1) The document discusses three policy goals for maternal and child health: reducing sources of neuro-inflammation, recognizing and rewarding non-use of substances like tobacco and alcohol, and creating partnerships to promote nurturing environments.
2) It presents evidence that handwashing with chlorine can reduce infections in mothers and children as the first low-cost, proven strategy.
3) The document notes increasing rates of issues like postpartum depression, addictions, and disabilities in children and suggests these may be caused by evolutionary mismatches between current and past environments.
Connecticut nurturing environments for rapid results rev2Dennis Embry
Can we make huge change to benefit children and families. This talk was before state, federal and private leaders on how we can reclaim our children's futures.
This bundle of articles covers all of Dr. Embry's bold and original studies related to the largest youth violence prevention study in the US during the 1990s.
Embry Nov 2010 colloquium for uni manitoba faculty of medicineDennis Embry
The Community Medicine Department of the University of Manitoba sponsored a colloquium by Dr. Embry. This talk emphasizes scientific approaches to non-pharacuettical methods to prevent mental, emotional and behavioral disorders
New prevention for everyone washington state aug 2011 copyDennis Embry
Washington State Educational Service District #113 had an exciting event in which virtually every level of community and government was present to learn how to apply evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines across the board to achieve large benefits in reducing or preventing mental, emotional, behavioral, and related physical health problems. This even was the first to engage in helping Dr. Embry write a new book for chaining
Embry & Biglan "Evidence Based Kernels" Review paper 2008Dennis Embry
This is the major paper about evidence-based kernels by Dennis D. Embry and Anthony Biglan published in 2008..
Abstract This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physi- ological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior.
Connecticut nurturing environments for rapid results rev2Dennis Embry
Can we make huge change to benefit children and families. This talk was before state, federal and private leaders on how we can reclaim our children's futures.
This bundle of articles covers all of Dr. Embry's bold and original studies related to the largest youth violence prevention study in the US during the 1990s.
Embry Nov 2010 colloquium for uni manitoba faculty of medicineDennis Embry
The Community Medicine Department of the University of Manitoba sponsored a colloquium by Dr. Embry. This talk emphasizes scientific approaches to non-pharacuettical methods to prevent mental, emotional and behavioral disorders
New prevention for everyone washington state aug 2011 copyDennis Embry
Washington State Educational Service District #113 had an exciting event in which virtually every level of community and government was present to learn how to apply evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines across the board to achieve large benefits in reducing or preventing mental, emotional, behavioral, and related physical health problems. This even was the first to engage in helping Dr. Embry write a new book for chaining
Embry & Biglan "Evidence Based Kernels" Review paper 2008Dennis Embry
This is the major paper about evidence-based kernels by Dennis D. Embry and Anthony Biglan published in 2008..
Abstract This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physi- ological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior.
This slide show is to show information literacy concepts using exemplars of pseudo-science. The intended audience is undergraduate psychology and neuroscience majors, and postgraduate teachers
This slide show is to show information literacy concepts using exemplars of pseudo-science. The intended audience is undergraduate psychology and neuroscience majors, and postgraduate teachers
In 2011, Denton ISD partnered with the local United Way organization and Ready Rosie to form an Early Childhood Coalition. The goal was to reach all parents and community members with tools that would get all 0-6 year olds ready for success in school. We reached all 10,000 families with MOBILE video content that went straight to their mobile devices. This session will share the data and success of
that coalition plus resources that can work in any community.
Review the attached. In this activity, we are going to revie.docxmichael591
Review the attached.
In this activity, we are going to review the assignment and response provided below and then analyze whether the Socratic Approach was applied adequately in the sample response provided below. Please provide separate numbered answers to the below questions in regards to assignment.
Assignment:
In considering how personality develops, the impact of the child's environment, as well as the child's innate characteristics, must be taken into consideration. Assess the nature versus nurture controversy. Assess your views on how each affects a child's personality and moral development. Provide supporting evidence or reasoning. Which theoretical perspective on personality and moral development most closely represents your view?
Sample Response:
In the context of the nature versus nurture controversy, nature means one’s genetic inheritance of traits such as intelligence, physical characteristics, and personality tendencies (Vander Zanden, Crandell, & Crandell, 2009). Nurture means the influence of environment, including parenting, schooling, physical environment, culture, and other factors (Vander Zanden et al., 2009). In the past, social scientists and others argued which factor—nature or nurture —was responsible in a given situation, but it is more common today to ask either how much is due to nature versus nurture, or how they interact (Vander Zanden et al., 2009). Vander Zanden et al. (2009) therefore characterize the current nature versus nurture controversy as asking either how or how much, rather than which.
While there are many theories that address the nature-nurture controversy, behaviorism most closely represents my view. Most of the behaviors needed to succeed in life are within the capabilities of most people, but some people’s environments make success unlikely for them. If a person is raised in an environment that does not support educational activities, that person is unlikely to become a physicist, even if he or she was born with the intelligence traits of an Einstein. Similarly, those raised in a violent environment are more likely to be violent, such as those who were abused as children may subsequently abuse their own children.
Reference: Vander Zanden, J. W., Crandell, T. L., & Crandell, C. H. (2009). Human development (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Step 1: Identify the elements of the problem, issue, or question. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
Step 2: Analyze/ define/ frame the problem, issue, or question. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
Step 3: Consider solutions, responses, or answers. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
Step 4: Choose a solution, response, or answer. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
.
Una buena presentación de cómo funcionan nuestras elecciones desde el punto de vista cognitivo, de cómo podemos aplicar las técnicas del neuromarketing a la publicidad y el diseño online
SNAP: Finance Lab at the Social Finance Forum 2012Social Finance
Overview presentation on SNAP (Stop Now and Plan) impact investing initiative by Leena Augemieri, Director, Scientific and Program Development, Child Development Institute, Stop Now and Plan (SNAP).
What is an issue? how does it start? what signs should you watch out for? what action should you take? Prof. Eucharia Kenya (ISAAA AfriCenter Associate) shares insights into how manage potential issues that may impede your research
Jelena Zumbachin esitysdiat 2.11.2020 pidetyssä Barnahus-hankkeen ja Turvassa-hankkeen yhteiswebinaarissa Kuka kuulee mua? Lapsen kuuleminen väkivaltaa tai sen uhkaa sisältävässä ero- tai huoltoriidassa.
Creating an Evidence-Based Approach to Lifespan Suicide PreventionDennis Embry
Keynote: Address:
Humans appear to be the only species on the planet that kill themselves, which is the apparent result of the unique properties of language and the fact that other humans are the principal predator and the principal source of safety in our lives. Last year, three times as many America’s died from suicide as died at the height of the polio epidemic in the 1950s: 36,000 deaths from suicide, versus 3,000 from polio.
A public-health approach across the lifespan is required to reduce this terrible suffering and injury. A public-health campaign is less about the warning signs of suicide than specific actions that disable the “pump handle” to the wells of despair that result in suicidality.
