This document summarizes a treatability study conducted by Artesian Water Company to identify the most cost-effective treatment option for removing 1,4-dioxane from one of its wells. Three advanced oxidation process options were evaluated: UV-hydrogen peroxide using low pressure lamps, UV-hydrogen peroxide using medium pressure lamps, and ozone-hydrogen peroxide. Based on capital and operating costs, as well as non-economic factors, UV-hydrogen peroxide using low pressure lamps was selected as the recommended treatment option with an estimated 20-year present worth of $4.29 million.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Dec 15;41(24):8240-7.
Major structural components in freshwater dissolved organic matter.
Lam B, Baer A, Alaee M, Lefebvre B, Moser A, Williams A, Simpson AJ.
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) contains a complex array of chemical components that are intimately linked to many environmental processes, including the global carbon cycle, and the fate and transport of chemical pollutants. Despite its importance, fundamental aspects, such as the structural components in DOM remain elusive, due in part to the molecular complexity of the material. Here, we utilize multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to demonstrate the major structural components in Lake Ontario DOM. These include carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM), heteropolysaccharides, and aromatic compounds, which are consistent with components recently identified in marine dissolved organic matter. In addition, long-range proton-carbon correlations are obtained for DOM, which support the existence of material derived from linear terpenoids (MDLT). It is tentatively suggested that the bulk of freshwater dissolved organic matter is aliphatic in nature, with CRAM derived from cyclic terpenoids, and MDLT derived from linear terpenoids. This is in agreement with previous reports which indicate terpenoids as major precursors of DOM. At this time it is not clear in Lake Ontario whether these precursors are of terrestrial or aquatic origin or whether transformations proceed via biological and/ or photochemical processes.
PMID: 18200846 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The SABRE project aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of in situ enhanced anaerobic bioremediation for treating chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas. It involved laboratory experiments, field tests at a contaminated site in the UK, and development of investigation and modeling tools. The laboratory experiments showed that reductive dechlorination of TCE to ethene was possible using an emulsified soy oil electron donor and nutrient addition. Field tests involved constructing a test cell through a DNAPL source area and injecting the emulsified soy oil, with monitoring showing enhanced DNAPL dissolution and degradation. The project advanced understanding of bioremediating DNAPL sources and demonstrated the technique for the first time in the UK.
An Evaluation System of Surface Water Quality in Algeria (Application on the ...IJERA Editor
Easily accessible surface waters remain very fragile and very vulnerable to various types of pollution. Chellif,
Macta and Tafna Basins are considered as the main water resources feeding the North West of Algeria; however,
protection and conservation of these water resources become the major concern of the researchers. The
evaluation system of the water quality is based on the measure of physic-chemical parameters of the surface
water according to the uses of water for drink, industry or agriculture. In this work we have to proceed to an
application of this system to the surface waters on the three basins. Physic-chemical analyses are used for a
period of three years (2012-2014) and several points chosen on the three catchments are taken into account.
In this paper we shall apply the quality index calculation method for the Water Quality Evaluation system
(WQES) and the follow-up of the impacts of the anthropologic activities on the natural environment The main
results are the validation of the WQES method for different type of pollution as mineral, organic, heavy metals
in the West of Algeria, this methodology give us possibility for better investigation of the water pollution
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
This document summarizes a project that tested a novel continuous flow reactor design for removing fluoride from groundwater using polyaluminum chloride (PACl). Phase I results showed the reactor using PACl and sand filtration was able to reduce fluoride levels from 10 mg/L to below the WHO standard of 1.5 mg/L using a PACl dose that was 24 times lower than the traditional Nalgonda method. Phase II objectives are to add a sedimentation tank to reduce solids loading on the filter and further optimize the system by varying parameters like PACl dose and clay concentration. The long-term goal is to develop a sustainable water treatment system for rural communities.
This document provides instructions for measuring chlorophyll-a using spectrophotometry. It introduces the significance of chlorophyll-a for water quality and describes how to extract and analyze samples. Participants will extract chlorophyll-a from three water samples using acetone and measure absorbance before and after acidification to calculate chlorophyll-a concentrations. They will then write a report summarizing the aim, results, and implications for water quality.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Dec 15;41(24):8240-7.
