Abstract— The development of design have been discussed adopted various types methods use. The Hadi and Arfiadi Method presents a formulation for the optimum rigid road pavement design by genetic algorithm, a new method. The Westergaard’s Method determines the stresses in the rigid concrete slab and also the pressure-deformation curve which depend upon the relative stiffness of the slab and the subgrade. Razouki and Al-Muhana also developed stress charts similar to Westergaard’s method. The paper reveals that the effects on the maximum bending tensile stress are quite significant due to the modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity of concrete and slab The Maharaj and Gill method have performed axisymmetric finite element analysis by varying parameters, the thickness of pavement, pressure and elastic modulus of subgrade. The advantage of this method is that four types of design charts have been presented which other methods have note done. First type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. Second type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and element stress for various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. The third type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various elastic moduli of subgrade for a particular pressure. Each of the design charts has three parameters. For two known parameters, the third parameter can be obtained.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
A Review of Masonry Buckling CharacteristicsIJERA Editor
Masonry load bearing wall subjected to vertical concentric and eccentric loading may collapse through instability. In this Paper the buckling behaviour of masonry load bearing wall of different slenderness ratio were investigated by many researcher has been reviewed via testing a series of scale masonry wall subjected to concentric and eccentric vertical loading. It is also observed that buckling behaviour is greatly influenced by the material properties of units, mortar and units-mortar interface. The influence of nonlinear behaviour of interface element, slenderness ratio and various end conditions have been investigated together with the effect of different end eccentricity of vertical load
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
A Review of Masonry Buckling CharacteristicsIJERA Editor
Masonry load bearing wall subjected to vertical concentric and eccentric loading may collapse through instability. In this Paper the buckling behaviour of masonry load bearing wall of different slenderness ratio were investigated by many researcher has been reviewed via testing a series of scale masonry wall subjected to concentric and eccentric vertical loading. It is also observed that buckling behaviour is greatly influenced by the material properties of units, mortar and units-mortar interface. The influence of nonlinear behaviour of interface element, slenderness ratio and various end conditions have been investigated together with the effect of different end eccentricity of vertical load
Experimental Study of Load Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Different Ver...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Application of Elastic Layered System in the Design of RoadIJERA Editor
Elastic layered system is widely used in road design because of its reasonable assumptions, simple calculation model and typical represent activeness. Although the hypothesis is partly different from the actual structure, it is irreplaceable and worthy of further study in the current level of science and technology. This paper lists and briefly describes the application of elastic layered system theory in the calculation of asphalt pavement thickness and subgrade the stress analysis of cement concrete pavement and porous concrete base load to illustrate the generalizability of application of elastic layered system and look to the future road.
Study of Round Central Hole in Buckling Analysis of Cross Ply LaminatesAM Publications
Laminated structures find many applications in various engineering fields namely aerospace, bio-medical, civil, marine and mechanical engineering due to easy handling, good mechanical properties and low fabrication cost. Laminated plates with round holes and other openings are extensively used as structural members in aircraft design. These holes are act sometimes as access holes, holes for hardware to pass through, or in the case of fuselage, windows and doors or simply used to reduce the weight of the structure. These laminated structures are often subjected to load in one or more direction in cycles or as intermittent load. Thus there is need to study the failure of these components under bi-axial loading with the view to optimize the shape and lay of the components so as they give maximum service and more life. In this paper bi-axial testing machine is developed to determine bucking load of different materials. Experiments are carried out on cross ply composite under various buckling loads on the bi-axial testing machine. The theoretical results, analytical and experimental results are compared with each other. It is observed that the strength of Bakelite composite plates is higher than glass epoxy laminated composite plate. So Bakelite is more suitable than glass epoxy
C'est avec plaisir que nous partageons la présentation de M. Masood Meidani de l'Université McGill, lauréat du concours Branko Ladanyi pour ses travaux sur l'effort axial dans les conduites enfouies.
Il remporte une bourse qui lui permettra d’assister à la 71e Conférence Canadienne de Géotechnique qui se tiendra à Edmonton du 23 au 26 septembre 2018 (http://www.geoedmonton2018.ca).