This talk lays out four key principles from a lead article in a special issue of the American Psychologist on prevention, by the presenter and colleagues [1]. These principles arise from the consilience of evolutionary, medical, and behavioral sciences. The principles are not limited to the prevention of suicide; indeed, they principles address prevention of multiple mental, emotional, behavioral, and related physical disorders as outlined by the Institute of Medicine [2].
This talk integrates these principles with low-cost evidence-based kernels [3] and behavioral vaccines [4, 5] that can operate as an integrated public-health model to prevent multiple mental, emotional, behavioral, and related disorders [6]. This talk specifically shows how several apparently simple strategies can be promoted to prevent suicide across the lifespan, illustrated by data and practical mechanisms with rapid results and cost savings for multiple-silos of government and the private sector. The net result is happier, healthier, and productive citizens of all ages.
Breakout #1: Preventing Future Suicide from Pregnancy through Childhood Evidence-based Kernels and Behavioral Vaccines
This breakout expands on the keynote with specific evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines, organization and implementation details for low-cost strategies that can avert suicidality 10 to 20 years later cost effectively. One specific strategy that will be covered in greater detail is the Good Behavior Game (which is being widely promoted by in the US and Canada), as the only early elementary school strategy with lifetime scientific data on reducing sucidality [7]. Presently, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) is funding 30 sties to do the Good Behavior Game, with 28 of those being supervised by Dr. Embry and his colleagues.
Breakout #2: Preventing Suicide from Adulthood through Senior Years
This breakout explores what science we have that shows pathways for preventing suicide among adults of all ages, beyond signs of suicide. This breakout links the principles from the keynote with evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines that can be used in multiple contexts and initiatives. Policies and practices can be scale
More Related Content
Similar to Three Easy Pieces for Maternal and Child Health Policy: MACHs Roundtable 2012
This slide show is to show information literacy concepts using exemplars of pseudo-science. The intended audience is undergraduate psychology and neuroscience majors, and postgraduate teachers
This slide show is to show information literacy concepts using exemplars of pseudo-science. The intended audience is undergraduate psychology and neuroscience majors, and postgraduate teachers
In 2011, Denton ISD partnered with the local United Way organization and Ready Rosie to form an Early Childhood Coalition. The goal was to reach all parents and community members with tools that would get all 0-6 year olds ready for success in school. We reached all 10,000 families with MOBILE video content that went straight to their mobile devices. This session will share the data and success of
that coalition plus resources that can work in any community.
Review the attached. In this activity, we are going to revie.docxmichael591
Review the attached.
In this activity, we are going to review the assignment and response provided below and then analyze whether the Socratic Approach was applied adequately in the sample response provided below. Please provide separate numbered answers to the below questions in regards to assignment.
Assignment:
In considering how personality develops, the impact of the child's environment, as well as the child's innate characteristics, must be taken into consideration. Assess the nature versus nurture controversy. Assess your views on how each affects a child's personality and moral development. Provide supporting evidence or reasoning. Which theoretical perspective on personality and moral development most closely represents your view?
Sample Response:
In the context of the nature versus nurture controversy, nature means one’s genetic inheritance of traits such as intelligence, physical characteristics, and personality tendencies (Vander Zanden, Crandell, & Crandell, 2009). Nurture means the influence of environment, including parenting, schooling, physical environment, culture, and other factors (Vander Zanden et al., 2009). In the past, social scientists and others argued which factor—nature or nurture —was responsible in a given situation, but it is more common today to ask either how much is due to nature versus nurture, or how they interact (Vander Zanden et al., 2009). Vander Zanden et al. (2009) therefore characterize the current nature versus nurture controversy as asking either how or how much, rather than which.
While there are many theories that address the nature-nurture controversy, behaviorism most closely represents my view. Most of the behaviors needed to succeed in life are within the capabilities of most people, but some people’s environments make success unlikely for them. If a person is raised in an environment that does not support educational activities, that person is unlikely to become a physicist, even if he or she was born with the intelligence traits of an Einstein. Similarly, those raised in a violent environment are more likely to be violent, such as those who were abused as children may subsequently abuse their own children.
Reference: Vander Zanden, J. W., Crandell, T. L., & Crandell, C. H. (2009). Human development (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Step 1: Identify the elements of the problem, issue, or question. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
Step 2: Analyze/ define/ frame the problem, issue, or question. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
Step 3: Consider solutions, responses, or answers. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
Step 4: Choose a solution, response, or answer. Did the response adequately include this step? Yes or No? If no, what was missing?
.
Una buena presentación de cómo funcionan nuestras elecciones desde el punto de vista cognitivo, de cómo podemos aplicar las técnicas del neuromarketing a la publicidad y el diseño online
SNAP: Finance Lab at the Social Finance Forum 2012Social Finance
Overview presentation on SNAP (Stop Now and Plan) impact investing initiative by Leena Augemieri, Director, Scientific and Program Development, Child Development Institute, Stop Now and Plan (SNAP).
What is an issue? how does it start? what signs should you watch out for? what action should you take? Prof. Eucharia Kenya (ISAAA AfriCenter Associate) shares insights into how manage potential issues that may impede your research
Jelena Zumbachin esitysdiat 2.11.2020 pidetyssä Barnahus-hankkeen ja Turvassa-hankkeen yhteiswebinaarissa Kuka kuulee mua? Lapsen kuuleminen väkivaltaa tai sen uhkaa sisältävässä ero- tai huoltoriidassa.
Creating an Evidence-Based Approach to Lifespan Suicide PreventionDennis Embry
Keynote: Address:
Humans appear to be the only species on the planet that kill themselves, which is the apparent result of the unique properties of language and the fact that other humans are the principal predator and the principal source of safety in our lives. Last year, three times as many America’s died from suicide as died at the height of the polio epidemic in the 1950s: 36,000 deaths from suicide, versus 3,000 from polio.
A public-health approach across the lifespan is required to reduce this terrible suffering and injury. A public-health campaign is less about the warning signs of suicide than specific actions that disable the “pump handle” to the wells of despair that result in suicidality.
This talk lays out four key principles from a lead article in a special issue of the American Psychologist on prevention, by the presenter and colleagues [1]. These principles arise from the consilience of evolutionary, medical, and behavioral sciences. The principles are not limited to the prevention of suicide; indeed, they principles address prevention of multiple mental, emotional, behavioral, and related physical disorders as outlined by the Institute of Medicine [2].
This talk integrates these principles with low-cost evidence-based kernels [3] and behavioral vaccines [4, 5] that can operate as an integrated public-health model to prevent multiple mental, emotional, behavioral, and related disorders [6]. This talk specifically shows how several apparently simple strategies can be promoted to prevent suicide across the lifespan, illustrated by data and practical mechanisms with rapid results and cost savings for multiple-silos of government and the private sector. The net result is happier, healthier, and productive citizens of all ages.