Major structural components in freshwater dissolved organic matter.
Lam B, Baer A, Alaee M, Lefebvre B, Moser A, Williams A, Simpson AJ.
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) contains a complex array of chemical components that are intimately linked to many environmental processes, including the global carbon cycle, and the fate and transport of chemical pollutants. Despite its importance, fundamental aspects, such as the structural components in DOM remain elusive, due in part to the molecular complexity of the material. Here, we utilize multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to demonstrate the major structural components in Lake Ontario DOM. These include carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM), heteropolysaccharides, and aromatic compounds, which are consistent with components recently identified in marine dissolved organic matter. In addition, long-range proton-carbon correlations are obtained for DOM, which support the existence of material derived from linear terpenoids (MDLT). It is tentatively suggested that the bulk of freshwater dissolved organic matter is aliphatic in nature, with CRAM derived from cyclic terpenoids, and MDLT derived from linear terpenoids. This is in agreement with previous reports which indicate terpenoids as major precursors of DOM. At this time it is not clear in Lake Ontario whether these precursors are of terrestrial or aquatic origin or whether transformations proceed via biological and/ or photochemical processes.
PMID: 18200846 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The SABRE project aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of in situ enhanced anaerobic bioremediation for treating chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas. It involved laboratory experiments, field tests at a contaminated site in the UK, and development of investigation and modeling tools. The laboratory experiments showed that reductive dechlorination of TCE to ethene was possible using an emulsified soy oil electron donor and nutrient addition. Field tests involved constructing a test cell through a DNAPL source area and injecting the emulsified soy oil, with monitoring showing enhanced DNAPL dissolution and degradation. The project advanced understanding of bioremediating DNAPL sources and demonstrated the technique for the first time in the UK.
An Evaluation System of Surface Water Quality in Algeria (Application on the ...IJERA Editor
Easily accessible surface waters remain very fragile and very vulnerable to various types of pollution. Chellif,
Macta and Tafna Basins are considered as the main water resources feeding the North West of Algeria; however,
protection and conservation of these water resources become the major concern of the researchers. The
evaluation system of the water quality is based on the measure of physic-chemical parameters of the surface
water according to the uses of water for drink, industry or agriculture. In this work we have to proceed to an
application of this system to the surface waters on the three basins. Physic-chemical analyses are used for a
period of three years (2012-2014) and several points chosen on the three catchments are taken into account.
In this paper we shall apply the quality index calculation method for the Water Quality Evaluation system
(WQES) and the follow-up of the impacts of the anthropologic activities on the natural environment The main
results are the validation of the WQES method for different type of pollution as mineral, organic, heavy metals
in the West of Algeria, this methodology give us possibility for better investigation of the water pollution
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
This document summarizes a project that tested a novel continuous flow reactor design for removing fluoride from groundwater using polyaluminum chloride (PACl). Phase I results showed the reactor using PACl and sand filtration was able to reduce fluoride levels from 10 mg/L to below the WHO standard of 1.5 mg/L using a PACl dose that was 24 times lower than the traditional Nalgonda method. Phase II objectives are to add a sedimentation tank to reduce solids loading on the filter and further optimize the system by varying parameters like PACl dose and clay concentration. The long-term goal is to develop a sustainable water treatment system for rural communities.
This document provides instructions for measuring chlorophyll-a using spectrophotometry. It introduces the significance of chlorophyll-a for water quality and describes how to extract and analyze samples. Participants will extract chlorophyll-a from three water samples using acetone and measure absorbance before and after acidification to calculate chlorophyll-a concentrations. They will then write a report summarizing the aim, results, and implications for water quality.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON SELENIUM AND VANADIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Due to the increase in world population and increased demand for safe drinking water, using of bottled water,
especially in areas with a shortage of safe drinking water is common. The aim of this research was to compare Selenium and
Vanadium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number 2 (WTP2) and its outlet
water after the water treatment process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory in Ahvaz city. Materials
and Methods: Fourteen samples of Karun river water at the inlet of Ahvaz WTP2 and its outlet water after the water treatment
process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory were collected during five months (September 2013,
and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen times, each time; five, one - liter samples were collected. The samples
were mixed and one liter composite sample was isolated and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered
through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and protection, nitric acid was added and the pH was adjusted at≤2. All samples
were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results & Discussion: According to the results, the highest and lowest mean concentration of
Vanadium 14.22 and 6.17 ppb in Water inlet the water treatment plant NO (2) of Ahvaz and water at outlet from Anahita factory.
