Java programming concepts covered in the document include: - Declaring and assigning variables such as strings and integers - Incrementing and decrementing variable values using shortcuts like += and ++ - Using for and foreach loops to repeat actions - Defining getter and setter methods to access and change variable values - Creating and calling methods to organize code into reusable blocks - Using conditionals like if/else statements to check conditions - Storing and accessing values in data structures like arrays, arraylists, and hashmaps - Implementing event listeners to handle user interactions like mouse clicks - Defining a main method that kicks off the program execution