Breakout #1: Preventing Future Suicide from Pregnancy through Childhood Evidence-based Kernels and Behavioral Vaccines
This breakout expands on the keynote with specific evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines, organization and implementation details for low-cost strategies that can avert suicidality 10 to 20 years later cost effectively. One specific strategy that will be covered in greater detail is the Good Behavior Game (which is being widely promoted by in the US and Canada), as the only early elementary school strategy with lifetime scientific data on reducing sucidality [7]. Presently, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) is funding 30 sties to do the Good Behavior Game, with 28 of those being supervised by Dr. Embry and his colleagues.
Breakout #2: Preventing Suicide from Adulthood through Senior Years
This breakout explores what science we have that shows pathways for preventing suicide among adults of all ages, beyond signs of suicide. This breakout links the principles from the keynote with evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines that can be used in multiple contexts and initiatives. Policies and practices can be scale
Something has been happening in America. More and more young people are showing up with various mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders—based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine Report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People. These disorders—from alcohol addiction to other serious mental and behavioral problems—are not just happening in K-12 education: they are fully present in larger numbers on college and university campuses. And, even more importantly, they are now epidemic in our broader society, causing untold damage to the fiscal stability of America, its national security, and global economic competitiveness.
Oddly, it is American institutions of higher learning that have pioneered the world’s best science why and how this epidemic is happening and what can be done to avert the problems. Still more oddly, it is not American institutions of higher learning leading the charge on applying that science—something at odds with the unique heritage of America applying science to better the world. Other rich democracies now lead in applying prevention science for the protection of their future generations.
American Colleges and Universities can become one of the drivers of great carbon revolution, not just a revolution in silicon technology. By a carbon revolution, this means resolving the problems of human behavior that are the largest burdens of social and economic pain and suffering.
In my presentations, I intend to outline how the youthful energies of our young people might be combined with prevention science for population-level prevention and protection against mental, emotional, behavioral and related physical disorders plaguing our futures.
• First, the presentation is aimed at evoking understanding of how these problems have arisen from fundamental evolutionary mismatch—something that my colleagues in the evolutionary sciences have started to map well.
• Second, the presentation gives concrete examples of how prevention science can be scaled to a public-health model to protect our young people and our broader society.
• Third, the presentation outlines how colleges and universities—students, faculty and staff—might have a leadership role in changing the trajectory of these problems rapidly.
• Fourth, the presentation maps how all this can be funded in a politically powerful way, which will in turn strengthen colleges and universities by reducing the huge rise in tuition and other costs that have well outpaced inflation. Indeed, the cost of higher education is now significantly higher in the US proportionately than that of other rich democracies.
I realize that this not a standard presentation about addictions among our college-age youth, decrying the alcohol industry or arguing over the age of drinking or the legalization of marijuana. I believe we must have a much bigger solution, not just for the sake of the young people on our campuses—but for all o
Rapid results for usa jobs and child family wellbeingDennis Embry
Imagine US Corporations repatriated and invested their $1.5 trillion overseas profits back into the use to increase employment in the nation's 4.6 million small businesses, reduce and prevent the nation's epidemic of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among our young people, and improved the health of the country and radically reduced the burden of our prisons on the taxpayers while improving public safety. Impossible? Hardly. The US tax code enables this to happen, and the US companies will only pay interest on their investments in the US—not the repatriated funds. This can happen through the vehicle of Social Impact Bonds, and the world-class prevention science of the United States. Please read and help us make this idea happen.
Connecticut Presentation for Major ChangeDennis Embry
The state of Connecticut recently held a major meeting with Congressional members, cabinet members, and funders to outline a plan to create major, population-level impact on improving the wellbeing of Connecticut's children and families. This presentation opened the discussion
Creating a culture of prevention and recoveryDennis Embry
Texas is the land of professed public bootstraps, and very private suffering. There is not a family in Texas that has not been touched by the rising prevalence of mental, emotional, behavioral and related physical illnesses. In fact there is not a family in America that has not been so touched, based on the elegant epidemiological monitoring in the US.
So in the land of big hats, why cannot Texas take the lead in a very big idea that will save billions of dollars, improve health, increase the global economic competitiveness of the US, and improve our national security? All that sounds, well, frankly very patriotic and American. What is the really big idea?
First, virtually every mental, emotional, and behavioral disorder (including addictions) is preventable. How solid is that statement? Stamp on the ground ten times as hard as you can. Did you feel it? Well that is how solid the science is. You don’t hear it on your TV; you don’t hear that science in your newspaper or Time magazine; you don’t hear it from your health care provider; and people are not learning this at university. And absolutely nobody is lobbying the Texas Legislature or Governor about this science and possibility. I’ll wager you might not believe me, even though I am a pretty dang good scientist. So if you don’t believe me that the science exists, you can go to www.pubmed.gov and look every study or fact I site. After my talk, you will jabbering away at just about anybody who will listen.
Second, recovery from mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders—including very serious ones like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder—can go into remission. This remission and recovery is not dependent on medications. Now that is not a fact that you will hear on TV, or hear from the pharmaceutical detail people in your doctor’s office. Now I read almost everything I can on these problems, and I missed hearing about this science—until recently. That shows you how buried it is. At my plenary, you will hear about the practical science of recovery.
Third, there are ways to pay for all this using something called, “Social Impact Bonds.” So instead of Texas selling bonds for building another prison, bonds can be sold preventing or reducing the problems in the first place. Now there’s an idea. And, yes other countries are doing this.
The really big idea—a Texas big idea? Well, Texas could be the first place in America to do all this. That would change America, and all our futures.
Biglan et al the critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human ...Dennis Embry
The recent Institute of Medicine report on prevention (National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2009) noted the substantial interrelationship among mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and pointed out that, to a great extent, these problems stem from a set of common conditions. However, despite the evidence, current research and practice continue to deal with the prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders as if they are unrelated and each stems from different conditions. This article proposes a framework that could accelerate progress in preventing these problems. Environments that foster successful development and prevent the development of psychological and behavioral problems are usefully characterized as nurturing environments. First, these environments minimize biologically and psychologically toxic events. Second, they teach, promote, and richly reinforce prosocial behavior, including self-regulatory behaviors and all of the skills needed to become productive adult members of society. Third, they monitor and limit opportunities for problem behavior. Fourth, they foster psychological flexibility—the ability to be mindful of one's thoughts and feelings and to act in the service of one's values even when one's thoughts and feelings discourage taking valued action. We review evidence to support this synthesis and describe the kind of public health movement that could increase the prevalence of nurturing environments and thereby contribute to the prevention of most mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. This article is one of three in a special section (see also Muñoz Beardslee, & Leykin, 2012; Yoshikawa, Aber, & Beardslee, 2012) representing an elaboration on a theme for prevention science developed by the 2009 report of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
CAPE MAY: A Different Scientific Perspective About the Causes and Cures of Bu...Dennis Embry
The story of the bully is very old. You can read descriptions of bullies in the Old Testament. Bullying seems to be increasing. Why is that? Why is it that aggressive, disturbing and disruptive behaviors have steadily increased in America—much more than other rich countries? We see bullying at preschool, at elementary school, in secondary school. We see bullying in the workplace, in the media, in every walk of life imaginable. Why is this so? What has happened that this behavior is more prevalent? The causes of being a bully and being bully victim have increasingly intriguing scientific findings. This presentation outlines what might underlying causes of the increase and the implications for larger action in society. We will look a biology, the brain, behavior and even evolutionary findings to get a deeper understanding for action. Some of the causes of being a bully and being a bully victim will surprise you, and will lay the foundation for a culture freer of bullying.
