
This means, “run the <kernel> domain with profile 1”. The
definition of profile with id 1 can be found at profile.conf.
Since the mode for file access (MAC FOR FILE) of profile 1 is
not enforcing, domains are created as needed.
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profile.conf
# head /etc/ccs/profile.conf
1-MAC_FOR_FILE=1
1-MAC_FOR_NETWORK=1
1-MAC_FOR_SIGNAL=1
...
Profile 1 is defined to remember access for files, networks,
signals. . . and keeps the results on memory. Thus, TOMOYO
Linux LiveCD allows every access (as usual Ubuntu LiveCD)
and keeps remembering them.
The results depend on your environment. For instance, number
of domains and each ACL for specific domains.
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How to use a LiveCD
1. save and burn the ISO image.
2. set the disc to your PC.
3. BOOT IT!
Or, you can define a virtual machine that reads the saved ISO
image.
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What can I do with TOMOYO Linux LiveCD?
In addition to anything you can do with Ubuntu,
• View how Ubuntu are running on your PC by browsing
domain transitions and ACL information obtained from
policy learning mode.
• Select domains and change the behavior. For instance,
selecting a shell domain and change it from policy learning
mode to enforcing mode.
• Exploring what will happen if you click GNOME menus.
(Everything including GUI and X are monitored by
TOMOYO Linux kernel)
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32. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
• TOMOYO Linux LiveCD can be used to install to your
PC. Here’s the instruction.
1. Boot from TOMOYO Linux LiveCD.
2. Find icon named ”Install”.
3. Click it, as usual.
4. Follow the instruction from the LiveCD.
This is by far the easiest way to install TOMOYO Linux.
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Policy Editor (GUI)
Implemented as an Eclipse plugin. Runs on both Linux and
Windows. Communicates using SSH. No server side
modifications needed.
Coming soon.
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TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
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Reasons to use TOMOYO Linux with Embedded
• For use with 2.4 kernel (LSM does not support 2.4)
• File system independent
• Userland modifications free
• BusyBox support
• Small footprint
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Digging issues from LKML
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37. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
How about labels?
Pros
• Label is bound to inode that we can trust, so unaffected by
renames.
Cons
• Needs extra resource and work for labels.
• Inode can be changed by operations.
• Label is defined according to pathnames. :)
Label has clear advantages but does not solve every cases.
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Label or Pathname?
That’s ridiculous.
What pathname means is a “name of the place”. Pathname is
not bound to the attributes of the entity.
• No one can live without pathnames.
• Both Label and Pathname are incomplete and needs work.
• People can easily argue.
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39. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
LABEL vs. PATHNAME argument
Most important difference is LABEL or PATHNAME.
label Assign ‘labels’ to the objects and judge access control
according the label information. xattr (extended
attributes) are used to store label information. SELinux
and SMACK belong this.
pathname Don’t use labels and live with traditional
pathnames. AppArmor and TOMOYO Linux belong this.
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40. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
Issues with pathname
Pros
• Pathnames are handy for restricting behavior of the
subject.
Cons
• Pathnames can be easily changed by operations (mount,
chroot, /etc/../etc/shadow, ln. . . ).
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Summary
• TOMOYO Linux is a lightweight and usable MAC
implementation to Linux.
• Though it was designed for servers, it also suits embedded
systems very well.
• TOMOYO Linux is useful for analyzing your own Linux
box, so it would help embedded developers.
• We are having unclear difficulties in mainlining TOMOYO
Linux. We promise to continue the work.
• We will be happy if you use our work, if TOMOYO Linux
helps you. We will be pleased to help you.
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Project History
March 2003 I met Tetsuo Handa and started working at a
small building called Kayaba-cho Tower. Tetsuo has wrote
the first version of TOMOYO Linux and is the chief
architect of the project ever since.
November 2005 Made the code open (GPL2)
April 2007 First proposal posting to LKML.
April 2007 Embedded Linux Conference 2007, ””TOMOYO
Linux: A Lightweight and Manageable Security System for
PC and Embedded Linux”. Thank Tim Bird for this cool
title.
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43. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
June 2007 Ottawa Linux Symposium 2007, “TOMOYO
Linux BoF”.
November 2007 PacSec 2007, “TOMOYO Linux: A
Practical Method to Understand and Protect Your Own
Linux Box”.
December 2007 6th proposal posting to LKML.
February 2008 FOSDEM’08 presentation, “TOMOYO Linux
for Secure Embedded” (U R here)
Every slides and papers are stored at
http://sourceforge.jp/projects/tomoyo/docman/ (choose
the category and the language).
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Acknowledgments
Special thanks goes to. . .
• Linus Torvalds for creating this wonderful world of Linux.
• Donald E. Knuth for bringing the world TEX and letting us
to know the joy of writing.
• Bill Joy for creating “the editor”, “vi”. It’s part of
myself.
• Staff of SourceForge.jp (http://sourceforge.jp/) for
their continuous supports and hosting.
• NTT DATA CORPORATION for supporting the project.
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45. TOMOYO Linux for Secure Embedded
• Jack Bauer and the staff of Twenty Four series. They
taught me what the brave is.
• My family for their patience and forgiveness. Also, my dog,
Wish for taking me to a walk everyday and not biting me
so often as before.
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Thanks!
We will see you at ELC2008 and OLS2008.
Toshiharu Harada <haradats@nttdata.co.jp>
Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp>
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