Week 1, Lecture B Do We Need A GovernmentOften we use words .docxcelenarouzie
Week 1, Lecture B: "Do We Need A Government?"
Often we use words like freedom and liberty without ever thinking about what these words mean. We assume that we all mean the same thing by these words; however, in reality, we all live by different personal definitions of freedom and liberty. Our definitions are not based on a dictionary but are informed by our unique personal life experiences. Consider the diversity even in this course. How might someone understand words like liberty and freedom from a background, culture, age, gender, or even race that is different from yours? Each of us has a unique story that has brought us to this point – and each of our stories is intrinsically valuable and important.
If we think about this level of diversity – how and why do such different individuals come together to exist together in a society?
The State of Nature, or Life Without Government
Simply, freedom and liberty are not the same thing. Let’s consider what we mean by freedom. For our purposes, freedom is doing whatever you want to do, whenever you want to do it.
If everyone had absolute freedom and could do whatever they wanted whenever they wanted what would our world look like? What would our relationships with each other look like?
These are the questions that political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke asked. These are also question that our founders asked as they pondered the creation of a new nation. They called this condition of absolute freedom the State of Nature – a state in which people lived in absolute freedom with no social structures or government.
For Hobbes, life in this state of nature looked very terrible. Hobbes described the state of nature as:
“In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short…”
Additionally, Hobbes suggested:
“For before constitution of sovereign power, as hath already been shown, all men had right to all things, which necessarily causeth war.”
For Hobbes, freedom was each individual having the right to all things. If you have new car, in the state of nature, I have right to take your new car – even by force and violence.
Hobbes is saying that in the state of nature, or trying to live life without government, no form of cooperation between individuals is possible and thus there will be no grocery stores, no computers, no smartphones, no art, and each individual will suffer a very quick and violent death.
The founders of our nation shared Hobbes’ fairly pessimistic outlook regarding human nature. James Madison famously wrote i.
Hello, I need answers for those multiple questions. It is for P.docxaidaclewer
Hello, I need answers for those
multiple
questions. It is for P
hilosophy Intro to Ethics.
It must be done in one hour.
You must be an expert in
philosophy. I need all them correct,
The area of ethics known as "meta-ethics" is concerned with:
The thought of Socrates
The thought of Plato
The consequences of ethical decisions
The questions that may need to be answered before talking about issues of right and wrong.
Plato's "Republic" is a dialogue between various characters. The character who defends the view that moral action is doing what is in the best interest of those with less power is:
Socrates
Plato
Thrasymachus
Aristotle
Which of the following was NOT one of the positions on human nature that we examined in these modules?
That human nature is basically good
That human nature is basically bad
That human nature can be partiallly explained in terms of animal nature
That "human nature" is an indefinable concept
Why is the study of human nature so significant to ethics? Because...
...if we had no nature at all, then only God's divine law would prevail
...if we could determine what our nature was, then we would know what was best for us
...if we could determine whether human nature was basically good or bad, then we could jettison all ethical theory
...if we determine that there are too many competing theories of human nature, then living in society becomes impossible
For Aristotle, being virtuous is not about doing the right acts and avoiding the wrong ones, but rather
ethics is about subordinating women to men's wishes
ethics is about caring for each other
ethics is about obeying one's superiors
ethics is about a state of being, namely being virtuous
For Thomas Hobbes, morality comes from the "right of Nature," which is our right to what?
To self-preservation
To revolution against an unfair government
To property
To take as many resources as we can defend
Which human trait does Rousseau think that we would be lost without, and which is the basis of "laws, moral habits, and virtues"?
Rationality
Empathy
Pity
Self-interest
David Hume and Immanuel Kant agree on which one of the following four propositions?
Morality is based in our sympathy for other human beings
Morality is an expression of duties that we have regardless of our emotions or desires.
What is viewed as moral or immoral is relative to different cultures
The demands of morality are not about achieving our own self-interest
What is cultural relativism?
The view that there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures
The view that because there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures, there cannot be any universally true moral principles
The view that because there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures, what each culture believes is right is right for that culture, even if other cultures differ
The view that ther ...
· Minimum of 1 scholarly sourceIntroductionSocial contract the.docxalinainglis
· Minimum of 1 scholarly source
Introduction
Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well.
Hobbes runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism:
1. We are all self-interested.
2. Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests.
3. We need moral rules in order to establish and maintain a cooperative social order.
4. Therefore, self-interest motivates us to establish moral rules.
Hobbes looked to the past to observe a primitive “State of Nature” in which there is no such thing as morality, and that this self-interested human nature was "nasty, brutish, and short" – a kind of perpetual state of warfare.
Locke disagreed, and set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right – and sometimes the duty – to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke addressed Hobbes's claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to "some men" not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action themselves to punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature.
Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, address the following:
· Which philosophy do you espouse?
· How much authority should be granted to governments (e.g., the right to kill (death penalty/capital punishment/use of deadly force)? How much would you give up in return for safety?
· If you side with Hobbes, do you support at any point recourse if the government violates its own contract (if so, you probably have a bit of Locke in your thinking)?
.
human nature Essay
Human Nature: Good or Evil? Essay
Human Nature Essay
Maus Essay On Human Nature
Human Nature Essay
Shakespeare Human Nature
Human Nature Essay
Essay on Principles of Human Nature
Nature And Human Essay
Humans Nature
Similar to Thomashobbes 101024130152-phpapp02 (19)
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
4. •As a philosopher, Hobbes based his work on macro-
anthropological principle.
•By this. he meant that before we understand the
nature of society, we must first adequately
comprehend the nature of the human being.
5.
6. • Hobbes believes that the men are not exactly
equal, but the difference are not important enough
to matter.
• He refuted Aristotle’s idea that
man are inherently equal.
7. Hobbes says: Instead of inequality, one finds a natural
equality among med.
- Inequalities we find among
m men are results of man’s
resourcefulness
8.
9.
10. •Through political association the danger and insecurity
that exist in the state of nature will some how be
lessened.
•A social contract is an agreement or covenant
among men that they will transfer their natural
right to preserve themselves from sovereign
entity.
•The sovereign power can be one individual,
an assembly, or several individuals.