Cape May New Jersey Presentation on PreventionDennis Embry
The story of the bully is very old. You can read descriptions of bullies in the Old Testament. Bullying seems to be increasing. Why is that? Why is it that aggressive, disturbing and disruptive behaviors have steadily increased in America—much more than other rich countries? We see bullying at preschool, at elementary school, in secondary school. We see bullying in the workplace, in the media, in every walk of life imaginable. Why is this so? What has happened that this behavior is more prevalent? The causes of being a bully and being bully victim have increasingly intriguing scientific findings. This presentation outlines what might underlying causes of the increase and the implications for larger action in society. We will look a biology, the brain, behavior and even evolutionary findings to get a deeper understanding for action. Some of the causes of being a bully and being a bully victim will surprise you, and will lay the foundation for a culture freer of bullying.
In this 1 hour presentation, a deeper unstinting of why crime prevention must incorporate evolutionary theory. Humans are the principle predator of humans, and the principle source of safety. This talk outlines several clear strategies with large preventive effects.
New Hampshire Keynote on Prevention for Whole County 11 10-11Dennis Embry
Cheshire County, NH, seeks to be the healthiest county in America by 2020. The County is off to a roaring start: it has statistical snapshots and research briefs. Now the summit is about moving into high-gear to influence the behavior of 77,000 people from birth to 100 to meet the challenge.
How will the organizers and advocates do this with due hast and cost-efficiency in terms of people power, money and time?
How will the organizers and advocates make increased wellness and reduced morbidity and mortality happen across all the categories —from healthy weights, to mental illness, to cancer, to unintentional or intentional injuries, to addictions, to self harm, and heart disease?
This talk lays out real answers from somebody who has done large scale prevention trials with success, with diverse problems.
First, people will learn to tackle the problems not so much by topic (i.e., each separate issue), but by tackling the underlying common threads that hold and cause multiple problems. When you cut the common thread, you have impact across many domains. This is called a multi-problem or syndemic approach, and participates will learn from examples how to apply this to real-world issues from the Research Briefs.
Second, people need to use powerful yet low cost tools to influence those 77,000 to make changes in their behavior—with enough people to tip the balance of change. We cannot do therapy with every citizen to achieve the change; we need a public health model that empowers each citizen—young or old—to act not just for themselves but also in ways that help the health and wellbeing futures of many others. Again, the talk and related activities will illustrate how such behavior change and mobilization can be done using the same basic toolkit over and over, with examples.
Third, the whole community needs a way to be invested in ALL OUR FUTURES, not just self. Why? Because, the aggregate success actually reduces the “behavioral contagion” causing many of these problems. And, health equals wealth, both an individual and community level. This part of the presentation gives examples and illustrations that can help create the healthiest county not just for 2020—but also for decades to come
Keynote talk: Vermont Assn. for Mental Health and Friends of Recovery Annual...Dennis Embry
Dear Attendees of the Vermont Association for Mental Health and Friends of Recovery Annual Conference,
I am delighted to be participating at your event about the very real possibility of preventing mental illness at a population level in Vermont, based on the world-class research reviewed in the 2009 Institute of Medicine Report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders in Young People.
Vermont is in a unique position in the history of America to implement strategies that could catapult our country into unparalleled wellbeing. During my work with you on Thursday, October 27, I will be discussing how the State can use the opportunity of its Health Care Initiative to do what impeccable science (and a good dose of grand-motherly wisdom) show is within our grasp:
• Prevent, avert, and/or reduce most mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
• Promote mental, emotional, and behavioral wellbeing that improves educational and workplace productivity.
When these are changed, the state’s economic wellbeing will be improved on multiple fronts, since these problems are the biggest cost centers of local, state and business operations.
If Vermont can do this, then its success can help move America into a place of greater fiscal and political safety for all our futures.
Thus, I join you with a spirit of practical optimism on Thursday, and invite you to download and share two recent papers related to our work together.
(Use this tiny hyperlink: http://bit.ly/IOM-EMBRY)
Embry, D. D. (2011). "Behavioral Vaccines and Evidence-Based Kernels: Non-pharmaceutical Approaches for the Prevention of Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 34(March): 1-34.
The Institute of Medicine Report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People1 (IOM Report) provides a powerful map for how the United States might significantly prevent mental illnesses and behavioral disorders like alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among America’s youth. This document is already shaping United States policies, and will almost certainly affect Canada and other countries’ policies. Mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders (MEBs) among America’s youth and young adults present a serious threat to the country’s national security2 and to our economic competitiveness compared with 22 other rich countries.3–7 Such MEBs are also the leading preventable cost center for local, state, and the federal governments.1,4 Further, safe schools, healthy working environments, and public events or places are seriously compromised by MEBs as well.
(Use this tiny hyperlink: http://bit.ly/EmbryBiglanKernels)
Embry, D. D. and A. Biglan (2008). "Evidence-Based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence." Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review 11(3): 75-113.
This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to u
Women In Medicine University of KansasDennis Embry
Specific Learning Objectives:
1. Learning the four key malleable factors for preventing multiple, interrelated mental, emotional, behavioral and physical disorders that are epidemic in America
2. 2. . Learning how to move from rationing of prevention to universal access to simple, scientifically proven strategies (e.g., evidence-based kernels and behavioral vaccines) that prevent the most costly burdens affecting children, youth, and adults.
3. 3. Learning actual examples that can be applied to improve practice, applied science and basic science as well as for personal or family benefit
Abstract:
“How are the children?” goes the greeting when chiefs of aboriginal peoples meet. The question is not about the chiefs’ own children, but about all the children of the tribe. The children and young adults today are not all right. The 2009 IOM Report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (and related physical disorders) shows that the prevalence rates in the US are the worst among the rich democracies, and continuing to get worse. These trends imperil the future security, safety, economic, and political stability of America.
Just as John Snow showed how the Cholera epidemic could be stopped by a simple strategy that provided “prevention for everyone,” so are there very simple strategies from robust science called “evidence-based kernels” and “behavioral vaccines” that prevent, avert or reduce almost every mental, emotional, behavior and related physical disorders. Prevailing scientific dogma, political policies, and mega-marketing by pharmaceutical companies obscures the clear potential to achieve major shifts in morbidity and mortality for the whole country.
This presentation show real world scientifically validated examples, many of which amusingly have significant histories from science at the University of Kansas over the past 45 years. Examples will be presented to show clinical, scientific and personal applications.
