The document provides details about a field study conducted by a geomorphology class to investigate the fluvial processes occurring in Tomahawk Creek in Leawood, KS. The class measured stream discharge, cross-sectional areas, bedload, and mapped natural meander characteristics. Discharge calculations at three sites were inconsistent, possibly due to measurement errors. Bedload samples showed the creek has low competence and mostly transports small, angular particles during normal flows. Mitigation is needed to prevent further erosion of the park banks adjacent to the creek.
Chapter 4 Introduction to beach processes and management strategiesMohsin Siddique
This document summarizes beach processes and coastal sediment transport. It discusses:
1) Beach processes like sediment erosion, accretion, and equilibrium that can be affected by coastal developments.
2) Properties of sediment particles like size, shape, density that influence transport.
3) Forces that drive sediment transport including currents, waves, and their interaction.
4) Formulas to calculate bed load, suspended load, and total sediment transport under currents, waves, and combined conditions.
1. Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium, such as water. They can be regular (single frequency/height) or irregular/random (variable frequency/height).
2. Important wave parameters include wavelength, period, frequency, speed, height, amplitude, and water elevation.
3. Ocean waves are classified based on their period/frequency and include capillary, gravity, and infragravity waves.
4. Wind generates waves by transferring energy and momentum to water. Wave characteristics depend on wind speed, fetch (distance over which wind blows), and duration. Fully developed seas occur when energy input balances dissipation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Prediction of the liquid film distribution in stratified-dispersed gas-liquid...Marco Bonizzi
The document presents a mathematical model for predicting the distribution of the liquid film in stratified-dispersed gas-liquid flows in horizontal pipelines. The model is based on the assumptions that liquid droplets can only be entrained from the thick liquid layer at the bottom of the pipe, and that smaller droplets deposit via eddy diffusion while larger droplets deposit gravitationally. The model considers the effects of gravitational drainage, droplet deposition and entrainment, and wave spreading on the liquid film distribution. The model is validated against experimental data and CFD simulations. Key findings are that gravitational drainage, droplet effects, and wave spreading determine the film distribution, with wave spreading making the film more uniform at high gas velocities or small pipes.
The document discusses open channel design for both rigid boundary and erodible channels. It describes the key steps in designing trapezoidal channels including determining depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope. For rigid boundary channels, the most common design approach is to use Manning's equation to select dimensions that produce non-silting, non-scouring velocities. For erodible channels, two common methods are discussed: the permissible velocity method, which ensures the mean flow velocity is below erosion thresholds; and the tractive force method, which involves equating tractive forces to critical shear stresses of the channel material.
This document provides background information on a thesis investigating the seal potential of the Zechstein Salt in the southern Dutch North Sea. Specifically, it examines the geometry and deformation of the Zechstein 3 stringer at a seismic scale using 3D seismic data. The introduction outlines the rationale for studying carbonate stringers, describes the study area location in the North Sea, and discusses previous work on the Z3 stringer which found it exhibits complex folding, boudinage and stacking due to salt tectonics. It also notes the importance of understanding stringer geometry and connectivity for hydrocarbon exploration and storage applications. The document then provides context on the geological setting and outlines the aims and objectives of analyzing the 3D seismic cube to
This document discusses different types of weirs based on their shape, crest width, size, discharge conditions, ratios, alignments, and special types. The most commonly used weir is the rectangular weir. The discharge relationship for weirs is generally expressed as Q=CL(2g/H)^(1/2) where Q is discharge, C is the discharge coefficient, L is the length of the weir, g is acceleration due to gravity, and H is the head over the weir crest. Some other weir types discussed include triangular, trapezoidal, Cipolletti, parabolic, circular, suppressed, contracted, free falling, submerged, proportional, labyrinth, piano key,
Chapter 4 Introduction to beach processes and management strategiesMohsin Siddique
This document summarizes beach processes and coastal sediment transport. It discusses:
1) Beach processes like sediment erosion, accretion, and equilibrium that can be affected by coastal developments.
2) Properties of sediment particles like size, shape, density that influence transport.
3) Forces that drive sediment transport including currents, waves, and their interaction.
4) Formulas to calculate bed load, suspended load, and total sediment transport under currents, waves, and combined conditions.
1. Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium, such as water. They can be regular (single frequency/height) or irregular/random (variable frequency/height).
