The story of the bully is very old. You can read descriptions of bullies in the Old Testament. Bullying seems to be increasing. Why is that? Why is it that aggressive, disturbing and disruptive behaviors have steadily increased in America—much more than other rich countries? We see bullying at preschool, at elementary school, in secondary school. We see bullying in the workplace, in the media, in every walk of life imaginable. Why is this so? What has happened that this behavior is more prevalent? The causes of being a bully and being bully victim have increasingly intriguing scientific findings. This presentation outlines what might underlying causes of the increase and the implications for larger action in society. We will look a biology, the brain, behavior and even evolutionary findings to get a deeper understanding for action. Some of the causes of being a bully and being a bully victim will surprise you, and will lay the foundation for a culture freer of bullying.
Similar to CAPE MAY: A Different Scientific Perspective About the Causes and Cures of Bullying, and: (ADHD, Obesity, Crime, Substance Abuse and More) (13)
CAPE MAY: A Different Scientific Perspective About the Causes and Cures of Bullying, and: (ADHD, Obesity, Crime, Substance Abuse and More)
1. A Different Scientific Perspective About
the Causes and Cures of Bullying, and:
(ADHD, Obesity, Crime, Substance Abuse and More)
Dennis D. Embry, Ph.D.,president/senior scientist, PAXIS Institute
Co-investigator, Johns Hopkins Center for Prevention & Early Intervention
Scientific advisor, Healthy Child Manitoba,
Co-Investigator, School of Medicine, Yale University
Cape May, March 22, New Jersey, USA • Copyright 2012, PAXIS Institute. All rights reserved.
15. America speaks…
77% believe prevention will save money
72% say investing in prevention, because it will prevent disease and save
lives
57% say they support prevention programs for health and quality-of-life
reasons
21% say they support prevention to lower costs
16. Hearing the Heart of America…
59% believe the nation needs
to put more emphasis on
prevention
This is a 20% increase over 20
years
18. Is this the
future we
want for
America? See video of the story on prisons costing much more than all
state supported universities in Arizona
19. What if…crime or delinquency
could be reduced by 50% in a
decade?
20. What if mental illnesses from ADHD to Depression to
Schizophrenia could be reduced by 50% in a decade?
21. What if obesity and related illnesses like asthma
or diabetes were reduced by 50% in a decade?
22. What if bullying and suicides could be reduced by
50% in a decade?
23. What if tobacco, alcohol, illegal drug & prescription
abuse were reduced by 50% in a decade?
24. What if child maltreatment were reduced by 50%
in a decade?
25. What would happen to America over the
next decade if all these these problems
were reduced by large margins?
26. What would happen to America over the
next decade if all these these problems
were reduced by large margins?
What good things might happen to
America over the next decade if our
children, youth and adults were smarter
and healthier in body, behavior, mind
and spirit?
27. What would we, in this room, could we do
personally today to help make these things happen?
29. Obesity
Conduct
Disorders
Homicide
& Suicide
Early Sex
Early
Pregnancy
Addictions
Aggression
Asthma
Disabilities
How are these all related to the same causes?
34. Humans have been the principle predator of other
humans since the invention of stone tools…
35. Friend Foe
“Us” “Them”
The principal source of safety of humans has been
other humans…
36. Three evolutionary
mechanism for today’s
mental gymnastics for
heartfelt & principled
protection of our futures…
Evolutionary Mismatches
Evolutionary Bottlenecks
Epigensis
37. Selection by Consequences –
A Meta-Theory with a Fractal Pattern
A Fractal is a repeated Selection Level Consequences
pattern at many levels Selection of Genes
Genes
Evolution of species
Cells
Epigensis
Bodies
Individual Behaviors Wiring of neurons
Group Behaviors Human development
Organizational Actions Selection of behaviors
Language Reproductive behaviors
Economies Behavioral economics
Species Groups Organization behavior
Language /Cultural evolution
38. Social Biological
Epigenesis Environmental Inputs Genesis
Nurturing or Toxic
Epigenetics are Environments, These
heritable Disease, or polygenes
Threats
changes in can be
gene expression “added”,
caused by “subtracted”,
M
mechanisms g “divided”, or
or
lin
Phosphorlyation
ph
other than “multiplied.”
na
og
Acetylation
Sig
en
changes in the Methylation
sis
underlying DNA Histone Remodeling
Chromatin Stucture Changes
sequence.