Nurturing the genius of genes the new frontier of education, therapy, and un...Dennis Embry
Not every child seems equally susceptible to the same parental, educational, or environmental influences even if cognitive level is similar. This study is the first ran- domized controlled trial to apply the differential susceptibility paradigm to education in relation to children’s genotype and early literacy skills. A randomized pretest–posttest control group design was used to examine the effects of the Intelligent Tutoring System Living Letters. Two intervention groups were created, 1 receiving feedback and 1 completing the program without feedback, and 1 control group. Carriers of the long variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4 7-repeat) profited most from the computer program with positive feed- back, whereas they performed at the lowest level of early literacy skills in the absence of such feedback. Our findings suggest that behind modest overall educational intervention effects a strong effect on a subgroup of susceptible children may be hidden.
Harvard University Brief on Causes and Cures of Bullying and Harassment Dennis Embry
Bullying and harassment in the 21st century in the United States is one of the symptoms of a broader epidemic of mental, emotional, behavioral and related physical illnesses—collectively the result of evolutionary mismatches and selection by consequences within the broader culture. Focusing on bullying and harassment per se may paradoxically serve to maintain multiple toxic conditions causing victimization that all here assembled find reprehensible.
Harvard Presentation on the Science of Bullying PrevetionDennis Embry
Dr. Dennis Embry presented a guest lecture at a one day event sponsored by Harvard University. Dr. Embry's comments focused on how broad scale evolutionary mismatch is causing vulnerability to multiple forms of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders that are linked to bullying and harassment for both perpetration and victimization.
Our Futures Meeting in Central FloridaDennis Embry
Central Florida Behavioral Health Network met on June 8-9 at the Manatee County Chamber of Conference and United Way conference center. The aim of this two days is to implement a collection of evidence-based based kernels to achieve population level changes for protection against multiple mental, emotional, behavioral and related disorders. Dr. Dennis Embry from PAXIS presented and consulted with the coalitions
Creating Evidence-Based Practices When None ExistDennis Embry
On April 28, 2011, the Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Research and Evaluation asked Dr. Dennis Embry to speak at the Pew Trust in Washington, DC. He was asked to answer a key question regarding evidence-informed strategies: “When evidence-based programs are not available to meet the needs of a particular population, then how should/can we use evidence to inform innovation?” Here is the powerpoint for this well-received presentation.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Three Easy Pieces for Maternal and Child Health Policy: MACHs Roundtable 2012
1. Mum & egg
Three Easy Pieces for Maternal
and Child Health Policy:
MACHS Roundtable, Winnipeg, MB CANADA • December 11, 2012
by Dennis D. Embry, PAXIS Institute
Tuesday, December 11, 12
2. Maternal and Child Health Conference:
Leadership to Action
Disclosure
of
Poten/al
for
Conflict
of
Interest
• Name of Speaker: Dennis D. Embry, Ph.D.
• Title of Presentation: Three Easy Pieces for Maternal and Child Health Policy
• Date of Presentation: December 11, 2012
• Financial Disclosure
• Grants/Research Support: Yes, Co-Investigator, Towards Flourishing, PHAC
• Honoraria: I receive fees to speak at this conference and other Conference
• Consulting Fees: Yes, for multiple projects in Canada and the US
• Other: Training fees and royalties on multiple copyrights for publications
Tuesday, December 11, 12
3. Foretelling my talk today
A new concept today of evolutionary
mismatch that honors wisdom and
science
Solving linked multi-problems or
syndemics instead of one-at-a-time
Using low-cost proven strategies for
all as public-health policy for
Maternal and Child Health (MACH)
Tuesday, December 11, 12
4. My Three Easy Pieces for Today
• Policy Goal 1: Reduce multiple sources of neuro-inflammation before pregnancy,
during pregnancy and during childhood—using low-cost, scientifically proven
evidence-based kernels.
• Policy Goal 2: Recognize, reinforce and reward non-use of tobacco, alcohol & other
drugs among women of childbearing age —using low-cost, scientifically proven
evidence-based kernels.
• Policy Goal 3: Create public-private partnerships to promote specific nurturing
environments actionable strategies for children and their caregivers.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
5. The first low-cost, proven, evidence-based
kernel for maternal and child health
The Epidemiological Observation
Tuesday, December 11, 12
6. The first low-cost, proven, evidence-based
kernel for maternal and child health
Chlorine
Handwash
The Epidemiological Observation The Experimental Observation
Tuesday, December 11, 12
7. The first low-cost, proven, evidence-based
kernel for maternal and child health
Chlorine
Handwash
The Epidemiological Observation The Experimental Observation
Tuesday, December 11, 12
8. The first low-cost, proven, evidence-based
kernel for maternal and child health
Tuesday, December 11, 12
9. Streptococcus
pyogenes
The culprit of massive morbidity and
mortality of mothers and children.
Image credit: CDC
Tuesday, December 11, 12
10. Streptococcus
pyogenes
The culprit of massive morbidity and
mortality of mothers and children.
But the discover caused an
intellectual disease:
Semmelweis reflex
Image credit: CDC
Tuesday, December 11, 12
11. A policy…
A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government,
party, business, or individual.
Also, archaic, prudent or expedient conduct or action: a course of
policy and wisdom.
ORIGIN late Middle English: from Old French policy ‘civil
administration,’ via Latin from Greek politeia ‘citizenship,’ from politēs
‘citizen,’ from polis ‘city.’
policy 2 |ˈpäləsē|
noun ( pl. policies )
ORIGIN mid 16th cent.: from French police ‘bill of lading, contract of
insurance,’ from Provençal poliss(i)a, probably from medieval Latin
apodissa, apodixa, based on Greek apodeixis ‘evidence, proof,’ from
apodeiknunai ‘demonstrate, show.’
Tuesday, December 11, 12
12. Let us begin with some wisdom and careful observations
Tuesday, December 11, 12
13. Elder wisdom about child-rearing selected Humans are everyday
scientists of their
by evolutionary mechanisms successes
Tuesday, December 11, 12
14. www.thisviewoflife.com “Look up Evolutionary Mismatch”
Natural selection adapts organisms to their
past environments and has no ability to
foresee the future.
When the environment changes,
adaptations to past environments can
misfire in the current situation, producing a
mismatch that can only be solved by
evolving or by modifying the current
environment.
Mismatches are an inevitable consequence
of evolution in changing environments.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
15. This creates an evolutionary mismatch in
the womb
Tuesday, December 11, 12
18. What did this nurse notice about this premie?
Tuesday, December 11, 12
19. What are we noticing with babies and mums more today?
Tuesday, December 11, 12
20. Some observable trends:
• Increased postpartum depression
• More addictions
• More “inflammatory” diseases like
asthma, diabetes and obesity
• More children with disabilities such
as autism spectrum disorder
• Higher lifetime rates of mental,
emotional, behavioral, and related
physical disorders
Tuesday, December 11, 12
21. Increases in Child Problems In Manitoba
Indicator Time Period Rates/Prevalence Change
ADHD 2000/01 to 2009/10 2.4% to 3.9% 66% increase
SP Educ 18.7/1,000 to
2000/01 to 2009/10 106% increase
Funding 38.4/1,000
Children in 2000/01-2002/03 to
3.7% to 4.0% 6% increase
Care 2006/07-2008/09
Tuesday, December 11, 12
22. 2006 Statistics Canada report on the Participation
and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS)
• According to Statistics Canada, more children in this country have a learning
disability than all other types of disabilities combined.