Ce prix a été nommé en l'honneur de M. Branko Ladanyi, Professeur émérite à l'École Polytechnique de Montréal. Durant sa longue et fructueuse carrière, le Professeur Ladanyi a enseigné la géotechnique et mené des travaux de recherche originaux sur une variété de sujets, incluant le comportement des sables, des argiles et des roches, et le dimensionnement des fondations superficielles et profondes. Il est à l’origine de nombreuses contributions scientifiques et techniques marquantes qui sont présentées à travers plus de 200 publications. Il s'est avéré un pionnier dans le domaine de la géotechnique des sols gelés et de l'ingénierie en régions froides. Il est l'auteur, avec O.B. Andersland, du « best-seller » intitulé « An Introduction to Frozen Ground Engineering » (Chapman & Hall, 1994; Second Edition, ASCE Press et John Wiley & Sons, 2003). Ces travaux ont valu au Professeur Ladanyi une grande renommée internationale et de nombreux prix prestigieux. Il est membre de l'Académie canadienne du génie et de l'Académie des sciences de la Société royale du Canada.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COIR FIBRE REINFORCED FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: By using the fly residue as option substance to bond in concrete it reduces the usage of normal Portland cement in usual concrete which results in the development of Geopolymer concrete furthermore in the lessening of CO2 levels which thusly reduces the Global Warming. Methods/Statistical analysis: This paper presents the trial examination done on the execution of coir fibre reinforced fly residue based geopolymer concrete subjected to severe ecological conditions. The mixes were considered for molarity of 10M. The basic arrangement utilized for present revise is the blend of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide arrangement with the proportion of 1:2.5. Coir fibre with the varying percentages of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 are used as fibre reinforcement. The test specimens of 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes, 150mmx300mm cylinders, 1000mmx150mmx150mm beams are cast and cured under encompassing temperature conditions. Findings: The geopolymer solid examples are tried for their compressive quality, flexural and split tractable tests at 7days, 14days and 28days.The test grades demonstrate that the blend of fly ash and coir fibre can be used for the improvement of geopolymer concrete. Applications: It possesses superior distinctiveness such as high strength, very little drying shrinkage , low creep, durable nature, eco-friendly, fire proof ,better compressive strength etc to be used as an alternative of OPC
New-Fangled Approach to Predict the Behaviour of Composite Sandwich PavementsIDES Editor
The significance of this research lies in the reduction
of cost of construction of roads by arriving at an economically
feasible pavement. This is accomplished by studying the
response of thick composite sandwich plate, supported
continuously, for the cyclic loading condition at various stress
ratios and is compared with plain slabs placed on similar
support condition. A conceptual pavement model was examined
using lean cement concrete as the sandwiched material. The
behaviour of the plain and composite slabs was then studied
experimentally by static and dynamic tests. The constraints
in the course of testing were the number of cycles of failure
and the crack length. The results obtained prove that the use
of composite rigid pavement slab for pavement construction is
convenient and economically feasible as 50% of the cement
content gets reduced, which indeed results in the reduction of
the cost of construction for approximately 20% - 30%. The
composite sandwich pavements thus serve as a long-lasting
and an effective alternate for roadways carrying very heavy
traffic.
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
Literature Review of Experimental Study on Load Bearing Masonry WallIOSRJMCE
Masonry load bearing wall subjected to vertical concentric and eccentric loading may collapse through instability. In this Paper the buckling behavior of masonry load bearing wall of different slenderness ratio were investigated by many researcher has been reviewed via testing a series of scale masonry wall subjected to concentric and eccentric vertical loading. The influence of nonlinear behavior of interface element, slenderness ratio and various end conditions have been investigated together with the effect of different end eccentricity of vertical load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
Double Skin Composite (DSC) plates are subjected to impact required to cause complete perforation and the accompanied failure modes are investigated. The amount of energy absorbed is calculated by capturing the residual velocity of penetrator after perforating the lower plate. The difference in initial kinetic energy and residual kinetic energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the panel. In the present paper a non-linear three-dimensional finite element models for Double Skin Composite panels subjected to dynamic loading is introduced. Pilot model is used to investigate the failure pattern in the composite panel when subjected to impact loads by rigid steel penetrator, while the other models are used to analyze the energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated. Results showed that such elements have good ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation, due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Experimental Study of Load Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Different Ver...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Application of Elastic Layered System in the Design of RoadIJERA Editor
Elastic layered system is widely used in road design because of its reasonable assumptions, simple calculation model and typical represent activeness. Although the hypothesis is partly different from the actual structure, it is irreplaceable and worthy of further study in the current level of science and technology. This paper lists and briefly describes the application of elastic layered system theory in the calculation of asphalt pavement thickness and subgrade the stress analysis of cement concrete pavement and porous concrete base load to illustrate the generalizability of application of elastic layered system and look to the future road.
Study of Round Central Hole in Buckling Analysis of Cross Ply LaminatesAM Publications
Laminated structures find many applications in various engineering fields namely aerospace, bio-medical, civil, marine and mechanical engineering due to easy handling, good mechanical properties and low fabrication cost. Laminated plates with round holes and other openings are extensively used as structural members in aircraft design. These holes are act sometimes as access holes, holes for hardware to pass through, or in the case of fuselage, windows and doors or simply used to reduce the weight of the structure. These laminated structures are often subjected to load in one or more direction in cycles or as intermittent load. Thus there is need to study the failure of these components under bi-axial loading with the view to optimize the shape and lay of the components so as they give maximum service and more life. In this paper bi-axial testing machine is developed to determine bucking load of different materials. Experiments are carried out on cross ply composite under various buckling loads on the bi-axial testing machine. The theoretical results, analytical and experimental results are compared with each other. It is observed that the strength of Bakelite composite plates is higher than glass epoxy laminated composite plate. So Bakelite is more suitable than glass epoxy
C'est avec plaisir que nous partageons la présentation de M. Masood Meidani de l'Université McGill, lauréat du concours Branko Ladanyi pour ses travaux sur l'effort axial dans les conduites enfouies.
Il remporte une bourse qui lui permettra d’assister à la 71e Conférence Canadienne de Géotechnique qui se tiendra à Edmonton du 23 au 26 septembre 2018 (http://www.geoedmonton2018.ca).