The mean concentration of selenium because of the lower limit (0.1 ppb) was not measured with ICP-MS. Conclusion: The results
showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in water.
Keywords: Karun River, Selenium, Vanadium, Water Treatment Plant, ICP-MS.
Analysis the amounts of heavy metals and trace elements in water of different...VikashKKushwaha
The study was aimed to analyze the concentration of metals including heavy metals and trace elements in the water of four different small water bodies or sources including two pond, one lake and one river around Ranchi city. The metals or trace elements such as Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. The results indicated that the concentration of approximately all the metals, heavy metals, and trace elements in these water bodies was found within the maximum permissible limit set by IS:2296, EPA, and WHO for surface water quality standards. Higher concentrations of Al in Lake of Chamber, Bi, and Mn in Jumar river than other sites were reported.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the treatability of pharmaceuticals, PAHs, and pesticides during wet and dry weather flows at a wastewater treatment plant. During wet weather, higher masses of some pharmaceuticals and PAHs entered the plant, but significant reductions still occurred in secondary treatment. Hydraulic retention times and flow variations are being examined to further understand treatability. The document provides background on the targeted contaminants and describes their properties like solubility and sorption coefficients that influence treatability. It also describes the study site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
This document summarizes a study assessing the performance of two down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactors in treating domestic wastewater. The objectives were to achieve reactor acclimation, test purification efficiency against EU standards, and assess phosphorus removal effectiveness. Results showed that Reactor 2 design was more effective at removing contaminants like COD, nitrogen, phosphates and solids. Modifications adding granular activated carbon helped achieve phosphorus reductions, but the material had a short lifetime. Overall, the DHS reactors showed potential for secondary treatment, but further research is needed to improve phosphorus removal through enhanced biological uptake.
The Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority provides wholesale potable water to local governments and communities in southwest Florida. The Authority and its customers experience variations in raw water quality from different sources that impact the quality of the finished water entering their distribution systems. A study was conducted to characterize the regional water quality to help manage the system and ensure continued delivery of high quality water.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor LakeIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that assessed the water quality of Paravoor Lake in India. Samples were taken from 7 locations around the lake and tested for various parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The results showed that most sample locations had higher than permissible levels of chlorides and hardness due to high salinity in the lake water. The study then used a Microbial Desalination Cell technique with two types of algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis salina, to desalinate the lake water samples. Chlorella vulgaris was able to reduce the chloride levels in 10 days but further treatment
(Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater) lenore s. cles...Gohar Ali
The document provides a history of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, describing how it originated in the late 19th century from efforts to standardize water analysis methods. It evolved from the first edition in 1905 through the 20th edition, with expanded scope and additional sponsoring organizations. The 20th edition features significant revisions to quality assurance procedures and analytical methods for various constituents. Methods are classified based on their development, validation, and degree of acceptance and use.
The document provides a history of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, describing how it originated in the late 19th century from efforts to standardize water analysis methods. It evolved from the first edition in 1905 through the 20th edition, with expanded scope and additional sponsoring organizations. The 20th edition features significant revisions to improve various test methods and analytical techniques. Methods are classified based on their development, validation, and degree of acceptance and use.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing ammonia levels in groundwater samples from Chittagong, Bangladesh. Nine groundwater samples were collected from shallow and deep aquifers in different parts of the city. Laboratory analysis found high levels of ammonia associated with elevated arsenic and manganese, suggesting reducing conditions may control the release of arsenic and manganese in groundwater. Standard addition calibration produced a linear calibration curve with an R2 value of 0.9977. Ammonia results from the laboratory analysis mostly matched field measurements, though some samples may need to be reanalyzed. Further study of the hydrogeochemistry is planned to better understand factors controlling arsenic mobilization.
