The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which increase metabolism. Too little hormone causes hypothyroidism with symptoms like bradycardia and weight gain, while too much causes hyperthyroidism with symptoms like tachycardia and weight loss. Hypothyroidism is treated with levothyroxine replacement therapy. Hyperthyroidism treatments include anti-thyroid medications to block hormone synthesis, radioactive iodine ablation of the thyroid gland, or surgery.
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
Introduction:
@ Thyroid releases T3 & T4
@ The ratio of T4 to T3 is 5:1, so most of the hormone released is
thyroxine
@ Most of the T3 in the blood is derived from thyroxine
@ T3 is three to four times more potent than T4
@ The affinity of the receptor site for T3 is about ten times higher than that for T4
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
Introduction:
@ Thyroid releases T3 & T4
@ The ratio of T4 to T3 is 5:1, so most of the hormone released is
thyroxine
@ Most of the T3 in the blood is derived from thyroxine
@ T3 is three to four times more potent than T4
@ The affinity of the receptor site for T3 is about ten times higher than that for T4
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Thyroid Hormone Disorders lecture :-
-Thyroid gland & Thyroid hormones.
-How does Thyroid hormone is formed ?
-Regulation of secretion.
-Hypothyroidism.
-Treatment of hypothyroidism .
-Administration of Levothyroxin.
-Levothyroxin interactions.
-Levothyroxin cautions.
-Hyperthyroidism .
-Symptoms & treatment of Hyperthyroidism.
-Removal of part or all of the thyroid.
-Blockade of hormone release .
-Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis.
-Mechanism of action of antithyroid.
-Administration of antithyroid drugs.
-Antithyroid drugs interactions.
-Antithyroid drugs cautions.
-General notes.
-Practical notes on levothyroxin.
-Practical notes on antithroid drugs.
-Rapid review.
-Test yourself.
Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. Synthesis of thyroid hormoneAnkita
In this ppt we will get idea about thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. how and where the thyroid hormone synthesis occur. regulation of thyroid hormone. get brief knowledge about anti-thyroid drugs, their action, MOA, adverse effect of anti-thyroid drugs and uses
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Thyroid Hormone Disorders lecture :-
-Thyroid gland & Thyroid hormones.
-How does Thyroid hormone is formed ?
-Regulation of secretion.
-Hypothyroidism.
-Treatment of hypothyroidism .
-Administration of Levothyroxin.
-Levothyroxin interactions.
-Levothyroxin cautions.
-Hyperthyroidism .
-Symptoms & treatment of Hyperthyroidism.
-Removal of part or all of the thyroid.
-Blockade of hormone release .
-Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis.
-Mechanism of action of antithyroid.
-Administration of antithyroid drugs.
-Antithyroid drugs interactions.
-Antithyroid drugs cautions.
-General notes.
-Practical notes on levothyroxin.
-Practical notes on antithroid drugs.
-Rapid review.
-Test yourself.
Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. Synthesis of thyroid hormoneAnkita
In this ppt we will get idea about thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. how and where the thyroid hormone synthesis occur. regulation of thyroid hormone. get brief knowledge about anti-thyroid drugs, their action, MOA, adverse effect of anti-thyroid drugs and uses
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Actions
• The thyroid gland facilitates normal growth and maturation by
maintaining a level of metabolism in the tissues that is optimal for
normal function
• as They are catabolic hormones and
increase the breakdown of fats (to FFA),
carbohydrates (cause hyperglycemia) and
proteins (cause weight loss). They are also
calorigenic and increase basal metabolic
rate (BMR).
3. Actions
• The two major thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3; the most
active form) and thyroxine (T4).
Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormone
(hypothyroidism) leads to myxedema in
adults and bradycardia, cold intolerance,
and mental and physical slowing. In
children leads to cretinism, this can cause
mental retardation and dwarfism.