Development Immunity Stem Cell Changes Imprinting
These changes Parent,
can pass Three 1st Generation
through multiple Generation Baby,
2nd Generation
Effects
generations.
Reproductive Cells,
3rd Generation
46. Daily Movement & Brain Food
Physical Activity Deficiency
Human
Evolutionary
Mismatches
Ratio/Rate of
Sleep
Reinforcement for
Sufficiency
Prosocial Acts
47. The America’s First Peoples…
26,000 to 12,000 B.E. 1491 AD Disease & War Extermination,
OriginalHuman Marginalization,
Migrations to & Suppression
North America
30,000,000
300,000
≈ Souls in ≈ Souls
North America
Residential
Schools;
Western Diet
Evolutionary bottleneck
48. The America’s First Peoples…
26,000 to 12,000 B.E. 1491 AD Disease & War Extermination,
OriginalHuman Marginalization,
Migrations to & Suppression
North America
30,000,000
300,000
≈ Souls in ≈ Souls
Today
North America
Residential
Schools;
Western Diet
Evolutionary bottleneck
49. Slavery The Great
African Americans 1863
Middle
… 1500’s to Passage
Institution
of Slavery
Jim
Crow
Migration
North
Original Human
Populations in Africa
Continuing
≈Capture Trauma
30% to Separation,
Exposure
50% + violence,
to Toxins
mortality malnutrition
Evolutionary bottleneck
50. Slavery The Great
African Americans 1863
Middle
… 1500’s to Passage
Institution
of Slavery
Jim
Crow
Migration
North
Original Human
Populations in Africa
Continuing
≈Capture Trauma
today
30% to Separation,
Exposure
50% + violence,
to Toxins
mortality malnutrition
Evolutionary bottleneck
51. Example Lasting Effects of Evolutionary Bottlenecks
US Blacks Barbados St. Lucia Jamaica
Popular political pundits say: Cameroon (urban) Cameroon (Rural) Nigeria (Rural)
“Slavery is over. Jim Crow is 40%
Slavery Exposure No Slavery Exposure
over. Everybody should be over
30%
all this.”
Evolution is bigger than pundits, 20%
and epigensis is a solution to a
10%
past evolutionary problem that
might come back. Evolution is 0%
Hi Blood Pressure Percentage
Source: Scientific American, February, 1999
52. Airborne lead levels
predict homicide &
delinquency…
African Americans have higher lead
levels in the same geographic area
as other peoples.
African Americans absorb lead
more readily.
Incarcerated African Americans
have the highest lead levels.
Lead is concentrated in the old
industrial North, where African
Americans migrated in after WWII.
53. Audited Life Path of a Male Convicted Criminal , “Billy”
Age 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Birth
ADHD ODD A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D
DSM IV TS CD SA SA SA SA SA SA SA
Labels depression
anxiety
Self-Rep. Likes Stole Binge Daily Meth & IV
Violent TV Cigarettes Drinking Marijuana Other Drugs Use
School SD SD LD LD LD SED Dropout
Labels
Medical Prenatal Unintentional Injuries Sexually Serious Hepatitis C
Smoking Ashtma Transmitted Car Crash
Notes & Intentional Diseases Gunshot
Low Birth Weight
Bio Fussy,Irritable
Injuries at
Fathers
Wound
Fathers
School
Markers Mom is 16.5 years old Underactive Child Child
Low omega-3 Beh. Inhibition Reduced Prefontal Function
Serotonin System Lower Resting Heart Rate Case study
Police Mom DV
Records Has
Abused Assault
Calls by Mom's at School Theft
Various Drug sales; Armed
Felony Assault Robbery
from Reclaim-
Multiple Live-in Witness Complaints; ing Wyoming
Offenses Homicde Truancy
Blueprint by
Legend Embry and
ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder SA = Substance Abuse
TS = Tourette's Syndrome (tics diagnosed) SD = Speech Delay Rodgers, 2002,
ODD
A/D
=
=
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
LD
SED
=
=
Learning Disabilityr
Severe Emotional Disorder
for Wyoming
CD = Conduct Disorder Legislature
54. Audited Life Path of a Male Convicted Criminal , “Billy”
When could this path
Age 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
have been altered
Birth
based on scientific
ADHD ODD A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D
evidence?