2. Important wave parameters include wavelength, period, frequency, speed, height, amplitude, and water elevation.
3. Ocean waves are classified based on their period/frequency and include capillary, gravity, and infragravity waves.
4. Wind generates waves by transferring energy and momentum to water. Wave characteristics depend on wind speed, fetch (distance over which wind blows), and duration. Fully developed seas occur when energy input balances dissipation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Prediction of the liquid film distribution in stratified-dispersed gas-liquid...Marco Bonizzi
The document presents a mathematical model for predicting the distribution of the liquid film in stratified-dispersed gas-liquid flows in horizontal pipelines. The model is based on the assumptions that liquid droplets can only be entrained from the thick liquid layer at the bottom of the pipe, and that smaller droplets deposit via eddy diffusion while larger droplets deposit gravitationally. The model considers the effects of gravitational drainage, droplet deposition and entrainment, and wave spreading on the liquid film distribution. The model is validated against experimental data and CFD simulations. Key findings are that gravitational drainage, droplet effects, and wave spreading determine the film distribution, with wave spreading making the film more uniform at high gas velocities or small pipes.
The document discusses open channel design for both rigid boundary and erodible channels. It describes the key steps in designing trapezoidal channels including determining depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope. For rigid boundary channels, the most common design approach is to use Manning's equation to select dimensions that produce non-silting, non-scouring velocities. For erodible channels, two common methods are discussed: the permissible velocity method, which ensures the mean flow velocity is below erosion thresholds; and the tractive force method, which involves equating tractive forces to critical shear stresses of the channel material.
This document provides background information on a thesis investigating the seal potential of the Zechstein Salt in the southern Dutch North Sea. Specifically, it examines the geometry and deformation of the Zechstein 3 stringer at a seismic scale using 3D seismic data. The introduction outlines the rationale for studying carbonate stringers, describes the study area location in the North Sea, and discusses previous work on the Z3 stringer which found it exhibits complex folding, boudinage and stacking due to salt tectonics. It also notes the importance of understanding stringer geometry and connectivity for hydrocarbon exploration and storage applications. The document then provides context on the geological setting and outlines the aims and objectives of analyzing the 3D seismic cube to
This document discusses different types of weirs based on their shape, crest width, size, discharge conditions, ratios, alignments, and special types. The most commonly used weir is the rectangular weir. The discharge relationship for weirs is generally expressed as Q=CL(2g/H)^(1/2) where Q is discharge, C is the discharge coefficient, L is the length of the weir, g is acceleration due to gravity, and H is the head over the weir crest. Some other weir types discussed include triangular, trapezoidal, Cipolletti, parabolic, circular, suppressed, contracted, free falling, submerged, proportional, labyrinth, piano key,
- There are two main categories of measuring ocean surface currents - the float method, where objects drift with the current, and the flow method, where currents are observed passing a fixed point like a ship or buoy.
- Currents can also be studied using dyes, drogues that drift at desired depths, and Swallow floats that produce sounds detected by sonar.
- Various instruments like the Ekman and Richardson meters use propellers, compasses, and photography to measure current speed and direction at fixed points underwater. The Doppler current meter uses sound reflection off particles to measure velocity.
This document discusses the design of open channels. It describes the process of designing channels to prevent silting and scouring. The key steps are determining the depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope of the channel based on the discharge and sediment load. It also discusses different channel types and design methods for rigid and erodible channels. The main design methods covered are the permissible velocity method and tractive force method for erodible channels. Design procedures and examples are provided for rectangular and trapezoidal channel sections.
Kennedy's theory provides a method for designing irrigation channels that will remain free from silting and scouring. It involves determining the critical velocity using Kennedy's equation and iteratively solving for the channel dimensions such that the mean velocity equals the critical velocity. There are three cases depending on what variables are given as inputs. The theory has shortcomings in that it involves trial and error and does not specify the channel shape beforehand.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of aspect ratio on the near-field dynamics of submerged rectangular turbulent jets interacting with a free surface. Planar particle image velocimetry was used to measure the velocity fields of jets with aspect ratios of 1, 2, and 4 at a fixed offset from the free surface. The study found that higher aspect ratio jets evolved more quickly into free surface jets, with the aspect ratio 2 jet exhibiting the fastest centerline velocity decay. Turbulence intensities were highest for the aspect ratio 2 jet in the near-field but decreased below the aspect ratio 4 jet in the far-field. The impingement point where the jet attached to the free surface occurred between 8-12
Effect of boundary layer thickness on secondary structures in a short inlet c...Jeremy Gartner
The document discusses an experiment that investigated the effect of boundary layer thickness on secondary flow structures in a short inlet duct with curved geometry. A honeycomb mesh was added upstream of the duct to increase the boundary layer thickness by creating a pressure drop. This led to stronger streamwise separation within the duct, overcoming instability that can cause asymmetric secondary flows. Experiments at Mach numbers from 0.2 to 0.58 measured the impact of honeycomb height on flow symmetry. Increasing the honeycomb height relative to the boundary layer thickness achieved flow symmetry for the duct geometry, with negligible pressure loss.