This document discusses trihalomethanes (THM) in drinking water in Phoenix, Arizona. It notes that the City of Phoenix has a goal of implementing "safe-yield" of its water sources by 2025 to balance groundwater withdrawals. It also discusses various water treatment plants and networks that aim to meet water demands. The document provides background on THM, which were first discovered in 1974 and regulated in 1979, and notes some health effects. It also discusses factors that influence THM levels and various mitigation techniques, such as using chloramines instead of chlorine to reduce THM formation.
ir638 - Revised Ranger mine water quality objectivesJames Tyrrell
This document proposes revised water quality objectives for the Ranger uranium mine in northern Australia. The objectives include:
1) A magnesium chronic exposure limit of 3 mg/L for durations of 72 hours or more. A series of magnesium pulse exposure guideline values are also proposed based on duration and magnitude.
2) An electrical conductivity investigation trigger value of 42 μS/cm for durations over 6 hours to monitor magnesium and other ion concentrations.
3) Updated trigger values for other parameters like manganese, ammonia, uranium and radium-226 based on recent toxicity studies.
4) Requirements for continuous monitoring of parameters like conductivity and turbidity, along with event-based water sampling to better detect
Organic Growth -- In a Manner of SpeakingDon Talend
Large-scale wastewater purification systems supplement natural water supplies, Water Efficiency magazine, by Don Talend, brand storytelling, content management and demand generation expert. Water engineering industry
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
ENA via Groundwater Circulation Well (IEG-GCW®)Eduard J. Alesi
First Pilot Test on the Integration of GCW (Groundwater
Circulation Well) with ENA (Enhanced Natural Attenuation) for
Chlorinated Solvents Source Remediation.
Water Quality Assessment of Kukkarahalli Lake Water Mysore, Karnataka, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes water quality parameters of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected and tested for pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The water quality index was calculated using these parameters and found to be 81.09 for sample 1 and 76.74 for sample 2, indicating very poor water quality. Several parameters like alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium exceeded WHO and Indian standards, likely due to sewage and industrial waste entering the lake. The study concludes the lake water is highly polluted and not suitable for drinking or domestic use without treatment. Immediate action is needed to stop further pollution
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and various hydrological parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, transparency, nutrients etc. in and around the Indian Sundarbans. Significant positive correlations were found between chlorophyll a and salinity, pH and transparency, indicating that higher salinity, slightly alkaline conditions and water transparency favor phytoplankton growth. Negative correlations with nutrients like nitrate and phosphate suggest phytoplankton uptake of these nutrients. An insignificant relationship with silicate may be due to lower diatom abundance compared to flagellates in the study area. The findings confirm phytoplankton dependence on various environmental factors.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON SELENIUM AND VANADIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Due to the increase in world population and increased demand for safe drinking water, using of bottled water,
especially in areas with a shortage of safe drinking water is common. The aim of this research was to compare Selenium and
Vanadium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number 2 (WTP2) and its outlet
water after the water treatment process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory in Ahvaz city. Materials
and Methods: Fourteen samples of Karun river water at the inlet of Ahvaz WTP2 and its outlet water after the water treatment
process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory were collected during five months (September 2013,
and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen times, each time; five, one - liter samples were collected. The samples
were mixed and one liter composite sample was isolated and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered
through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and protection, nitric acid was added and the pH was adjusted at≤2. All samples
were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results & Discussion: According to the results, the highest and lowest mean concentration of
Vanadium 14.22 and 6.17 ppb in Water inlet the water treatment plant NO (2) of Ahvaz and water at outlet from Anahita factory.
The mean concentration of selenium because of the lower limit (0.1 ppb) was not measured with ICP-MS. Conclusion: The results
showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in water.
Keywords: Karun River, Selenium, Vanadium, Water Treatment Plant, ICP-MS.