• According to Statistics Canada, of all the children with disabilities in this
country, more than half (59.8%) have a learning disability.
• According to Statistics Canada, more than half a million adults in this country
live with a learning disability, making it more challenging for them to learn in
universities and colleges, and on the job.
• According to Statistics Canada, learning disabilities increased considerably
between 2001 and 2006 among Canadians aged 15 and over by almost 40
per cent to 631,000 people, making it one of the fastest growing types of
disabilities in Canada that isn’t related to aging.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
23. With various early
childhood
disabilities
increasing, how
does that parents
and families?
Tuesday, December 11, 12
24. With various early Impact of child's condition on parental
employment for parents of children with
childhood disabilities aged 0 to 14, Canada, 2006
disabilities
increasing, how
does that parents
and families?
Tuesday, December 11, 12
25. Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response
Major Connected Causes of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
The Same Mismatches Predict Multiple MACH Disorders
Tuesday, December 11, 12
26. Mood Lo Reward Lo Executive Lo Behavioral
Inattention Function
Instability Delay Competencies
Poor Immune-
Motor Healing
Skills Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Dysfunction
Major Connected Causes of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
The Same Mismatches Predict Multiple MACH Disorders
Tuesday, December 11, 12
27. Substance Work Obesity,
Early Mental Illness Violence Cancer School
Abuse Problems etc
Sex Failure
Mood Lo Reward Lo Executive Lo Behavioral
Inattention Function
Instability Delay Competencies
Poor Immune-
STD’s Motor Healing Special
Skills Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Dysfunction Ed
Major Connected Causes of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
The Same Mismatches Predict Multiple MACH Disorders
Tuesday, December 11, 12
28. Multi Anti-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response
Multiple Behavioral Vaccines Protect the Futures of ALL Children, Youth and Adults
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for prosocial cue prosocial influences trigger occasion perceived
behaviors behaviors protective biological safety and
mechanisms affiliation
Changing Conditions Protect and Prevent MACH
Tuesday, December 11, 12
29. Mood Hi Reward Hi Executive Hi Behavioral
Attention Delay
Stability Function Competencies
Good Immune-
Motor Healing
Skills Multi Anti-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Efficiency
Multiple Behavioral Vaccines Protect the Futures of ALL Children, Youth and Adults
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for prosocial cue prosocial influences trigger occasion perceived
behaviors behaviors protective biological safety and
mechanisms affiliation
Changing Conditions Protect and Prevent MACH
Tuesday, December 11, 12
30. Heart
Low Work Low
Delayed Mental health Prosociality Success
Health
Hi Sch.
Addictions etc Cancer
Sex Grad
Mood Hi Reward Hi Executive Hi Behavioral
Attention Delay
Stability Function Competencies
Good Immune-
Low Motor Healing Higher
Injuries Skills Multi Anti-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Efficiency Ed
Multiple Behavioral Vaccines Protect the Futures of ALL Children, Youth and Adults
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for prosocial cue prosocial influences trigger occasion perceived
behaviors behaviors protective biological safety and
mechanisms affiliation
Changing Conditions Protect and Prevent MACH
Tuesday, December 11, 12
32. Richly Reinforce
Pro-social Behaviors Reduce Toxic Influences
Limit Problematic Behaviors Increase Psychological Flexibility
Biglan, A., B. R. Flay, et al. (2012). "The critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human well-being." American Psychologist.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
33. Mothers and children
in Canada do not get
sufficient Vitamin D
via sunlight
Mothers and children
in Canada do not eat
foods sufficient in
Vitamin D
This evolutionary mismatch harms MACH
Tuesday, December 11, 12
34. D. K. Kinney et al.
Mismatch, Latitude & Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 35 no. 3 pp. 582–595, 2009
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
Advance Access publication on April 8, 2009
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant
Mortality, and Skin Color: A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Dennis K. Kinney1–3, Pamela Teixeira2, Diane Hsu2, Siena derlie variations in schizophrenia prevalence deserves high
C. Napoleon2,4, David J. Crowley2, Andrea Miller2, priority.
William Hyman2, and Emerald Huang2
2
Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; 3De- Key words: epidemiology/etiology/immune function/
partment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; prenatal/geography/risk factor
4
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Fig. 1. Schizophrenia Prevalence and Latitude by Continent and Infant Mortality.
Note: South Asia sites were from India and Indonesia; those sites had higher infant mortality rates than all but one of the East Asian sites. For the
Tuesday, December 11, 12 Introduction
Previous surveys found a large (>10-fold) America,in
regressionlinesinNorth variation those withinfantmortalityrates above 30 per 1000 weregroupedas having a higherrate, those below30 as having
35. D. K. Kinney et al.
Mismatch, Latitude & Schizophrenia
Semmelweis
Reflex
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 35 no. 3 pp. 582–595, 2009
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
Advance Access publication on April 8, 2009
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant
Mortality, and Skin Color: A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Dennis K. Kinney1–3, Pamela Teixeira2, Diane Hsu2, Siena derlie variations in schizophrenia prevalence deserves high
C. Napoleon2,4, David J. Crowley2, Andrea Miller2, priority.
William Hyman2, and Emerald Huang2
2
Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; 3De- Key words: epidemiology/etiology/immune function/
partment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; prenatal/geography/risk factor
4
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Fig. 1. Schizophrenia Prevalence and Latitude by Continent and Infant Mortality.
Note: South Asia sites were from India and Indonesia; those sites had higher infant mortality rates than all but one of the East Asian sites. For the
Tuesday, December 11, 12 Introduction
Previous surveys found a large (>10-fold) America,in
regressionlinesinNorth variation those withinfantmortalityrates above 30 per 1000 weregroupedas having a higherrate, those below30 as having
36. D. K. Kinney et al.
Mismatch, Fish Intake & Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 35 no. 3 pp. 582–595, 2009
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
Advance Access publication on April 8, 2009
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant
Mortality, and Skin Color: A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Dennis K. Kinney1–3, Pamela Teixeira2, Diane Hsu2, Siena derlie variations in schizophrenia prevalence deserves high
C. Napoleon2,4, David J. Crowley2, Andrea Miller2, priority.
William Hyman2, and Emerald Huang2
2
Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; 3De- Key words: epidemiology/etiology/immune function/
partment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; prenatal/geography/risk factor
4
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Fig. 2. Schizophrenia Prevalence and Latitude by Fish Intake.