Ce prix a été nommé en l'honneur de M. Branko Ladanyi, Professeur émérite à l'École Polytechnique de Montréal. Durant sa longue et fructueuse carrière, le Professeur Ladanyi a enseigné la géotechnique et mené des travaux de recherche originaux sur une variété de sujets, incluant le comportement des sables, des argiles et des roches, et le dimensionnement des fondations superficielles et profondes. Il est à l’origine de nombreuses contributions scientifiques et techniques marquantes qui sont présentées à travers plus de 200 publications. Il s'est avéré un pionnier dans le domaine de la géotechnique des sols gelés et de l'ingénierie en régions froides. Il est l'auteur, avec O.B. Andersland, du « best-seller » intitulé « An Introduction to Frozen Ground Engineering » (Chapman & Hall, 1994; Second Edition, ASCE Press et John Wiley & Sons, 2003). Ces travaux ont valu au Professeur Ladanyi une grande renommée internationale et de nombreux prix prestigieux. Il est membre de l'Académie canadienne du génie et de l'Académie des sciences de la Société royale du Canada.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COIR FIBRE REINFORCED FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: By using the fly residue as option substance to bond in concrete it reduces the usage of normal Portland cement in usual concrete which results in the development of Geopolymer concrete furthermore in the lessening of CO2 levels which thusly reduces the Global Warming. Methods/Statistical analysis: This paper presents the trial examination done on the execution of coir fibre reinforced fly residue based geopolymer concrete subjected to severe ecological conditions. The mixes were considered for molarity of 10M. The basic arrangement utilized for present revise is the blend of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide arrangement with the proportion of 1:2.5. Coir fibre with the varying percentages of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 are used as fibre reinforcement. The test specimens of 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes, 150mmx300mm cylinders, 1000mmx150mmx150mm beams are cast and cured under encompassing temperature conditions. Findings: The geopolymer solid examples are tried for their compressive quality, flexural and split tractable tests at 7days, 14days and 28days.The test grades demonstrate that the blend of fly ash and coir fibre can be used for the improvement of geopolymer concrete. Applications: It possesses superior distinctiveness such as high strength, very little drying shrinkage , low creep, durable nature, eco-friendly, fire proof ,better compressive strength etc to be used as an alternative of OPC
New-Fangled Approach to Predict the Behaviour of Composite Sandwich PavementsIDES Editor
The significance of this research lies in the reduction
of cost of construction of roads by arriving at an economically
feasible pavement. This is accomplished by studying the
response of thick composite sandwich plate, supported
continuously, for the cyclic loading condition at various stress
ratios and is compared with plain slabs placed on similar
support condition. A conceptual pavement model was examined
using lean cement concrete as the sandwiched material. The
behaviour of the plain and composite slabs was then studied
experimentally by static and dynamic tests. The constraints
in the course of testing were the number of cycles of failure
and the crack length. The results obtained prove that the use
of composite rigid pavement slab for pavement construction is
convenient and economically feasible as 50% of the cement
content gets reduced, which indeed results in the reduction of
the cost of construction for approximately 20% - 30%. The
composite sandwich pavements thus serve as a long-lasting
and an effective alternate for roadways carrying very heavy
traffic.
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
Literature Review of Experimental Study on Load Bearing Masonry WallIOSRJMCE
Masonry load bearing wall subjected to vertical concentric and eccentric loading may collapse through instability. In this Paper the buckling behavior of masonry load bearing wall of different slenderness ratio were investigated by many researcher has been reviewed via testing a series of scale masonry wall subjected to concentric and eccentric vertical loading. The influence of nonlinear behavior of interface element, slenderness ratio and various end conditions have been investigated together with the effect of different end eccentricity of vertical load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
Double Skin Composite (DSC) plates are subjected to impact required to cause complete perforation and the accompanied failure modes are investigated. The amount of energy absorbed is calculated by capturing the residual velocity of penetrator after perforating the lower plate. The difference in initial kinetic energy and residual kinetic energy is the amount of energy absorbed by the panel. In the present paper a non-linear three-dimensional finite element models for Double Skin Composite panels subjected to dynamic loading is introduced. Pilot model is used to investigate the failure pattern in the composite panel when subjected to impact loads by rigid steel penetrator, while the other models are used to analyze the energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated. Results showed that such elements have good ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation, due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Evaluation of rigid pavements by deflection approacheSAT Journals
Abstract
Since 1951 there has been a sevenfold increase in the Indian road network while the traffic has increased 120 times. This leads to
the deterioration of the surface of the pavements. Deterioration of pavements may be functional or structural in nature.
Evaluation and timely assessment of pavement condition will help to judge the necessary steps to be taken to improve pavement
conditions. Pavement surface deflection measurements are one of the primary means of evaluating a flexible pavement structure.
‘Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) Technique is used to find out the characteristic deflection for flexible pavement. The testing
and analysis by BBD technique finally provides us with overlay thickness in terms of Bituminous Macadam.
The use of BBD technique may not be only limited to evaluate flexible pavements. Evaluation of newly constructed rigid
pavements on the basis of Load Transfer Efficiency of dowel bars gives an idea of the overall performance. The accuracy of
evaluating load transfer efficiency (LTE) of joint is important to estimate whether the dowel is disabled or not. The ratio of the
edge deflection of unloaded slab to the edge deflection of loaded slab is used as index to evaluate LTE of joint. The objective of
this paper is to find out the utility of Benkelman Beam Deflection Test on rigid pavements. In this paper based on the known
deflection relationship between loaded and unloaded slab calculated with the help of two Benkelman beams which is a technique
generally used to determine the overlay thickness for flexible pavements. A rigid pavement road stretch (Swami Vivekanand Road)
constructed 2 years ago in Pune city was evaluated using BBD technique. Deflections measured on slabs (loaded slab and
unloaded slab) across the dowel bars would give a measure of the load transfer efficiency of the dowel bars.