The document discusses gradually varied flow in open channels. It defines gradually varied flow as flow where the depth changes gradually along the channel. It presents the assumptions and governing equations for gradually varied flow analysis. It also describes different types of water surface profiles that can occur, such as mild slope, steep slope, critical slope, and adverse slope profiles. The key methods for analyzing water surface profiles, including direct integration, graphical integration, and numerical integration are summarized.
A weir is a structure in an open channel that causes water to pool. As flow rate increases, the depth of water above the weir increases. Weirs are classified based on their crest shape as either sharp-crested or broad-crested. Common types of sharp-crested weirs include rectangular, V-notch, and trapezoidal weirs. Broad-crested weirs are robust structures that span the full channel width and are well-suited for measuring river discharge. Flow rate calculations using weirs can provide useful data for applications like flood control, hydroelectric projects, irrigation, and environmental studies.
A broad crested weir with a crest height of 0.3m is located in a channel. With a measured head of 0.6m above the crest, the problem asks to calculate the rate of discharge per unit width, accounting for velocity of approach. Broad crested weirs follow the relationship that discharge per unit width (q) is proportional to the head (H) raised to the power of 3/2. Using this relationship and the given values of 0.3m for crest height and 0.6m for head, the problem is solved through trial and error to find the value of q.
Chapter 9:Uniform flow in mobile boundary channelBinu Karki
This document discusses uniform flow in mobile boundary channels. It defines rigid and mobile boundary channels, with mobile channels having boundaries made of loose soil that can be eroded. For mobile channels, resistance depends on both the boundary and conditions of the bed and banks. The document covers alluvial channels that transport both water and sediment, and describes shear stress distribution, incipient motion conditions, and different types of bed forms that form under varying shear stress levels including ripples, dunes, transition, and antidunes.
Prediction of Surface Subsidence and Its MonitoringVR M
This dissertation examines surface subsidence prediction and monitoring related to underground coal mining in India. The author develops an empirical relationship to predict subsidence profiles based on collected subsidence data. Various conventional and advanced surveying techniques for monitoring subsidence are also studied. It is recommended to use tacheometry surveys and GPS to efficiently monitor vertical and horizontal ground movements in Indian coal mines.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Mohamed Abd Alla Mohamed Taman that includes his personal details, education history, training courses, computer skills, work experience, and responsibilities in his current role. It summarizes his 13 years of offshore experience maintaining equipment on barges, including 5 years in maintenance management. It also lists the various types of equipment he has experience with from his roles as a chief mechanical engineer and maintenance engineer on barges, such as generators, cranes, air compressors, pipe laying equipment, pumps, and more.
Spencer Chemistry & Biology Building Waste Assessment Fall 2012Andrew Barchak
The team conducted a waste assessment of the Spencer Chemistry & Biology Building over two days. They sorted waste into categories and weighed each category to determine percentages. They found that the majority of waste could have been recycled or disposed of more properly. Large amounts of food, reusable containers, and hazardous materials were thrown away. The team concluded that students and staff need to improve proper waste disposal and recycling at this location to reduce waste.
tactical allocation in the age of ETFs v11Henry Ma
The document discusses tactical asset allocation (TAA) strategies that emerged after the 2008 financial crisis. It compares newer "tactical ETF strategists" that use exchange-traded funds to the older pre-crisis TAA approaches. The document finds that median TAA strategies performed in line with their benchmarks over various time periods. The document also discusses the benefits of TAA strategies, including downside protection and diversification, as well as some performance issues associated with some large TAA managers.
I have 8 years hand on work experience on Rotating Equipments.I had worked in many Refineries, fertilizer, petrochemical and power plants. Presently working as a Sr.Mechanical Technician with ISCOSA a Siemens Company in Dammam Saudi Arabia.
The Integer Group
Innovative Approaches For Effective Marketing Campaigns
Business-to-Business Marketing
Class Project
By: Kiara Gitlin, Audrey Helbing, & Julia Withers
Hasif Haris K.P. has over 5 years of experience in administration and office assistance management in Qatar. He seeks an effective post as an administrator where he can further develop his capabilities. He has a background in safety management, excellent communication skills, and experience in supervisory and team building roles. His employment history includes positions in administration, human resources, business development, and store management. He has an MBA and is currently pursuing further education.
Insider Secrets of Credit Score and Credit Cards - The Ultimate GuideSolène Lagrée
Everyday, we are bond to make financial decisions. And yet, those are not always informed choices. How to improve my credit score? How to find the right credit card? How to use my credit card responsibly?
Silver Credit is here to help you take the power back!
With this 50 pages guide, you’ll learn:
How is my credit score calculated?
How can I improve my credit score fast ?
What are the benefits of having a good credit score?
What are the common myths about credit score?
Why should I use a credit card?
How can I make the most of credit cards?
What are some of the most common myths about credit cards?