DSM IV TS CD SA SA SA SA SA SA SA
Labels depression
anxiety
Self-Rep. Likes Stole Binge Daily Meth & IV
Violent TV Cigarettes Drinking Marijuana Other Drugs Use
School SD SD LD LD LD SED Dropout
Labels
Medical Prenatal Unintentional Injuries Sexually Serious Hepatitis C
Smoking Ashtma Transmitted Car Crash
Notes & Intentional Diseases Gunshot
Low Birth Weight
Bio Fussy,Irritable
Injuries at
Fathers
Wound
Fathers
School
Markers Mom is 16.5 years old Underactive Child Child
Low omega-3 Beh. Inhibition Reduced Prefontal Function
Serotonin System Lower Resting Heart Rate Case study
Police Mom DV
Records Has
Abused Assault
Calls by Mom's at School Theft
Various Drug sales; Armed
Felony Assault Robbery
from Reclaim-
Multiple Live-in Witness Complaints; ing Wyoming
Offenses Homicde Truancy
Blueprint by
Legend Embry and
ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder SA = Substance Abuse
TS = Tourette's Syndrome (tics diagnosed) SD = Speech Delay Rodgers, 2002,
ODD
A/D
=
=
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
LD
SED
=
=
Learning Disabilityr
Severe Emotional Disorder
for Wyoming
CD = Conduct Disorder Legislature
55. Audited Life Path of a Male Convicted Criminal , “Billy”
When could this path
Age 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
have been altered
Birth
based on scientific
ADHD ODD A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D
evidence?
DSM IV TS CD SA SA SA SA SA SA SA
Labels depression
anxiety
Self-Rep. Likes Stole
Violent TV Cigarettes
Binge
Drinking
Daily
Marijuana
Meth & IV
Other Drugs Use What is the cost of
human suffering to
School SD SD LD LD LD SED Dropout
Labels
Medical
Notes &
Prenatal Unintentional Injuries
Smoking Ashtma
Sexually Serious
Transmitted Car Crash
Hepatitis C
this family, victims,
Intentional
and society?
Low Birth Weight Diseases Gunshot
Bio Fussy,Irritable
Injuries at
Fathers
Wound
Fathers
School
Markers Mom is 16.5 years old Underactive Child Child
Low omega-3 Beh. Inhibition Reduced Prefontal Function
Serotonin System Lower Resting Heart Rate Case study
Police Mom DV
Records Has
Abused Assault
Calls by Mom's at School Theft
Various Drug sales; Armed
Felony Assault Robbery
from Reclaim-
Multiple Live-in Witness Complaints; ing Wyoming
Offenses Homicde Truancy
Blueprint by
Legend Embry and
ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder SA = Substance Abuse
TS = Tourette's Syndrome (tics diagnosed) SD = Speech Delay Rodgers, 2002,
ODD
A/D
=
=
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
LD
SED
=
=
Learning Disabilityr
Severe Emotional Disorder
for Wyoming
CD = Conduct Disorder Legislature
56. Audited Life Path of a Male Convicted Criminal , “Billy”
When could this path
Age 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
have been altered
Birth
based on scientific
ADHD ODD A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D A/D
evidence?
DSM IV TS CD SA SA SA SA SA SA SA
Labels depression
anxiety
Self-Rep. Likes Stole
Violent TV Cigarettes
Binge
Drinking
Daily
Marijuana
Meth & IV
Other Drugs Use What is the cost of
human suffering to
School SD SD LD LD LD SED Dropout
Labels
Medical
Notes &
Prenatal Unintentional Injuries
Smoking Ashtma
Sexually Serious
Transmitted Car Crash
Hepatitis C
this family, victims,
Intentional
and society?
Low Birth Weight Diseases Gunshot
Bio Fussy,Irritable
Injuries at
Fathers
Wound
Fathers
School
Markers Mom is 16.5 years old Underactive Child Child
Low omega-3 Beh. Inhibition Reduced Prefontal Function
Serotonin System Lower Resting Heart Rate Case study
Police Mom DV Abused Assault Various Drug sales; Armed from Reclaim-
What are the costs of
Records Has Calls by Mom's at School Theft Felony Assault Robbery
Multiple Live-in Witness Complaints; ing Wyoming
Offenses Homicde Truancy
Blueprint by
ADHD =
Legend
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder SA = Substance Abuse
Embry and evidence-based
TS
ODD
=
=
Tourette's Syndrome (tics diagnosed)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
SD
LD
=
=
Speech Delay
Learning Disabilityr
Rodgers, 2002,
for Wyoming
practices to avert?