Keywords: Rigid Pavement, Benkelman Beam Deflection Test, Load Transfer Efficiency
Applications of the surface finite element methodtr1987
A coupled bulk-surface finite element method is presented to solve problems arising in cell biology. Optimal order estimates for a linear elliptic equation are shown along with some numerical examples. An example of a parabolic problem with nonlinear coupling governed by Langmuir kinetics is presented, which describes the process of fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP) in biological cells.
A presentation by Portek International at the TOC Asia 2011, March 15-17 Tianjin, covering:
- Reasons for increasing crane structural failure
- Types of failure
- Finite Element Method (FEM) solutions
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the comparison of the effect of different standard loadings on a set of reinforced concrete bridge decks using the
finite-element method. The parameters investigated include the aspect ratio (span/width) and type of loading. The investigations are
conducted on two lane slab bridge decks of span 5m to 9.5m and two lane T beam bridge decks of span 7.5m to 20m. A total of 36
bridge models were analyzed. The variation of different critical structural response parameters such as deflection, longitudinal
bending moment, transverse moment, shear force and torsional moments are evaluated for IRC loading (IRC Class A and 70R
loadings), AASHTO loading (HL93) and Euro standard loading (LM1). The results shows that the maximum difference in deflection
and longitudinal bending moment for the two IRC standard loading ranges from 5 to 15%. While the difference between
corresponding values for the AASHTO loading in the range of 5 to 17%. The maximum axle load of euro standard loading is found to
be 2.2 times higher than IRC class A loading maximum axle load hence the values of structural response parameters are increased by
1.7 to 1.8 times. Therefore there is a need for adopting simplified and more realistic standard loads in the future.
Keywords: Bridges, Concrete deck slabs; Finite element method; T-beam bridge decks; Aspect ratio; Live load, IRC code,
AASHTO code and Euro code.
FEM is about to Finite element method. In this it is described that how FEM is done and what are the steps which we have to follow for fully FEA. Finite Element Analysis is one of the most important analysis which is used in various field.
Logical assessment of hooked end steel fibre reinforced concrete in m 40 grad...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road Infrastructure is an important driving force to achieve rapid and sustained economic growth in the changing technological innovation. A decent road system has an essential bearing on the monetary development of the nation. It is the obligation of roadway designer to keep concrete roads in activity commendable state by keeping pace with the fast extension and fortifying of the road arrangement yet they are experiencing issues to keep the roads in great condition. Consequently road development in our nation will be a ceaseless procedure, with concrete road reinforcing to be a real action for a long time to come. When rigid pavements are built, the mix design of concrete is focused around the compressive quality, which is utilized to guarantee that the target flexural quality as visualized in outline is attained to by and by, however exorbitant in beginning speculation, is modest in long run in light of low upkeep costs.
This paper deals with experimental investigation on mechanical properties of M40 grade concrete by incorporating hooked end steel fibres in dosages of 2%, 2.5% and 3.0% by weight of cement into the mix. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the hooked end steel fibre reinforced in relation to compressive and flexural strengths.
Keywords: Hooked end steel fibre, Concrete Mix Design, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength.
TO INVESTIGATE COMBINED INFLUENCE OF STEEL FIBER AND SILICAFUME ON HIGH STREN...IAEME Publication
Fibres are generally mixed with concrete to enhance the resistance of cracking and strengthening of concrete. In this project, tests were carried out on steel fibre reinforced concrete to check the influence of fibres and silica fume on flexural strength of concrete. According to various research papers, it has been found that addition of steel fibres and silica fume enhances the strength of the concrete. In this project practical tests were carried out to find out optimum quantity of steel fibres required to achieve the maximum flexural strength for higher grades of concrete. Tests were also carried out on the concrete by placing the steel fibres in layers within the concrete at different depths.
Analytical Study of Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Pavements under Static Loadijsrd.com
Nowadays, the application of steel fibers in concrete has increased gradually as an engineering material. The knowledge is not only necessary to provide safe, efficient and economic design for the present, but it also to serve as a rational basis for extended future applications. In this study, steel fibre reinforced rigid pavements are analyzed for stresses developed due to Static loads & temperature differentials. All the models are generated and analysis is carried out using the ANSYS software. Comparison of curling stresses in SFRC with conventional concrete is carried out. Parametric study for the effect of change in slab length & slab thickness of pavements on curling stresses is also done. Curling stresses due to Linear & Nonlinear temperature distribution in top & bottom layer of SFRC pavement slabs are also calculated. Frictional stresses in SFRC due to uniform temperature differential are almost same as conventional concrete. Analysis results shows, SFRC develops more stresses as compared to conventional concrete & nonlinear temperature distribution develops more stresses than linear temperature distribution. SFRC pavements are analyzed for Single axle static load for varied thickness and subgrade. Results reveal that the loading stresses are higher, when the load is at the edge region.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Deck Slab Using Perfobond Rib as Shear C...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, the composite decks are very common to use in composite or steel construction. In this case of study
the composite slabs have been investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). Five composite slabs
were analyzed using finite element software LUSAS. The deflection of each model were obtained and compared
with experimental test. Results showed a good agreement with the experimental data and indicate that the
perfobond rib is appropriate shear connector for the bridges decks.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A NUMERICAL STUDY ON INTERFERENCE EFFECTS OF CLOSELY SPACED STRIP FOOTINGS ON...IAEME Publication
Foundations of structures often need to be placed close to meet the architectural
as well as the functional requirements. In such cases, the combined action of footings
is different from a single footing. It causes interference of the stress zones. In the
present study, the interference effects of two closely spaced strip footings on the
surface of cohesive and cohesionless soils are being investigated. Parametric studies
are done for two footings by varying the spacing between the footings and the width of
the footings. The results are presented in terms of efficiency factors. In the first case,
both the footings are loaded simultaneously up to failure. In the second case, one of
the footings representing an already existing foundation is loaded with half of the
estimated failure load of isolated footing and adjacent footing loaded up to failure.