4. Actions
• By contrast, excess secretion of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism)
can cause tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation can
occur), body wasting, nervousness, tremor, and heat intolerance.
5. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid gland contains follicular cells
and parafollicular (C) cells. Former
secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
whereas the latter is responsible for the
secretion of calcitonin.
6. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• The thyroid gland is made up of multiple
follicles that consist of a single layer of
epithelial cells surrounding a lumen
filled with thyroglobulin (the storage
form of thyroid hormone). Thyroid
function is controlled by TSH
(thyrotropin), which is synthesized by
the anterior pituitary.
7. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Note:
• The hypothalamic thyrotropin
releasing hormone (TRH) governs
the generation of TSH.
8. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles in
the following manner:
• Iodine is first taken up in the
follicular cell with the help of
Na+: I– symporter (NIS).
9. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles in
the following manner:
• Iodine is first taken up in the
follicular cell with the help of
Na+: I– symporter (NIS).
10. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles in
the following manner:
• After entry in the follicular cells,
iodine is oxidized to form iodinium (I- )
ions. These ions combine with tyrosine
residues of thyroglobulin to form
mono-iodo tyrosine (MIT) and di-iodo-
tyrosine (DIT). This process is known as
organification of iodine.
11. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles in
the following manner:
• DIT combines with DIT to form tetra-
iodo-thyronine (T4) and with MIT to
form tri-iodo-thyronine (T3). This
process is known as coupling
12. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles in
the following manner:
• Oxidation, organification and
coupling reactions are catalyzed by
thyroid peroxidase enzyme.
13. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in thyroid follicles in
the following manner:
• After formation, T3 and T4 are
transported to the follicles where these
remain stored as colloid. On
stimulation via TSH, these hormones
are released in the circulation.
In the liver and kidney, T4 is converted
to T3 (peripheral conversion) and taken
up by target tissues.
16. Treatment of hypothyroidism
• Main indication of thyroid hormones is hypothyroidism (cretinism,
myxedema and myxedema coma).
• Hypothyroidism usually results from autoimmune destruction of the
gland and is diagnosed by elevated TSH.
• Levothyroxine (T4) is preferred over T3
(liothyronine) or T3/T4 combination
products (liotrix) for the treatment of
hypothyroidism.
17. Treatment of hypothyroidism
• Levothyroxine is better tolerated than T3 preparations and has a
longer half-life. It is dosed once daily, and steady state is achieved in 6
to 8 weeks. Toxicity is directly related to T4 levels and manifests as
nervousness, palpitations and tachycardia, heat intolerance, and
unexplained weight loss.
18. Treatment of hypothyroidism
• Myxedema coma is an emergency situation, in which liothyronine
(only indication) can also be used (It should be used cautiously in
patients with heart diseases like AF).
19. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Grave’s disease, an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid, is
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In these situations, TSH
levels are low due to negative feedback. [Note: Feedback inhibition of
TRH occurs with high levels of circulating thyroid hormone, which, in
turn, decreases secretion of TSH.]
20. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• The goal of therapy is to decrease synthesis and/or release of
additional hormone. This can be accomplished by removing part or all
of the thyroid gland, by inhibiting synthesis of the hormones, or by
blocking release of hormones from the follicle.
21.
22. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 1. Removal of the thyroid
• This can be accomplished surgically or by destruction of the gland
with radioactive iodine (131I), which is selectively taken up by the
thyroid follicular cells.
• Most patients become hypothyroid
after radioactive iodine and require
treatment with levothyroxine.
23. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 2. Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis (Thyroid Peroxidase
Inhibitors)
• Thyroid peroxidase enzyme catalyzes three reactions (oxidation,
organification and coupling) in the process of thyroid hormone
synthesis.
• Carbimazole, methimazole and
propylthiouracil act by inhibiting this
enzyme. PTU also blocks the peripheral
conversion of T4 to T3.
24. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Note:
• These drugs inhibit the formation of new thyroid hormones but their
action manifests only when already stored pool of T3 and T4 is
utilized as they have no effect on thyroglobulin already stored in the
gland.
25. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Note:
• Thus, a lag period of 1-3 weeks is present and clinical effects may be
delayed until thyroglobulin stores are depleted. These drugs can
rarely cause reversible agranulocytosis (most serious adverse effect)
26. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Methimazole is preferred over PTU because it has a longer half-life,
allowing for once-daily dosing, and a lower incidence of adverse
effects.
• However, PTU is recommended during
the first trimester of pregnancy due to
a greater risk of teratogenic effects
with methimazole. PTU has been
associated with hepatotoxicity and,
rarely, agranulocytosis.
27. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Note: Propylthiouracil has been found to be hepatotoxic and FDA has
declared methimazole as preferred drug over propylthiouracil for all
patients except in first trimester of pregnancy and lactation.
28. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors are used for:
• the control of thyrotoxicosis in patients with
Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goiter.
• These are also used in young patients before
performing thyroidectomy.
• Another use of antithyroid drugs is to make the
patient euthyroid before application of
radioactive iodine.
29. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 3. Inhibitors of Thyroid Hormone Release
• A pharmacologic dose of iodide inhibits the iodination of tyrosines
(“Wolff Chaikoff effect”), but this effect lasts only a few days.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWnWvWoUW6M
30. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 3. Inhibitors of Thyroid Hormone Release
• Sodium iodide, potassium iodide and Lugol’s solution act as ‘thyroid
constipating agents’ by inhibiting the release of T3 and T4 from
thyroglobulin.
• These drugs are the fastest acting anti-
thyroid drugs but is not useful for
long-term therapy; the thyroid ceases
to respond to the drug after a few
weeks.
31. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 3. Inhibitors of Thyroid Hormone Release
• In sensitive individuals, acute reaction consisting of swelling of lips,
angioedema, fever, joint pain and petechial hemorrhages can occur.
Chronic overdose of iodides is called iodism.
32. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 3. Inhibitors of Thyroid Hormone Release
Major symptoms are inflamed mucus
membranes, increase in secretions (salivation,
lacrimation and rhinorrhoea), headache,
rashes and gastrointestinal distress. These
drugs may also cause flaring up of acne in
adolescents.
33. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 4. Drugs Causing the Destruction of Thyroid Gland
• I131 is the most commonly used radioactive iodine with a half-life of
8 DAYS (stable isotope of iodine is I127).
• When administered (as sodium salts,
orally), these are actively taken up by
the thyroid gland and stored in the
colloid. Concentration of radioactive
iodine by the thyroid gland is
responsible for its selective thyroid
destroying effect.
34. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 4. Drugs Causing the Destruction of Thyroid Gland
• I131 can be used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism but response
is slow (maximum response may take 3 months). Thyroid peroxidase
inhibitors are administered to make the patient euthyroid.
• After a gap of 5 days (after stopping
anti-thyroid drugs), radioactive iodine
is given and thyroid peroxidase
inhibitor treatment is resumed till the
effect of I131 starts.
35. Treatment of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
• 4. Drugs Causing the Destruction of Thyroid Gland
• Radioactive iodine therapy is primarily indicated for
patients older than 35 years, those with heart
disease and in the presence of other contra-
indications of surgery. These drugs are not suitable
for young children and in the pregnancy. Another
disadvantage of radioactive iodine is that if
hypothyroidism develops, it is permanent (requiring
life long T4 therapy).
36. Thyroid storm
• Thyroid storm presents with extreme
symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The
treatment of thyroid storm is the same as
for hyperthyroidism, except that the drugs
are given in higher doses and more
frequently. β-Blockers, such as metoprolol
or propranolol antagonize the sympathetic
effects of thyrotoxicosis like tremors,
tachycardia, palpitations and anxiety.
Note:
Propranolol inhibits the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3