A/D = Antisocial Personality Disorder SED = Severe Emotional Disorder
CD = Conduct Disorder Legislature
57. If modern society is to flourish for all,
we must alter the predator-prey
relationships between human groups.
This means fewer humans as prey,
This means fewer humans as predators;
This means more humans as cooperators.
58. Whether the talon, claw or weapon
carries human rank or authority
matters not to the blind engine of evolution
when trying to suppress one group of
humans in favor of another.
Life finds a way.
60. Redness, rubor, a response of body
tissues to injury or irritation; characterized
by pain and swelling and redness and
heat.
Excitation, excitement, fervor, fervour the
state of being emotionally aroused and
worked up
Inflaming arousal to violent emotion
Firing, ignition, kindling, lighting
Hypothesis: Evolutionary “inflammatory” processes
63. K R
Path Path
Evolutionary Path
of a Child’s Life
Probability of short-life and
Probability of long-life and doubtful reproductive success
reproductive success
64. Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response
Major Connected Ecologic Causes of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
65. Mood Lo Reward Lo Executive Lo Behavioral
Inattention Delay Function
Instability Competencies
Poor Immune-
Motor Healing
Skills Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Dysfunction
Major Connected Ecologic Causes of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
66. Substance Work Obesity,
Early Mental Illness Violence Cancer School
Abuse Problems etc
Sex Failure
Mood Lo Reward Lo Executive Lo Behavioral
Inattention Delay Function
Instability Competencies
Poor Immune-
STD’s Motor Healing Special
Skills Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Dysfunction Ed
Major Connected Ecologic Causes of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Reinforcement Antecedents Physiological Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
67. Obesity
Conduct
Disorders
Homicide
& Suicide
Early Sex
Early
Pregnancy
Addictions
Aggression
Asthma
Disabilities
R PATH = risky adolescence, predator and prey
72. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
73. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
74. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
Behavior
20%
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
75. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
Behavior
20%
Mood
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
76. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
Substance
Behavior
20%
Mood
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
77. Nearly 3 out of 4 of United States 17- to 24-year-olds are
ineligible for military service for based on national
epidemiological data (not service entrance exams)
Medical/physical problems, 35
percent.
Illegal drug use, 18 percent.
Mental Category V (the lowest 10
percent of the population), 9
percent.
Too many dependents under age
18, 6 percent.
Criminal record, 5 percent.
Army Times, Nov 5, 2009 • www.missionreadiness.org/PAEE0609.pd
78. Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by
young adulthood: a prospective cohort analysis
from the Great Smoky Mountains Study.
By 21 years of age,
61.1% of participants
had met criteria for a
well-specified psychiatric
disorder. An additional
21.4% had met criteria
for a not otherwise
specified disorder only,
increasing the total
cumulative prevalence
for any disorder to
82.5%.
79. The US has 75
million children
and teens.
40.4 million are
on psychotropic
medications
Wall Street Journal, 12-28-2010
80. Participant brain buzz…
a) What does these trends mean for the future?
b) What must change to fix these trends?
81. Evolutionary Mismatches Evolutionary Consequences
Change in Increased
Genes Cancer
Rise in Increased
Obesity
Autism
Rates
Rise in Rise in ATOD
Addictions Increased
Depression Aggression
Rates Rates
Schizo.
New cultural trends predict new challenges and risks
82. Evolutionary Mismatches Evolutionary Consequences
Change in Increased
Genes Cancer
Lower Rates Rise in Increased
of Positive Obesity
Reinforcement Autism
Rates
Rise in Rise in ATOD
Addictions Increased
Depression Aggression
Rates Rates
Schizo.
New cultural trends predict new challenges and risks
83. Evolutionary Mismatches Evolutionary Consequences
Fear of Reduced
Violence & Outdoor
Vitamin D Change in Increased
Deficiency Genes
Crime Activities Cancer
Increased Lower Rates Rise in Increased
Electronic of Positive Obesity
Media Use Reinforcement Autism
Rates
Rise in Rise in ATOD
Omega 3 Addictions Increased
Fatty Acid Depression Aggression
Deficiency Rates Rates
Schizo.
New cultural trends predict new challenges and risks
85. Apparent consumption ofl inoleic acid (% of dietary energy) among
Australia, Canada, UK and USA for the years 1961–2000
10 Australia Canada UK USA
Apparent consumption of linoleic acid
9
8
7
(% energy)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Evolution Neonates Breast Milk “Risky” Beh.