The effect of interference is observed to be particularly significant in terms of the
settlement. Effect of shear keys placed beneath the footings, at different locations
beneath the footing and the interference of such footings is also studied in case of stiff
clay. It is found that the presence of shear keys has a significant effect on the
interference between the footings, compared to without the shear keys, especially in
reducing the tilt of foundations.
A NUMERICAL STUDY ON INTERFERENCE EFFECTS OF CLOSELY SPACED STRIP FOOTINGS ON...IAEME Publication
Foundations of structures often need to be placed close to meet the architectural as well as the functional requirements. In such cases, the combined action of footings is different from a single footing. It causes interference of the stress zones. In the present study, the interference effects of two closely spaced strip footings on the surface of cohesive and cohesionless soils are being investigated. Parametric studies are done for two footings by varying the spacing between the footings and the width of the footings. The results are presented in terms of efficiency factors. In the first case, both the footings are loaded simultaneously up to failure. In the second case, one of the footings representing an already existing foundation is loaded with half of the estimated failure load of isolated footing and adjacent footing loaded up to failure. The effect of interference is observed to be particularly significant in terms of the settlement. Effect of shear keys placed beneath the footings, at different locations beneath the footing and the interference of such footings is also studied in case of stiff clay. It is found that the presence of shear keys has a significant effect on the interference between the footings, compared to without the shear keys, especially in reducing the tilt of foundations.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
Pullout Behavior of Geotextiles: Numerical PredictionIJERA Editor
The mechanism of soil-geosynthetic interaction is usually complex and depends on the nature of the reinforcement, as well as on the characteristics of the surrounding soil. The strength parameters of the interface are the key for the design of reinforced soil slopes. Usually, these parameters are defined from laboratory pullout tests. The absence of test results implies on conservative assumptions and higher costs. The possibility of using computer programs for analyzing the load transfer mechanism arises as an attractive design tool. This paper presents the numerical simulation of pullout tests, conducted in large equipments. The numerical predictions of the load and displacement distribution along the geosynthetic length were compared to instrumented test results, available in the literature. The analyses revealed to be satisfactory and consistent with the experimental results. Thus, it becomes possible to reduce the uncertainties in the design of the anchorage length for the reinforcement by previously performing studies with computer programs that simulates stress x strain behavior of geotechnical problems.
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
According to the ACI building code, the concrete slab can be divided into two types depending on
the ratio of the long side to the short side. Regarding the results of the ratio, the concrete slab can be divided as
one-way and two-way slabs. The main objective of this paper is to study the stress or moments distribution in
solid slab panel in its two directions and compare with ACI code assumption that the load is transferred mainly
in short direction and most of the load is transferred in one direction only if the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span is greater than one. This will be discussed by analyzing one panel of solid slab using the computer
software SAP2000. Two types of panels will be used; the first one a panel that is supported simply on its four
sides and the second panel is supported only by four pin supports and beams. This paper shows that the gravity
load on the slab is transferred to long and short direction. This means that one-way concrete solid slab doesn't
exist and all concrete solid slabs work as a two-way concrete slab.
Experimental Determination of Fracture Energy by RILEM Methodtheijes
This paper deals with investigation of fracture energy (GF) of concrete. The study involves experimental determination of fracture energy (GF) by testing three point bend concrete beams of same size but varying notch to depth ratios. RILEM fracture energy (GF) and Stress Intensity factor values is determined
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to To Experimental Study of Comparison and Development of Design for Rigid Pavement by Finite Element Method (20)
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
To Experimental Study of Comparison and Development of Design for Rigid Pavement by Finite Element Method
1. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [2395-6992] [Vol-2, Issue-3 March- 2016]
Page | 1
To Experimental Study of Comparison and Development of
Design for Rigid Pavement by Finite Element Method
Sanjeev Gill1
, Shivam singhal2
, Neeraj kumar3
1
Ph.D. Scholar, Shri Venkateswara University, Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
2,3
B.tech final year student jbit, Dehradun (u.k)
Abstract— The development of design have been discussed adopted various types methods use. The Hadi and Arfiadi
Method presents a formulation for the optimum rigid road pavement design by genetic algorithm, a new method. The
Westergaard’s Method determines the stresses in the rigid concrete slab and also the pressure-deformation curve which
depend upon the relative stiffness of the slab and the subgrade. Razouki and Al-Muhana also developed stress charts similar
to Westergaard’s method. The paper reveals that the effects on the maximum bending tensile stress are quite significant due
to the modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity of concrete and slab The Maharaj and Gill method have
performed axisymmetric finite element analysis by varying parameters, the thickness of pavement, pressure and elastic
modulus of subgrade. The advantage of this method is that four types of design charts have been presented which other
methods have note done. First type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for
various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. Second type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of
pavement and element stress for various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. The third type of design chart has
been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various elastic moduli of subgrade for a particular
pressure. Each of the design charts has three parameters. For two known parameters, the third parameter can be obtained.