Devonnie Simmons is seeking an entry-level accounting position and has over 10 years of experience in accounting, auditing, and compliance testing. She has a Master's degree in Accountancy from the University of Phoenix and a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration with an accounting major from Francis Marion University. Her experience includes working as a processor, analyst, and reviewer at PricewaterhouseCooper where she conducted FATCA investor reviews, HMDA and PCI compliance testing, and loan file reviews.
- There are two main categories of measuring ocean surface currents - the float method, where objects drift with the current, and the flow method, where currents are observed passing a fixed point like a ship or buoy.
- Currents can also be studied using dyes, drogues that drift at desired depths, and Swallow floats that produce sounds detected by sonar.
- Various instruments like the Ekman and Richardson meters use propellers, compasses, and photography to measure current speed and direction at fixed points underwater. The Doppler current meter uses sound reflection off particles to measure velocity.
This document discusses the design of open channels. It describes the process of designing channels to prevent silting and scouring. The key steps are determining the depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope of the channel based on the discharge and sediment load. It also discusses different channel types and design methods for rigid and erodible channels. The main design methods covered are the permissible velocity method and tractive force method for erodible channels. Design procedures and examples are provided for rectangular and trapezoidal channel sections.
Kennedy's theory provides a method for designing irrigation channels that will remain free from silting and scouring. It involves determining the critical velocity using Kennedy's equation and iteratively solving for the channel dimensions such that the mean velocity equals the critical velocity. There are three cases depending on what variables are given as inputs. The theory has shortcomings in that it involves trial and error and does not specify the channel shape beforehand.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of aspect ratio on the near-field dynamics of submerged rectangular turbulent jets interacting with a free surface. Planar particle image velocimetry was used to measure the velocity fields of jets with aspect ratios of 1, 2, and 4 at a fixed offset from the free surface. The study found that higher aspect ratio jets evolved more quickly into free surface jets, with the aspect ratio 2 jet exhibiting the fastest centerline velocity decay. Turbulence intensities were highest for the aspect ratio 2 jet in the near-field but decreased below the aspect ratio 4 jet in the far-field. The impingement point where the jet attached to the free surface occurred between 8-12
Effect of boundary layer thickness on secondary structures in a short inlet c...Jeremy Gartner
The document discusses an experiment that investigated the effect of boundary layer thickness on secondary flow structures in a short inlet duct with curved geometry. A honeycomb mesh was added upstream of the duct to increase the boundary layer thickness by creating a pressure drop. This led to stronger streamwise separation within the duct, overcoming instability that can cause asymmetric secondary flows. Experiments at Mach numbers from 0.2 to 0.58 measured the impact of honeycomb height on flow symmetry. Increasing the honeycomb height relative to the boundary layer thickness achieved flow symmetry for the duct geometry, with negligible pressure loss.
The document discusses gradually varied flow in open channels. It defines gradually varied flow as flow where the depth changes gradually along the channel. It presents the assumptions and governing equations for gradually varied flow analysis. It also describes different types of water surface profiles that can occur, such as mild slope, steep slope, critical slope, and adverse slope profiles. The key methods for analyzing water surface profiles, including direct integration, graphical integration, and numerical integration are summarized.
A weir is a structure in an open channel that causes water to pool. As flow rate increases, the depth of water above the weir increases. Weirs are classified based on their crest shape as either sharp-crested or broad-crested. Common types of sharp-crested weirs include rectangular, V-notch, and trapezoidal weirs. Broad-crested weirs are robust structures that span the full channel width and are well-suited for measuring river discharge. Flow rate calculations using weirs can provide useful data for applications like flood control, hydroelectric projects, irrigation, and environmental studies.
A broad crested weir with a crest height of 0.3m is located in a channel. With a measured head of 0.6m above the crest, the problem asks to calculate the rate of discharge per unit width, accounting for velocity of approach. Broad crested weirs follow the relationship that discharge per unit width (q) is proportional to the head (H) raised to the power of 3/2. Using this relationship and the given values of 0.3m for crest height and 0.6m for head, the problem is solved through trial and error to find the value of q.
Chapter 9:Uniform flow in mobile boundary channelBinu Karki
This document discusses uniform flow in mobile boundary channels. It defines rigid and mobile boundary channels, with mobile channels having boundaries made of loose soil that can be eroded. For mobile channels, resistance depends on both the boundary and conditions of the bed and banks. The document covers alluvial channels that transport both water and sediment, and describes shear stress distribution, incipient motion conditions, and different types of bed forms that form under varying shear stress levels including ripples, dunes, transition, and antidunes.