Note: Error bars represent 95% confidence limits. The slopes of linear regression lines were 0.03 for sites with high fish intake, 0.21 for sites with
Previous surveys found a largeintake, and 0.17 forin
moderate fish (>10-fold) variation sitesIntroduction intake. For the subset of Scandinavian sites, the slope of linear regression for was 0.03 for
Tuesday, December 11, 12 with low fish
37. D. K. Kinney et al.
Mismatch, Fish Intake & Schizophrenia
Semmelweis
Reflex
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 35 no. 3 pp. 582–595, 2009
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
Advance Access publication on April 8, 2009
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant
Mortality, and Skin Color: A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Dennis K. Kinney1–3, Pamela Teixeira2, Diane Hsu2, Siena derlie variations in schizophrenia prevalence deserves high
C. Napoleon2,4, David J. Crowley2, Andrea Miller2, priority.
William Hyman2, and Emerald Huang2
2
Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; 3De- Key words: epidemiology/etiology/immune function/
partment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; prenatal/geography/risk factor
4
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Fig. 2. Schizophrenia Prevalence and Latitude by Fish Intake.
Note: Error bars represent 95% confidence limits. The slopes of linear regression lines were 0.03 for sites with high fish intake, 0.21 for sites with
Previous surveys found a largeintake, and 0.17 forin
moderate fish (>10-fold) variation sitesIntroduction intake. For the subset of Scandinavian sites, the slope of linear regression for was 0.03 for
Tuesday, December 11, 12 with low fish
38. e increased markedly economic status and healthcare, as indexed in our anal-
ysis by the infant mortality rate, appears to be a much
renia prevalence with weaker predictor of risk for schizophrenia than are lati-
d is not due simply to Mismatch, Skin Color & Schizophrenia
tude and winter temperature. A high infant mortality rate
tic and ascertainment
alysis of data collected
particularly informa-
t controlled for possi-
ences in prevalence at
investigative person-
were used to obtain
ent sites within the
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 35 no. 3 pp. 582–595, 2009
studied schizophrenia
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
Advance Access publication on April 8, 2009
ites in the same time
iagnostic criteria and
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant
data showedSkin very A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Mortality, and a Color:
with both latitude
w temperature (r =
Dennis K. Kinney1–3, Pamela Teixeira2, Diane Hsu2, Siena derlie variations in schizophrenia prevalence deserves high
C. Napoleon2,4, David J. Crowley2, Andrea Miller2, priority.
William Hyman2, and Emerald Huang2
cially wide variation in
2 Key words: epidemiology/etiology/immune function/
3
Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; De-
he equator, prevalenceSchool, Boston, MA; prenatal/geography/risk factor
partment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
4
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Fig. 3. Schizophrenia Prevalence and Latitude by Skin Color.
at is, for all groups and Note: Error bars represent 95% confidence limits. The slopes of the
Tuesday, December 11, 12 Introduction
Previous surveys found a large (>10-fold) variation in
39. e increased markedly economic status and healthcare, as indexed in our anal-
ysis by the infant mortality rate, appears to be a much
renia prevalence with weaker predictor of risk for schizophrenia than are lati-
d is not due simply to Mismatch, Skin Color & Schizophrenia
tude and winter temperature. A high infant mortality rate
tic and ascertainment
alysis of data collected Semmelweis
particularly informa- Reflex
t controlled for possi-
ences in prevalence at
investigative person-
were used to obtain
ent sites within the
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 35 no. 3 pp. 582–595, 2009
studied schizophrenia
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp023
Advance Access publication on April 8, 2009
ites in the same time
iagnostic criteria and
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant
data showedSkin very A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Mortality, and a Color:
with both latitude
w temperature (r =
Dennis K. Kinney1–3, Pamela Teixeira2, Diane Hsu2, Siena derlie variations in schizophrenia prevalence deserves high
C. Napoleon2,4, David J. Crowley2, Andrea Miller2, priority.
William Hyman2, and Emerald Huang2
cially wide variation in
2 Key words: epidemiology/etiology/immune function/
3
Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; De-
he equator, prevalenceSchool, Boston, MA; prenatal/geography/risk factor
partment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
4
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Fig. 3. Schizophrenia Prevalence and Latitude by Skin Color.
at is, for all groups and Note: Error bars represent 95% confidence limits. The slopes of the
Tuesday, December 11, 12 Introduction
Previous surveys found a large (>10-fold) variation in
40. Latitude and Infantile Autism
Grant, W. B. and C. M.
Soles (2009).
"Epidemiologic evidence
supporting the role of
maternal vitamin D
deficiency as a risk factor
for the development of
infantile autism."
Dermatoendocrinol 1(4):
223-228.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
41. Latitude and Infantile Autism
Semmelweis
Grant, W. B. and C. M.
Soles (2009).
Reflex
"Epidemiologic evidence
supporting the role of
maternal vitamin D
deficiency as a risk factor
for the development of
infantile autism."
Dermatoendocrinol 1(4):
223-228.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
42. Estimated deaths
per year would fall
by 37,000 people,
or about 16%-22%
of annual mortality
in Canada.
And, $14 billion
Tuesday, December 11, 12
43. Estimated deaths Semmelweis
per year would fall
by 37,000 people, Reflex
or about 16%-22%
of annual mortality
in Canada.
And, $14 billion
Tuesday, December 11, 12
44. Among pregnant women, lower Vitamin
D is associated with:
• Adverse fertility • Primary cesarean section
parameters (n = 2), (n = 1),
• Preeclampsia (n = 5), • Few days' (n = 2) shorter
gestation,
• Gestational diabetes or
higher blood glucose • And, postpartum
(n = 6), depression (n = 1)
• Bacterial vaginosis
(n = 4),
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012 Dec;91(12):1357-67. doi: 10.1111/
aogs.12000. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
The impact of vitamin D on pregnancy: a systematic review.
Christesen HT, Falkenberg T, Lamont RF, Jørgensen JS.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
45. Among pregnant women, lower Vitamin
D is associated with: Semmelweis
• Adverse fertility • Primary cesarean section Reflex
parameters (n = 2), (n = 1),
• Preeclampsia (n = 5), • Few days' (n = 2) shorter
gestation,
• Gestational diabetes or
higher blood glucose • And, postpartum
(n = 6), depression (n = 1)
• Bacterial vaginosis
(n = 4),
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012 Dec;91(12):1357-67. doi: 10.1111/
aogs.12000. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
The impact of vitamin D on pregnancy: a systematic review.
Christesen HT, Falkenberg T, Lamont RF, Jørgensen JS.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
46. • Reduced postpartum
depression
• Reduced lifetime
depression, including
bipolar disorder
• Increased child IQ
• Better academic success
• Reduced childhood
Vitamin D with mental, emotional, and
Omega-3 (fish) behavioural disorders
Hibbeln, J., J. M. Davis, et al. (2007). "Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental
outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study." The Lancet 369(9561): 578-585.