Keywords— Rigid pavement, Design Chart, Elastic Modulus of Subgrade, Finite Element Analysis, Thickness of
Pavement.
I. INTRODUCTION
Rigid pavements are those which possess note worthy flexural strength or flexural rigidity. The stresses are not transferred
from grain to grain to the lower layers as in the case of flexible pavement layers. Rigid pavements are made up of Portland
cement concrete-either plain, reinforced or prestressed concrete. The rigid pavement may or may not have a base course
between the pavement and the subgrade. Due to its rigidity and high tensile strength, a rigid pavement tends to distribute the
load over a relatively wider area of soil, and a major portion of the structural capacity is supplied by the slab itself. The rigid
pavements are used for heavier loads and can be constructed over relatively poor subgrade i.e the subgrade with lower
strength. Because of its rigidity and high tensile strength, a rigid pavement tends to distribute the load over a relatively wide
area of subgrade, and a major portion of the structural capacity is supplied by the slab itself. The various layers of the rigid
pavement structure have different strength and deformation characteristics.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Channakeshava et.al (1993) present nonlinear finite element analysis of dowel jointed concrete pavements. The nonlinearities
considered are cracking of concrete in tension, compressive yielding of concrete, and loss of support due to lift off of
pavements because of temperature gradients. Smeared cracking representation of cracks in concrete and a plasticity based
material model are employed. Loss of support due to removal of subgrade material through pumping is considered. Analysis
of a doweled joint subjected to shear loading is performed to obtain dowel concrete interface response characteristics.
Analyses of plain concrete pavements subjected to self weight, temperature gradients, and static wheel loads are performed
with four different extent of loss of subgrade support and two different dowel concrete interface characteristics. The loss of
subgrade support may lead to a rapid deterioration of pavements through fatigue, by increasing the tensile stress level in
concrete. Faulting of slabs may also be due to loss of support at the far end of the slabs. Softening of the dowel concrete
interface stiffness significantly affects the efficiency of the joint in transferring the loads. Nighttime temperature curling
further increases the stresses due to lift off of slabs at the ends, while daytime temperature curling is found to be less critical.
Lau et.al (1994) calculates shear stresses at the interface between an existing concrete pavement and an overlay using the
finite element method for different loading conditions. The effects of vertical wheel loads, temperature loading, and wheel
braking forces are considered. Perfect bonding between the overlay and the pavement is assumed. The pavement overlay slab
is modeled using thin plate elements for calculating the stresses due to the vertical wheel load and temperature gradient. In
2. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [2395-6992] [Vol-2, Issue-3 March- 2016]
Page | 2
analysis for stresses due to wheel braking loads, the slab is modeled with solid elements. The results are checked against
Cerrutti's closed form solution in the case of horizontal wheel braking. The computed shear stresses at the pavement overlay
interface for typical values of pavement and overlay thicknesses, wheel loads, and thermal gradients are compared to report
values of shear strength of laboratory prepared overlaid specimens. The shear stresses at the interface are found to be small in
relation to the interfacial bond strength of laboratory prepared overlaid specimens. The findings suggest that un-bonding in
overlay construction in the field is likely to be caused by stress concentrations due to local defects.
Zaman and Alvappillai (1995) developed a finite-element algorithm to analyze the dynamic response of multiple, jointed
concrete pavements to moving aircraft loads. In the finite-element idealization, the pavement-subgrade system is idealized by
thin-plate finite elements resting on a Winkler-type visco-elastic foundation represented by a series of distributed springs and
dashpots. The dowel bars at the transverse joints are represented by plane frame elements. The dowel-pavement interaction
effects are accounted for by employing contact elements between the pavement and the dowel bar. Keyed joint or aggregate
interlock joint is assumed for the longitudinal joint and is represented by vertical spring elements. The dynamic aircraft-
pavement interaction effects are considered in the analysis by modeling the aircraft by masses supported by spring-dashpot
systems representing the landing gear of the aircraft. The accuracy of the computer code developed is verified by the
available experimental and analytical solutions.
Bright and Mays (1996) analyzed a construction method for rigid pavement utilizing waste plastic for forms to create for
stress resulting from application of a standard highway equivalent single axle load (ESAL). The finite-element method is
used. The analysis parametrically studied varying slab, base, sub-base, and subgrade thickness and elastic properties and two
different tire pressures. Stresses are compared to those in a solid slab under the same loading conditions. Although the
stresses in the cellular rigid pavement are higher than in the solid slab, the maximum principal stresses are shown to be
within a range that would allow the use of this method for rigid pavement construction. Depending on requirements for load
resistance and fatigue criteria, significant savings of material and cost can result. The method reduces material use and the
energy required to produce it by approximately 25 and reuses waste product.