Prediction of Surface Subsidence and Its MonitoringVR M
This dissertation examines surface subsidence prediction and monitoring related to underground coal mining in India. The author develops an empirical relationship to predict subsidence profiles based on collected subsidence data. Various conventional and advanced surveying techniques for monitoring subsidence are also studied. It is recommended to use tacheometry surveys and GPS to efficiently monitor vertical and horizontal ground movements in Indian coal mines.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Mohamed Abd Alla Mohamed Taman that includes his personal details, education history, training courses, computer skills, work experience, and responsibilities in his current role. It summarizes his 13 years of offshore experience maintaining equipment on barges, including 5 years in maintenance management. It also lists the various types of equipment he has experience with from his roles as a chief mechanical engineer and maintenance engineer on barges, such as generators, cranes, air compressors, pipe laying equipment, pumps, and more.
Spencer Chemistry & Biology Building Waste Assessment Fall 2012Andrew Barchak
The team conducted a waste assessment of the Spencer Chemistry & Biology Building over two days. They sorted waste into categories and weighed each category to determine percentages. They found that the majority of waste could have been recycled or disposed of more properly. Large amounts of food, reusable containers, and hazardous materials were thrown away. The team concluded that students and staff need to improve proper waste disposal and recycling at this location to reduce waste.
tactical allocation in the age of ETFs v11Henry Ma
The document discusses tactical asset allocation (TAA) strategies that emerged after the 2008 financial crisis. It compares newer "tactical ETF strategists" that use exchange-traded funds to the older pre-crisis TAA approaches. The document finds that median TAA strategies performed in line with their benchmarks over various time periods. The document also discusses the benefits of TAA strategies, including downside protection and diversification, as well as some performance issues associated with some large TAA managers.
I have 8 years hand on work experience on Rotating Equipments.I had worked in many Refineries, fertilizer, petrochemical and power plants. Presently working as a Sr.Mechanical Technician with ISCOSA a Siemens Company in Dammam Saudi Arabia.
The Integer Group
Innovative Approaches For Effective Marketing Campaigns
Business-to-Business Marketing
Class Project
By: Kiara Gitlin, Audrey Helbing, & Julia Withers
Hasif Haris K.P. has over 5 years of experience in administration and office assistance management in Qatar. He seeks an effective post as an administrator where he can further develop his capabilities. He has a background in safety management, excellent communication skills, and experience in supervisory and team building roles. His employment history includes positions in administration, human resources, business development, and store management. He has an MBA and is currently pursuing further education.
Insider Secrets of Credit Score and Credit Cards - The Ultimate GuideSolène Lagrée
Everyday, we are bond to make financial decisions. And yet, those are not always informed choices. How to improve my credit score? How to find the right credit card? How to use my credit card responsibly?
Silver Credit is here to help you take the power back!
With this 50 pages guide, you’ll learn:
How is my credit score calculated?
How can I improve my credit score fast ?
What are the benefits of having a good credit score?
What are the common myths about credit score?
Why should I use a credit card?
How can I make the most of credit cards?
What are some of the most common myths about credit cards?
Devonnie Simmons is seeking an entry-level accounting position and has over 10 years of experience in accounting, auditing, and compliance testing. She has a Master's degree in Accountancy from the University of Phoenix and a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration with an accounting major from Francis Marion University. Her experience includes working as a processor, analyst, and reviewer at PricewaterhouseCooper where she conducted FATCA investor reviews, HMDA and PCI compliance testing, and loan file reviews.
This document provides information about credit scores and credit cards. It discusses what a credit score is and how it is calculated based on factors like payment history, credit utilization, age of accounts, credit mix, and new credit. It also discusses the benefits of having a good credit score and strategies to improve one's credit score, such as making on-time payments, paying down debt, raising credit limits, being patient, and getting a credit card used responsibly. The document then discusses benefits of credit cards like building credit history, rewards, protections, convenience when traveling, and myths about credit cards. It concludes by introducing Silver Credit as a mobile app that searches and compares best credit card deals.
This document provides an introduction to ship hull geometry and lines plans. It discusses how a ship's complicated 3D hull shape is represented graphically through a lines drawing using projections onto three orthogonal planes called the body plan, half-breadth plan, and sheer/profile plan. It also defines key hull geometry terms like length between perpendiculars, shear, deadrise, and form coefficients that describe hull dimensions and shape characteristics. The document emphasizes that understanding basic hull geometry and terminology is important groundwork for further naval architecture studies.
This document presents the results of laboratory experiments conducted on thin-crested weirs and radial gates. The experiments measured discharge rates for various weir and gate configurations by varying parameters like upstream water depth, crest shape, and gate opening. Precise measurements of time, volume, and weight were recorded. Calculations determined theoretical discharge coefficients which were compared to experimental results. For thin-crested weirs, the average percentage error in discharge coefficient was 28%. For radial gates, the error ranged from 4-44% depending on the gate opening. In conclusion, the experiments provided valuable data on weir and gate hydraulics.
The time required for the rain falling at the most distant point in the drainage area (i.e., on the fringe of the catchment ) to reach the concentration point is called the concentration time.