In the Rife Valley, the Successful human American infants have Almost all adolescent
human brain neonates born with been getting steadily risky behaviors have
evolution the result of 60-day supply of less omega-3 (n3) and now been documented
eating fish high in omega-3 in more pro-inflammatory to be related to low n3
omega-3 not subcutaneous fat omega-6 (n6) in breast and high n6 in US diet
savannah animals from mother’s diet milk change in last 50 years
See Broadhurst, Cunnane, & See HIbbeln et al. (2007).Maternal See Ailhaud et al. (2006).Temporal
Crawford (1998). Rift Valley lake seafood consumption in pregnancy changes in dietary fats: Role of n6
fish and shellfish provided brain- and neurodevelopmental outcomes in polyunsaturated fatty acids in Hibbeln et al. (2006). Healthy intakes
specific nutrition for childhood (ALSPAC study): an excessive adipose tissue of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: estimations
early Homo observational cohort study development and relationship to considering worldwide diversity.
obesity
Physiological Adaptation
86. Out of Africa migration Stringer, C. Nature 2000; 405: 24-26
101. Increasing Mismatch Causes Homicides
Homicide Rate
10
8
6
4
United 2000
2000
1961
Kingdom Canada
2
2000
1961
1961 Australia
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Lo Hi
Omega 3 Deficiency
102. Increasing Mismatch Causes Homicides
Homicide Rate
10
8
6 1988
4 1961 Argentina
United 2000
2000
1961
Kingdom Canada
2
2000
1961
1961 Australia
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Lo Hi
Omega 3 Deficiency
103. Increasing Mismatch Causes Homicides
Homicide Rate
1985
10
United
8 States
6 1988 1999
1961
4 1961 Argentina
United 2000
2000
1961
Kingdom Canada
2
2000
1961
1961 Australia
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Lo Hi
Omega 3 Deficiency
Editor's Notes
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MISSION: READINESS\nIn a study being released Thursday Nov 5, 2009 in Washington, Education Secretary Arne Duncan and a group of retired military officers led by former Army Gen. Wesley Clark will sound the alarm bells and call young Americans’ relative lack of overall fitness for military duty a national security threat. The group, Mission: Readiness, will release a report that draws on Pentagon data showing that 75 percent of the nation’s 17- to 24-year-olds are ineligible for service for a variety of reasons.\n\nPut another way, only 4.7 million of the 31.2 million 17- to 24-year-olds in a 2007 survey are eligible to enlist, according to a periodic survey commissioned by the Pentagon. This group includes those who have scored in the top four categories on the Armed Forces Qualification Test, or AQFT; eligible college graduates; and qualified college students.\n\nAccording to the Pentagon, the ineligible population breaks down this way:\n\n•Medical/physical problems, 35 percent.\n•Illegal drug use, 18 percent.\n•Mental Category V (the lowest 10 percent of the population), 9 percent.\n•Too many dependents under age 18, 6 percent.\n•Criminal record, 5 percent.\n
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There are now studies showing that grades and behavior improve in school when children and teens increase their daily intake of omega-3 brain food. \n\nIn a randomized study on Durham school district in the England, children got omega-3 or placebo. During the first 3 months the average gain for children taking fatty acids was 9.5 months for reading and 6.5 months for spelling. Yes, this was very statistically significant. Notice the improvement in writing skills, as an example of change.\n\nLater the children who got the placebo received omega-3, and their results then improved.\n\n\n
When people consume lots of the omega 6s, they are 2.5 times more likely to develop depression, compared to people who consume omega-3‘s. Depression in the United States has been steadily increasing, and our young people consume the most omega-6’s in the world.\n
When people consume lots of the omega 6s, they are 2.5 times more likely to develop depression, compared to people who consume omega-3‘s. Depression in the United States has been steadily increasing, and our young people consume the most omega-6’s in the world.\n
When people consume lots of the omega 6s, they are 2.5 times more likely to develop depression, compared to people who consume omega-3‘s. Depression in the United States has been steadily increasing, and our young people consume the most omega-6’s in the world.\n
When people consume lots of the omega 6s, they are 2.5 times more likely to develop depression, compared to people who consume omega-3‘s. Depression in the United States has been steadily increasing, and our young people consume the most omega-6’s in the world.\n
When people consume lots of the omega 6s, they are 2.5 times more likely to develop depression, compared to people who consume omega-3‘s. Depression in the United States has been steadily increasing, and our young people consume the most omega-6’s in the world.\n
Too much omega 6—the bad brain food—hurts intelligence and school performance. American children have the highest levels of omega-6 in the world, and countries like Japan have the lowest level. And which country has children scoring high on standardized achievement tests?\n