Masad et.al (1996) presents the finite-element study of the effect of temperature variation on plain-jointed concrete
pavements. Temperature variation causes curling and thermal-expansion stresses. Curling stresses result from temperature
gradients through a slab depth. Thermal-expansion stresses are induced due to uniform changes in temperature that cause the
slab to expand. The developed three-dimensional (3D) model consists of four slabs separated by longitudinal and transverse
joints. The interaction between the ground and the concrete slab along with interaction at the joints were modeled using
interface elements. These elements gave the model the capability to solve for partial contact between curled slabs and the
ground to investigate the effect of compressive stresses that may develop at the joints during curling, and to study the
influence of friction between slabs and the ground. The data obtained using the finite-element model has shown reasonable
agreement with the results obtained from three computer models: KENSLABS, ILLI-SLAB, JSLAB, and the analytical
solution proposed by Bradbury. The best correlation was obtained with JSLAB. The model was used to perform parametric
studies on curling and thermal-expansion stresses to study the effect of superposition of both stresses and to address the
effect of uniform temperature changes on joint opening. Another simpler model using nine layers across the depth of a
pavement slab was used to introduce the effects of nonlinear temperature distribution. The results of the parametric studies
are presented and compared with other solutions. The arithmetic addition of positive curling stresses and thermal-expansion
stresses were less than those stresses obtained by superposition. In some cases, the calculated joint openings were higher than
the allowable joint opening. Nonlinear temperature distribution caused higher tensile stresses than the linear distribution of
temperature.
Tayabji et.al (1986) developed the program JSLAB for analyzing pavements resting on a Winkler foundation. The model
incorporates features similar to ILLI-SLAB, utilizing plate elements to model the slab and a bonded or unbonded base.
Dowels were modeled with modified beam elements that incorporated the effect of shear deformations and elastic support
provided by the concrete. As in ILLI-SLAB, aggregate interlock and keyways were modeled with springs
Lee (1999) presents an alternative procedure for the determination of critical stresses. The well-known ILLI-SLAB finite
element program was used for the analysis. Prediction models for stress adjustments are developed using a projection persuit
regression technique. A simplified stress analysis procedure is proposed and implemented in a user-friendly program to
facilitate instant stress estimations.
3. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [2395-6992] [Vol-2, Issue-3 March- 2016]
Page | 3
Hadi and Arfiadi (2001) state that the design of rigid pavements involves assuming a pavement structure then using a number
of tables and figures to calculate the two governing design criteria, the flexural fatigue of the concrete base and the erosion of
the sub-grade/sub-base. Each of these two criteria needs to be less than 100%. The designer needs to ensure that both criteria
are near 100% so that safe and economical designs are achieved. This paper presents a formulation for the problem of
optimum rigid road pavement design by defining the objective function, which is the total cost of pavement materials, and all
the constraints that influence the design. A genetic algorithm is used to find the optimum design. The results obtained from
the genetic algorithm are compared with results obtained from a Newton-Raphson based optimization solver.
Arora (2003) has reported that the Westergaard’s analysis is used for design of rigid pavements. The stresses in the concrete
slab are determined using Westergaard’s theory. Westergaard considered the rigid pavement as a thin elastic plate resting on
soil subgrade. The upward reaction at any point is assumed to be proportional to the deflection at that point. The slab
deflection depends upon the stiffness of the subgrade and the flexural strength of the slab. Thus the pressure-deformation
characteristics of a rigid pavement depend upon the relative stiffness of the slab and the subgrade.
Punmia et.al (2005) have described the development of a design procedure for rigid highway pavement by Portland Cement
Association based upon formulae developed by Pickett. The design charts for protected and unprotected corners, based on the
formulae by Pickett for the design of highway pavement have been developed. The pavement thickness is obtained based on
magnitude of wheel load and given value of modulus of subgrade reaction.
Razouki and Al-Muhana (2005) developed stress charts for the quick determination of maximum bending tensile stresses for
the case of a concrete pavement slab on a Winkler foundation. The maximum bending moment in the concrete pavement
represented by a Westergaard slab on Winkler foundation was obtained analytically by extending the known solution for the
case of a uniformly loaded circular segment to the case of multiple circular contact areas. The paper reveals that the effects
on the maximum bending tensile stress are quite significant due to the modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity of
concrete and slab thickness
Darestani et. al (2006) state that the 2004 edition of Austroads rigid pavement design guide has been based on the work of
Packard and Tayabji which is known as the PCA method. In this method, a number of input parameters are needed to
calculate the required concrete base thickness based on the cumulative damage process due to fatigue of concrete and erosion
of sub base or subgrade materials. This paper reviews the 2004 design guide, introduces a design software specially
developed to study the guide and highlights some important points. Results of the current study show the complex
interdependence of the many parameters.
Long and Shatnawi (2011) address the structural performance of experimental rigid pavements constructed in California. The
experimental project consists of seven Portland Cement concrete pavement sections with various layer structures. Falling
weight deflectometer was utilized to conduct deflection testing for back calculation of layer moduli and subgrade reaction
moduli, evaluation of joint load transfer capacity, and detection of voids under the slabs. In addition, pavement distress
condition was also evaluated as it relates to the integrity of pavement structure. The major findings in this study indicate that
thick slab and lean concrete base lower the pavement deflection response and prevent the formation of voids under the slab
corners, but lean concrete base has no significant effect on subgrade reaction moduli values
Patil et. al (2012) presented a numerical iterative procedure based on finite element method for analysing the response of
pavements. The pavement has been discretized by beam elements. The foundation is modeled by Pasternak’s two parameter
soil medium. The soil-structure-interaction effect was considered in the analysis. A parametric study has been carried out to
understand the pavement response.