This is a very significant variable since only such storms of duration greater than the time of concentration will be able to produce runoff from the entire catchment area and cause high intensity floods.
The characteristics of the drainage net may be physically described by:
The number of streams
The length of streams
Stream density
Drainage density
The country’s annual renewable fresh water resources amount to some 122 BCM/yr in the twelve river basins.
However, only 3% remains in the country.
The rest, 97% is lost in runoff to the lowlands of neighboring countries.
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study on effect of slot level on local scour around bridge piereSAT Journals
Abstract Many bridges in the world every year for Failure to consider in the design of hydraulic elements are destroyed. During the spring floods of 1987, 17 bridges in New York and New England were damaged or destroyed by scour. In 1985, 73 bridges were destroyed by floods in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. In the present study investigate effect application a slot , height “D” , width” D/4”in a circular pier ,where “D” is diameter of bridge pier and the size of 6 centimeters under 3 different discharges (values 35 , 40 , 45 Liter per second) and 4 different location of slot in a flume ,length 14 meters ,height 60 and width 60 centimeters. The experimental results show when height of slot is below the stream bed as D, scour depth will be reduced about 20.34% to 39.73% in front of the pier and scour volume approximately 46.84% to 75.74% Keywords: Bridge pier, Slot, Scour, scour depth, scour volume
This years’ keynote speaker of the Delft3D Users Meeting is Prof. Rudy L Slingerland, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
For more than 37 years, Prof. Rudy L. Slingerland of the Pennsylvania State University, USA, has been active as a scientist, educator and academic leader. He has held numerous positions within the University including head of the Department of Geosciences. His research group currently studies the evolution of morphodynamic systems, including tectonically-driven landscapes, deltas, rivers and shallow marine shelves by coupling theory with observations in the field and subsurface. The group’s ultimate goal is to develop predictive theories for the behavior of these systems and the record of their deposits. He was also recognized with the 2012 G. K. Gilbert Award for Geomorphology from the American Geophysical Union (AGU), which honors a scientist who has made a significant contribution to the field of earth and planetary surface processes. In 2013, he was elected a Fellow of the AGU.
In his Keynote Lecture “Delta Dynamics using Delft3D” at the Delft3D Users Meeting on Tuesday, November 4, Prof. Rudy L. Slingerland will describe what he has learned about delta dynamics from Delft3D modeling studies. He will talk about the latest open source advances and will share his ideas for further improvements. This Keynote will be the start of an open discussion among engineers, geomorphologists, geologists and software developers to further collaborate in the development and research of morphodynamic systems worldwide.
This document discusses the design of irrigation channels. It covers several key points:
1) The design of irrigation channels involves selecting the channel alignment, shape, size, bottom slope, and whether lining is needed. The design determines the cross-sectional area, depth, width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope.
2) Non-alluvial channels are excavated in soils with little silt, like clay or hard loam. They are designed based on maximum permissible velocity to prevent erosion. Manning's equation or Chezy's equation are used.
3) An example problem demonstrates designing a trapezoidal channel in non-erodible material to carry a discharge of 15 cubic meters per second with a
Determination of strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of reconstituted specimen using Consolidated Drained (CD) Triaxial Test.
1. A series of drained triaxial tests under four different initial states were conducted on Yamuna River sand. The results consist of simple stress-strain relation, change in volume behaviour were plotted.
2. Basic stress-strain relation with volume behaviour was presented in plot. The results for densely prepared sand samples show an expected behaviour. There is a significant difference in peak and residual deviatoric stress (q) as can be depicted form the plot.
3. With increase in confining stress, load carrying capacity of specimen increases.
4. Saturation value ‘B’ must be acquired to be more than 0.95 before starting the isotropic consolidation phase in CD test.
5. CD tests are performed at much slower strain rate as compared to CU tests for the same soil. The strain rate for CD test can be chosen approx. 8-10 times lower than the CU test.
6. It is important to have no pore water pressure generation throughout the shearing phase of CD test or in other words strain rate must be so small that pore water pressure must get dissipated quickly when specimen is subjected to compression loading in CD test.
7. In CD test, volumetric strain versus axial strain relationship shows contractive response for NC soils and dilative response for OC soils. (NC = Normally consolidated, OC = Over consolidated)
References:
1. IS: 2720 (Part 11):1993- Determination of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
2. IS: 2720 (Part 12):1981- Determination of Shear Strength parameters of Soil from consolidated undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
3. ASTM D7181-11. Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2011.
1. This document discusses the design of pipe drainage systems, including determining layout, spacing, depth and diameters of pipes to ensure proper water evacuation.
2. It provides equations to calculate maximum pipe length and diameter based on factors like drainage rate, pipe slope and diameter, and drain spacing.
3. Both uniform and non-uniform flow equations are presented, along with considerations for pipe material (smooth vs. corrugated), increasing pipe diameters along collector lines, and safety factors.