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Explain:\n\nBilly’s behavior can be predicted by a mathematical formula—just like many things in nature can be predicted by a formula. The formula is simple just like E=MC2 by Einstein is simple—though powerful and complex in many ways.\n
So here is our estimate of the frequency of reinforcement for PAX and the reinforcement of Spleems. What does that mean for the amount of PAX time wherein the conditions of teaching and learning favor success?\n
And the answer?\n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
The question is how to solve the situation. \n
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Preventing Sleep Deprivation\nThe IOM Report (IOM, page 212) points out that there is a need for a public campaign to increase healthy sleep among the nation’s children and youth to prevent mental, emotional and behavioral disorders—including risk of addictions.1-4 Good sleep also reduces obesity in children and young adults.5-7\nSleep deprivation is rapidly increasing in children and teens—by virtue of electronic media (e.g., cellphones, instant messaging, TV’s and electronic games in children’s bedrooms) is now firmly linked to increased risk of ATOD use and other problematic behaviors for multiple biological, media modeling, and adverse norming reasons.\nOur children today sleep a lot less than children just 10-20 years ago. The lack of sleep, even as a young child, significantly predicts getting drunk, stoned, or in trouble with the law including for violence as well as doing poorly in school.4 8-11 The reason is not more homework or family stress. The reason is simple: Children’s bedrooms today are like electronic super-stores—often with a TV, a computer, electronic games, and now cell phones.10 12-20 These electronic things are a lot more exciting and sleep depriving than reading a book under the covers with a flashlight.20 When parents significantly reduce use of these things—especially in children’s bedrooms—children and teens are healthier, less irritable, do better in school and less likely to get into all manner of trouble.21 22 There are some strategies to slim your child’s media diet if families are unsure what to do.23\nBibliography\n1. Abe T, Hagihara A, Nobutomo K. Sleep patterns and impulse control among Japanese junior high school students. J Adolesc 2009.2. Holm SM, Forbes EE, Ryan ND, Phillips ML, Tarr JA, Dahl RE. Reward-related brain function and sleep in pre/early pubertal and mid/late pubertal adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2009;45(4):326-34.3. Wong CJ, Sheppard J-M, Dallery J, Bedient G, Robles E, Svikis D, et al. Effects of reinforcer magnitude on data-entry productivity in chronically unemployed drug abusers participating in a therapeutic workplace. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology 2003;11(1):46-55.4. Wong MM, Brower KJ, Fitzgerald HE, Zucker RA. Sleep problems in early childhood and early onset of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 2004;28(4):578-87.5. Nielsen LS, Danielsen KV, Sorensen TI. Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Obes Rev 2010.6. Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 2008;31(5):619-26.7. Al Mamun A, Lawlor DA, Cramb S, O'Callaghan M, Williams G, Najman J. Do childhood sleeping problems predict obesity in young adulthood? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2007;166(12):1368-73.8. Chervin RD, Dillon JE, Archbold KH, Ruzicka DL. Conduct problems and symptoms of sleep disorders in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2003;42(2):201-08.9. Owens J, Maxim R, McGuinn M, Nobile C, Msall M, Alario A. Television-viewing habits and sleep disturbance in school children. Pediatrics 1999;104(3):e27.10. Dworak M, Schierl T, Bruns T, Str¸der HK. Impact of singular excessive computer game and television exposure on sleep patterns and memory performance of school-aged children. Pediatrics 2007;120(5):978-85.11. Meijer AM. Chronic sleep reduction, functioning at school and school achievement in preadolescents. Journal of Sleep Research 2008;17(4):395-405.12. Van den Bulck J. Television viewing, computer game playing, and Internet use and self-reported time to bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children.[see comment]. Sleep 2004;27(1):101-4.13. Van den Bulck J. Text messaging as a cause of sleep interruption in adolescents, evidence from a cross-sectional study. Journal of Sleep Research 2003;12(3):263-63.14. Tazawa Y, Okada K. Physical signs associated with excessive television-game playing and sleep deprivation. Pediatrics International 2001;43(6):647-50.15. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, First MB, Brook JS. Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood.[see comment]. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(6):562-8.16. Thompson DA, Christakis DA. The association between television viewing and irregular sleep schedules among children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics 2005;116(4):851-6.17. Paavonen EJ, Pennonen M, Roine M, Valkonen S, Lahikainen AR. TV exposure associated with sleep disturbances in 5- to 6-year-old children. Journal of Sleep Research 2006;15(2):154-61.18. Toyran M, Ozmert E, Yurdakok K. Television viewing and its effect on physical health of schoolage children. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2002;44(3):194-203.19. Borzekowski DLG, Robinson TN. The Remote, the Mouse, and the No. 2 Pencil: The Household Media Environment and Academic Achievement Among Third Grade Students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159(7):607-13.20. Suganuma N, Kikuchi T, Yanagi K, Yamamura S, Morishima H, Adachi H, et al. Using electronic media before sleep can curtail sleep time and result in self-perceived insufficient sleep. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2007;5(3):204-14.21. Barkin SL, Finch SA, Ip EH, Scheindlin B, Craig JA, Steffes J, et al. Is Office-Based Counseling About Media Use, Timeouts, and Firearm Storage Effective? Results From a Cluster-Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 2008;122(1):e15-25.22. Gorin A, Raynor H, Chula-Maguire K, Wing R. Decreasing household television time: A pilot study of a combined behavioral and environmental intervention. Behavioral Interventions 2006;21(4):273-80.23. Jordan AB, Hersey JC, McDivitt JA, Heitzler CD. Reducing Children's Television-Viewing Time: A Qualitative Study of Parents and Their Children. Pediatrics 2006;118(5):e1303-10.\n
Sleep deprivation is particularly a problem for children. In studies of elementary aged children, nearly 40% had some type of sleep problem, 15% exhibited bedtime resistance and 10% had daytime sleepiness. Nearly half of teens reported at least occasional difficulty in falling or staying asleep and almost 13% experiencing chronic and severe insomnia. This lack of sleep greatly affects mood, behavior, and academic performance. In pediatric research, poor sleepers reported being significantly more depressed and were even more likely to have a negative self-image. They were also more likely to exhibit negative behavior patterns and inferior coping behaviors and have more behavioral problems at home and in school. One study showed that students that students with C’s, D’s and F’s went to bed an average of 40 minutes later and got 20 minutes less sleep than A students. Insufficient sleep has also been associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), lower social skills and learning difficulties.\n
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Here is one example of an experimental study to reduce TV and electronic media.\n\nRobinson, T. N., M. L. Wilde, et al. (2001). "Effects of reducing children's television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial.[see comment]." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 155(1): 17-23.CONTEXT: The relationship between exposure to aggression in the media and children's aggressive behavior is well documented. However, few potential solutions have been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of reducing television, videotape, and video game use on aggressive behavior and perceptions of a mean and scary world. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, school-based trial. \nSETTING: Two sociodemographically and scholastically matched public elementary schools in San Jose, Calif. PARTICIPANTS: Third- and fourth-grade students (mean age, 8.9 years) and their parents or guardians. \nINTERVENTION: Children in one elementary school received an 18-lesson, 6-month classroom curriculum to reduce television, videotape, and video game use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In September (preintervention) and April (postintervention) of a single school year, children rated their peers' aggressive behavior and reported their perceptions of the world as a mean and scary place. A 60% random sample of children were observed for physical and verbal aggression on the playground. Parents were interviewed by telephone and reported aggressive and delinquent behaviors on the child behavior checklist. The primary outcome measure was peer ratings of aggressive behavior. \nRESULTS: Compared with controls, children in the intervention group had statistically significant decreases in peer ratings of aggression (adjusted mean difference, -2.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.6 to -0.2; P =.03) and observed verbal aggression (adjusted mean difference, -0.10 act per minute per child; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.03; P =.01). Differences in observed physical aggression, parent reports of aggressive behavior, and perceptions of a mean and scary world were not statistically significant but favored the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: An intervention to reduce television, videotape, and video game use decreases aggressive behavior in elementary schoolchildren. These findings support the causal influences of these media on aggression and the potential benefits of reducing children's media use.\n
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Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n
Theodore, A. D., Chang, J. J., Runyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115(3), e331-337. These investigators examined the extent of the underestimate of child maltreatment, one of the few studies to do so. Here is the abstract.Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies. Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports. Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced. Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports. Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children <2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states. Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.\n