Cojocaru et.al (2013) presents the results of the research undertaken by them in the frame of the postdoctoral program 4D-
POSTDOC. After a short introduction on the actual status of structural design of airport pavements, the modeling and the
structural design of airport rigid pavements, constructed with conventional and various recycled materials, using the finite
element method, is described. The main objective of this research program was to elaborate a design method which, beside
the complex landing gear including six footprint tires, all specific parameters related with the recycled materials and with
conventional and reinforce roll compacted concrete technologies are included. Finally, practical design diagrams for
structural design of the concrete slabs, including their specific correlation function, used for the construction of the Airbus-
A380 runway are presented.
4. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [2395-6992] [Vol-2, Issue-3 March- 2016]
Page | 4
Maharaj and Gill (2014) performed axisymmetric finite element analysis by varying parameters the thickness of pavement,
pressure and elastic modulus of subgrade. The concrete pavement has been idealized as linear elastic material while the
subgrade has been idealized as nonlinear material by Drucker-Prager yield criterion. The pavement and the subgrade have
been discretized by four noded isoparametric finite elements. Four types of design charts have been developed.
Based on literature review it is found that very few literatures have been reported on design charts of rigid pavements.
Important design charts have been discussed in the following section.
III. METHOD FOR RIGID PAVEMENT
3.1 Razouki and Al-Muhana Method
Razouki and Al-Muhana developed stress charts for the quick determination of maximum bending tensile stresses for the
case of a concrete pavement slab on a Winkler foundation. The maximum bending moment in the concrete pavement
represented by a Westergaard slab on Winkler foundation was obtained analytically by extending the known solution for the
case of a uniformly loaded circular segment to the case of multiple circular contact areas. The paper reveals that the effects
on the maximum bending tensile stress are quite significant due to the modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity of
concrete and slab thickness
3.2 Hadi and Arfiadi Method
This paper presents a formulation for the problem of optimum rigid road pavement design by defining the objective function,
which is the total cost of pavement materials, and all the constraints that influence the design. A genetic algorithm is used to
find the optimum design. The results obtained from the genetic algorithm are compared with results obtained from a Newton-
Raphson based optimization solver.
3.2.1 Westergaard’s Method
Westergaard’s analysis is used for design of rigid pavements. The stresses in the concrete slab are determined using
Westergaard’s theory. Westergaard considered the rigid pavement as a thin elastic plate resting on soil subgrade. The slab
deflection depends upon the stiffness of the subgrade and the flexural strength of the slab. Thus the pressure-deformation
characteristics of a rigid pavement depend upon the relative stiffness of the slab and the subgrade
3.2.2 Gill and Maharaj Method
Axisymmetric finite element analysis has been done by varying parameters the thickness of pavement, pressure and elastic
modulus of subgrade. The concrete pavement has been idealized as linear elastic material while the subgrade has been
idealized as nonlinear material by Drucker-Prager yield criterion. The pavement and the subgrade have been discretized by
four noded isoparametric finite elements. First type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and
nodal deflections for various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. Second type of design chart has been plotted
between thickness of pavement and element stress for various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. The third
type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various elastic moduli of
subgrade for a particular pressure. Fourth type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and element
stress for various elastic moduli of subgrade for a particular pressure. Each of the design charts has three parameters. For two
known parameters, the third parameter can be obtained. From the design charts developed, the effect of thickness, elastic
modulus of soil and pressure on nodal deflection and element stress has been studied.
Typical design charts have been shown in Figs. in the following section.
Fig.6 shows the design chart which has been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various
pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. The thickness of the concrete pavement varies from 100 mm to 600 mm; the
pressure varies from100 kN/m2
to 3000 kN/m2
and the elastic modulus of soil is 5000 kN/m2
. It can be seen that for a
particular pressure the settlement reduces with increase in pavement thickness. This reduction of settlement increases with
increase in pressure and is predominant at highest pressure. The design chart has three parameters. For any two parameters
known, the third parameter can be obtained from the design chart. Fig.7, Fig.8 and Fig.9 are similar design charts as for
Fig.6. In these design charts, the reduction of settlement with increase in thickness is predominant at higher elastic modulus
of soil.
6. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [2395-6992] [Vol-2, Issue-3 March- 2016]
Page | 6
FIG. 6: DESIGN CHART, PRESSURE=100 kN/m2
FIG.7: DESIGN CHART, PRESSURE=200 kN/m2
FIG.8: DESIGN CHART, PRESSURE=400 kN/m2
IV. CONCLUSION
The advantage of the Hadi and Arfiadi Method is that it presents a formulation for the problem of optimum rigid road
pavement design by genetic algorithm a new method. The advantage of Westergaard’s Method is that the stresses in the rigid
concrete slab are determined by this method and also the pressure-deformation curve which depends upon the relative
stiffness of the slab and the subgrade are presented. Razouki and Al-Muhana also developed stress charts similar to
Westergaard’s method. The paper reveals that the effects on the maximum bending tensile stress are quite significant due to
the modulus of subgrade reaction, modulus of elasticity of concrete and slab The Maharaj and Gill method have performed
axisymmetric finite element analysis by varying parameters the thickness of pavement, pressure and elastic modulus of
subgrade. First type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various
pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. Second type of design chart has been plotted between thickness of
pavement and element stress for various pressures for a particular elastic modulus of soil. The third type of design chart has
been plotted between thickness of pavement and nodal deflections for various elastic moduli of subgrade for a particular
7. International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER) ISSN: [2395-6992] [Vol-2, Issue-3 March- 2016]
Page | 7
pressure. The design charts has three parameters of each layers. Two are same parameters; the third parameter can be
obtained.
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