Experiment No.5 Flow Over Weirs in a Flume-ROSAROS.pdfKentRosaros1
The document describes an experiment to determine the characteristics of flow over two types of weirs - a sharp-crested weir and a trapezoidal weir. It outlines the objectives, materials, theory, procedure, data collection, and computations for the experiment. Flow rates were measured over each weir type at different water levels. Discharge coefficients were then calculated and averaged for each weir based on the experimental data.
This document describes an extension of the SRICOS method for predicting scour depth at bridge piers. The extended method, called E-SRICOS, accounts for variable flow velocities over time (velocity-time histories) and multilayer soil stratigraphy. It accumulates the effects of different velocities and sequences through soil layers to predict scour depth. The document outlines the E-SRICOS algorithms and procedures. It also presents a simplified version, S-SRICOS, and compares predictions of both methods to measurements at eight bridge sites in Texas.
This document contains a hydrostatics and stability calculation report for a 70m trawler. It includes:
- Main particulars of the trawler including dimensions and offsets.
- Scaled offsets table providing the form coefficients at stations along the vessel.
- Description of how a lines plan is developed from the offsets including drawing profiles, body plan, half-breadth plan, bilge diagonals and buttocks.
- Mention that Bonjean curves will be used to calculate displacement volume and center of buoyancy for stability analysis.
This document provides guidance on using the area-slope method to estimate stream discharge indirectly when direct measurement is not possible. It describes the principles and steps of the area-slope method, including selecting a study reach, measuring the cross-sectional area and water surface slope, evaluating velocity using Manning's formula, and computing discharge. Guidelines are given for selecting sites, measuring cross-sections and slope, determining roughness coefficients, and performing calculations. The area-slope method provides a rough estimate of discharge but has limitations due to uncertainties in roughness coefficients.
This document discusses various parameters for measuring stream morphology and hydrology, including sinuosity, meander wavelength, meander belt width, and radius of curvature. It also describes methods for measuring stream discharge using the area-velocity method, which involves dividing the cross-sectional area into increments and measuring the depth, width, and average velocity in each increment.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring stream flow, which is the volume of water moving through a designated point over time. It describes common methods like the velocity-area method, using a weir, and the bucket method. It also outlines different types of meters that can directly measure flow properties like velocity, including pygmy meters, vortex meters, and current meters. Accurately measuring stream flow is important for applications like flood prediction, assessing water and sediment levels over time, and monitoring long-term climate changes. A combination of techniques may be needed to account for variability in flow across seasons.
Propeller cavitation is a major problem in ship operation and the costs of repair and maintenance is high for ship-owners. Proper design of propeller plays a very important role in life cycle and the performance of a vessel. The use of simulation to observe various parameters that affect cavitations can be helpful to optimize propeller performance. This project designs and simulates cavitations flow of a Kaplan series, Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP) of a 48-metres Multipurpose Deck Ship at 11 knots. Simulation test was carried out for laminar and turbulent flow using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach to observe cavitations occurrence at selected radius. The parameters considered are pitch angle, angle of attack, viscosity of sea water, operating vapour pressure in the sea water, engine power, lift and drag vectors of each of the blade sections, and resultant velocity of the fluid flow. Comparison of performance is made and it compares well with the theory. Thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ), thrust (T), advance coefficient (J), and cavitations number (σ), were calculated to deduce efficiency and validate the model. The study can be used to build a prototype physical model that could be beneficial for future additional experimentation investigation.
Key words: Simulation, cavitation, performance, propeller, CFD
The document is the first page of a 2 page engineering geology exam containing 5 questions. It includes multiple choice and true/false questions about topics like rock layers, mineral properties, and river systems. It also includes short answer questions requiring calculations related to river discharge, rock outcrop dimensions, aquifer properties, and a topographic map profile.
This document evaluates methods for estimating the time of concentration (Tc), which is the time for water to travel from the most remote point in a watershed to the outlet, in order to determine peak runoff flows from small basins. It compares the NRCS segmental method, which divides flow into sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow, and open channel flow, to empirical Tc equations. Graphs show boundaries for Tc for varying basin slopes and percent impervious surfaces. Tables normalize coefficients like runoff curve number (CN), Rational C value, Manning's n, and the Kirpich Tc adjustment factor according to percent imperviousness to help establish commonly used Tc values in watershed modeling.