Hibbeln, J. R., L. R. Nieminen, et al. (2006). "Healthy intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations considering
worldwide diversity." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(6 Suppl): 1483S-1493S.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
47. • Reduced postpartum
depression
• Reduced lifetime Semmelweis
depression, including Reflex
bipolar disorder
• Increased child IQ
• Better academic success
• Reduced childhood
Vitamin D with mental, emotional, and
Omega-3 (fish) behavioural disorders
Hibbeln, J., J. M. Davis, et al. (2007). "Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental
outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study." The Lancet 369(9561): 578-585.
Hibbeln, J. R., L. R. Nieminen, et al. (2006). "Healthy intakes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations considering
worldwide diversity." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(6 Suppl): 1483S-1493S.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
56. Richly Reinforce
Pro-social Behaviors Reduce Toxic Influences
Limit Problematic Behaviors Increase Psychological Flexibility
Biglan, A., B. R. Flay, et al. (2012). "The critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human well-being." American Psychologist.
Tuesday, December 11, 12
57. How might we reduce
alcohol, tobacco, and
other drugs among
women of child
bearing age
Tuesday, December 11, 12
59. Trendline for humorous warnings on
binge drinking by women of child-rearing
No Warnings Humorous Warnings
Tuesday, December 11, 12
60. Trendline for humorous warnings on
binge drinking by women of child-rearing
No Warnings Humorous Warnings
20
16
Percentage
12
8
4
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Tuesday, December 11, 12
61. Trendline for humorous warnings on
binge drinking by women of child-rearing
No Warnings Humorous Warnings
20
16
Percentage
12
8
4
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Tuesday, December 11, 12
62. Trendline for humorous warnings on
binge drinking by women of child-rearing
No Warnings Humorous Warnings
20
16
Percentage
12
8
4
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Tuesday, December 11, 12
63. Rewarding Clerks & Stores for Not Welling to Minors
Youth Who Smoked During the Last 30 Days
Baseline Reward and Reminder
Youth Who Smoked Every Day the Last 30 Days
Baseline Reward and Reminder
45.0% 18.0%
Wyoming Wyoming
40.0% Youth Who Smoked During the Last 30 Days 16.0% Youth Who Smoked Every Day the Last 30 Days
35.0% Baseline Reward and Reminder 14.0% Baseline Reward and Reminder
45.0%
30.0% 18.0%
12.0%
Source: Youth Risk 25.0%
40.0%
Wyoming
16.0%
10.0%
Wyoming
Behavior Survey 20.0%
35.0%
8.0%
14.0%
(YRBS), Centers for 15.0%
30.0%
10.0%
6.0%
12.0%
4.0%
Disease Control 5.0%
25.0% 2.0%
10.0%
0.0%
20.0% 8.0%
18.0%
Wisconsin Wisconsin
40.0% 16.0%
15.0% 6.0%
35.0% 14.0%
10.0% 4.0%
30.0% 12.0%
5.0%
25.0% 2.0%
10.0%
20.0% 8.0%
0.0%
15.0% 6.0%
18.0%
10.0% Wisconsin 4.0% Wisconsin
40.0% 16.0%
5.0% 2.0%
35.0%
0.0% 14.0%
18.0%
30.0% United States 12.0% United States
40.0% 16.0%
25.0%
35.0% 10.0%
14.0%
30.0% 12.0%
20.0% 8.0%
25.0% 10.0%
15.0% 6.0%
20.0% 8.0%
10.0%
15.0% 4.0%
6.0%
10.0% 4.0%
5.0% 2.0%
5.0% 2.0%
0.0% Source: YRBS, US Centers for Disease Control Source: YRBS, US Centers for Disease Control
0.0% 0.0%
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 18.0% 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
United States United States
40.0% = Trend = Wyoming
16.0% = Wisconsin =United States
35.0% 14.0%
Tuesday, December 11, 12 30.0% 12.0%
64. Rewarding Clerks & Stores for Not Welling to Minors
Youth Who Smoked During the Last 30 Days
Baseline Reward and Reminder
Youth Who Smoked Every Day the Last 30 Days
Baseline Reward and Reminder
45.0% 18.0%
Wyoming Wyoming
40.0% Youth Who Smoked During the Last 30 Days 16.0% Youth Who Smoked Every Day the Last 30 Days
35.0% Baseline Reward and Reminder 14.0% Baseline Reward and Reminder
45.0%
30.0% 18.0%
12.0%
Source: Youth Risk 25.0%
40.0%
Wyoming
16.0%
10.0%
Wyoming
Behavior Survey 20.0%
35.0%
8.0%
14.0%
(YRBS), Centers for 15.0%
30.0%
10.0%
6.0%
12.0%
4.0%
Disease Control 5.0%
25.0% 2.0%
10.0%
0.0%
20.0% 8.0%
18.0%
Wisconsin Wisconsin
40.0% 16.0%
15.0% 6.0%
35.0% 14.0%
10.0% 4.0%
30.0% 12.0%
5.0%
25.0% 2.0%
10.0%
20.0% 8.0%
0.0%
15.0% 6.0%
18.0%
10.0% Wisconsin 4.0% Wisconsin
40.0% 16.0%
5.0% 2.0%
35.0%
0.0% 14.0%
18.0%
30.0% United States 12.0% United States
40.0% 16.0%
25.0%
35.0% 10.0%
14.0%
30.0% 12.0%
20.0% 8.0%
25.0% 10.0%
15.0% 6.0%
20.0% 8.0%
10.0%
15.0% 4.0%
6.0%
10.0% 4.0%
5.0% 2.0%
5.0% 2.0%
0.0% Source: YRBS, US Centers for Disease Control Source: YRBS, US Centers for Disease Control
0.0% 0.0%
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 18.0% 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
United States United States
40.0% = Trend = Wyoming
16.0% = Wisconsin =United States
35.0% 14.0%
Tuesday, December 11, 12 30.0% 12.0%
65. Wait for the Timer for tobacco addictions with SMI/CMI
Antecedent
Kernel
Happens
BEFORE the
behavior
Tuesday, December 11, 12
68. Lifespan example of one kernel for
prevention, intervention and
treatment
Reinforcement
Kernel
Happens AFTER
the behavior
Available from Amazon.com for $45
Tuesday, December 11, 12
71. Epigenesis Social Biological
Environmental Inputs
These
Genesis
Epigenetics are Nurturing or Toxic polygenes
Environments,
heritable Disease, or can be
changes in Threats “added”,
gene expression “subtracted”,
caused by “divided”, or
mechanisms “multiplied.”
M
g
or
lin
Phosphorlyation
other than
ph
na
og
Acetylation
changes in the
Sig
en
Methylation
underlying DNA
sis
Histone Remodeling
sequence. Chromatin Stucture Changes
Development Immunity Stem Cell Changes Imprinting
These changes
Parent,
can pass 1st Generation
Three
through multiple Generation Baby,
generations. Effects 2nd Generation
Reproductive Cells,
3rd Generation
Tuesday, December 11, 12
72. Thank you
Dennis D. Embry
dde@paxis.org
Tuesday, December 11, 12