Lacey developed a regime theory for alluvial channels in the 1930s. He hypothesized that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge and silt load it is carrying through easily erodible soil. According to Lacey, silt is kept in suspension by vertical eddies generated at all points along the wetted perimeter. A channel is considered in regime if there is no silting or scouring. Lacey identified three potential regime conditions: true, initial, and final regime. His theory included equations to determine velocity, slope, and other channel parameters as a function of a silt factor that accounted for sediment size. Lacey's theory provided a framework for designing irrigation
2. INTRODUCTION
The Geomorphology class met to investigate the morphology and
discharge of Tomahawk Creek in Leawood, KS, to observe and collect data
relating to the fluvial geomorphic processes taking place. Measurements
obtained included determining the discharge and bankfull discharge regarding
cross-sections of the wetted channel, estimating the bedload using the belt line
transect method, and mapping the natural meander characteristics and mitigation
measures.
METHODS
To obtain the cross-section, members of the team measured the bankfull
width, and the vertical depths. With the tape measure stretched horizontally from
bank to bank (bankfull width), and another from the stretched tape down to the
surface of the ground or water (vertical depths), the vertical measurements were
taken in 1 meter intervals throughout the bankfull widths from the 3 different
cross sections. To obtain the wetted cross-section members of the team
measured the wetted width and reproduced a vertical measurement method as
described above only the depths were from the surface of the water down
vertically to the bottom of the streambed. The horizontal intervals were changed
from 1 meter as done on the bankfull widths to 1/10 of the total wetted width.
Velocity was also measured at each site, and using the float down method
a ball and a stopwatch were used and timed down the section. Members
measured out 10 meters and allowed the ball to float downstream. In Calculating
3. velocity, the average surface velocity (distance floated / average float time) is
found to get the m/s ratio.
Bedload was measured at the site as well. To obtain bedload data, group
members selected meander bends to designate a transect at the widest point of
the point bar towards the cutbank, and sampled pebbles in 1-meter by 1-meter
square and selected approximately 15 pebbles from the wetted and the dry point
bar. The pebbles were later measured for axis length and sorted by shape
ranging from very angular to angular to sub angular to sub rounded to rounded to
very rounded, which helps define the streams competence.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The morphology of the stream suggests that it has typical characteristics
of a meandering stream, and the point bars and cutbanks are clearly visible and
directly adjacent to each other, and are followed by riffles and pools. The
elevation difference, although not measured, is obviously minor and attempts to
mitigate the erosional effects of the stream that have been put in place near C1
(refer to sketch map), and if not appropriately improved, will allow for further
direct erosion and also erosion downstream. Heavy rocks much larger than the
competence of the stream under normal conditions were positioned to reduce
any further erosion at C1, although these attempts have been unsuccessful as
most likely during the heavy rainfall events have destroyed the attempted
purpose as a new scarp is preceding it and further eroding the park. It also
appears that more rock will need to be placed directly across from the already
4. altered location to stop the opposite bank from being cut from underneath by the
stream as evidence by the riffles.
The discharge values calculated from the data collected are not equal at
each site along the stream: C1=1.65, C2=5.55, C3=1.94. Since there were no
tributaries along the section chosen for evaluation, the only possible explanations
are either infiltration or runoff somehow leading back into the stream, or the
incorrect measurement of either cross-sectional area or velocity. The discharge
calculations mentioned earlier were listed descending downstream. If the
proposed hypothesis of infiltration or runoff leading back to the stream were valid,
discharge values would be expected to increase downstream, this is not the case
as the C3 section decreased significantly over the first two sections. The second
hypothesis involving incorrect measurement is the most likely source of error. It is
also possible that the surface velocity is not an accurate measurement due to the
fact that it does not account for the differences that could occur in streambed
surface texture and shape.
Site C3 had the largest cross-sectional area but in contrast had the lowest
calculated discharge. Site C2 is most likely to flood due to its discharge being
nearly triple that of the largest section C3 but with only nearly 1/2 the bankfull
width, and compounded by a high velocity in C1 as well and a only slightly higher
channel width.
The competence of the stream during discharge conditions was similar for
C1 and C2, but much different for C3. The average size particle that could be
eroded for the sampled portion of the stream is .4mm, with the C1 and C2 cross
5. sections having .3mm and .1mm particle size contained in the transportation
threshold of the diagram, however the C3 section had a .8mm particle size
located in the deposition threshold of the diagram, most likely minimizing it
transfer ability. The maximum size particle that could be eroded for each of the
average velocities we measured would be .02 mm and the minimum size particle
would be .009mm, meaning these are rather small and possible testing error
comes into play.
CONCLUSION
Tomahawk Creek’s low velocity, discharge and mostly sub-angular to
angular bedload suggest that it is of low competence, and does not carry larger
particles very often or carry them from great distances. There is however a need
for mitigation as the park situated right next to the banks is continually being
eroded and danger for the loss of more park in the future. For future
investigations, knowledge of stream order and the reduction of errors by students
could prove to be more beneficial as groups would each have one task, and
compare notes. Then, on another visit sample the river using the same methods
with the groups changing task, and then compare and contrast each day to see if
human error can be minimized and depict a truer steam velocity, bedload, and
competence.