Analysis the amounts of heavy metals and trace elements in water of different...VikashKKushwaha
The study was aimed to analyze the concentration of metals including heavy metals and trace elements in the water of four different small water bodies or sources including two pond, one lake and one river around Ranchi city. The metals or trace elements such as Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. The results indicated that the concentration of approximately all the metals, heavy metals, and trace elements in these water bodies was found within the maximum permissible limit set by IS:2296, EPA, and WHO for surface water quality standards. Higher concentrations of Al in Lake of Chamber, Bi, and Mn in Jumar river than other sites were reported.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the treatability of pharmaceuticals, PAHs, and pesticides during wet and dry weather flows at a wastewater treatment plant. During wet weather, higher masses of some pharmaceuticals and PAHs entered the plant, but significant reductions still occurred in secondary treatment. Hydraulic retention times and flow variations are being examined to further understand treatability. The document provides background on the targeted contaminants and describes their properties like solubility and sorption coefficients that influence treatability. It also describes the study site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
This document summarizes a study assessing the performance of two down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactors in treating domestic wastewater. The objectives were to achieve reactor acclimation, test purification efficiency against EU standards, and assess phosphorus removal effectiveness. Results showed that Reactor 2 design was more effective at removing contaminants like COD, nitrogen, phosphates and solids. Modifications adding granular activated carbon helped achieve phosphorus reductions, but the material had a short lifetime. Overall, the DHS reactors showed potential for secondary treatment, but further research is needed to improve phosphorus removal through enhanced biological uptake.
The Peace River Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority provides wholesale potable water to local governments and communities in southwest Florida. The Authority and its customers experience variations in raw water quality from different sources that impact the quality of the finished water entering their distribution systems. A study was conducted to characterize the regional water quality to help manage the system and ensure continued delivery of high quality water.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor LakeIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that assessed the water quality of Paravoor Lake in India. Samples were taken from 7 locations around the lake and tested for various parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, biochemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids. The results showed that most sample locations had higher than permissible levels of chlorides and hardness due to high salinity in the lake water. The study then used a Microbial Desalination Cell technique with two types of algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis salina, to desalinate the lake water samples. Chlorella vulgaris was able to reduce the chloride levels in 10 days but further treatment
(Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater) lenore s. cles...Gohar Ali
The document provides a history of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, describing how it originated in the late 19th century from efforts to standardize water analysis methods. It evolved from the first edition in 1905 through the 20th edition, with expanded scope and additional sponsoring organizations. The 20th edition features significant revisions to quality assurance procedures and analytical methods for various constituents. Methods are classified based on their development, validation, and degree of acceptance and use.
The document provides a history of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, describing how it originated in the late 19th century from efforts to standardize water analysis methods. It evolved from the first edition in 1905 through the 20th edition, with expanded scope and additional sponsoring organizations. The 20th edition features significant revisions to improve various test methods and analytical techniques. Methods are classified based on their development, validation, and degree of acceptance and use.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing ammonia levels in groundwater samples from Chittagong, Bangladesh. Nine groundwater samples were collected from shallow and deep aquifers in different parts of the city. Laboratory analysis found high levels of ammonia associated with elevated arsenic and manganese, suggesting reducing conditions may control the release of arsenic and manganese in groundwater. Standard addition calibration produced a linear calibration curve with an R2 value of 0.9977. Ammonia results from the laboratory analysis mostly matched field measurements, though some samples may need to be reanalyzed. Further study of the hydrogeochemistry is planned to better understand factors controlling arsenic mobilization.
This document discusses trihalomethanes (THM) in drinking water in Phoenix, Arizona. It notes that the City of Phoenix has a goal of implementing "safe-yield" of its water sources by 2025 to balance groundwater withdrawals. It also discusses various water treatment plants and networks that aim to meet water demands. The document provides background on THM, which were first discovered in 1974 and regulated in 1979, and notes some health effects. It also discusses factors that influence THM levels and various mitigation techniques, such as using chloramines instead of chlorine to reduce THM formation.
ir638 - Revised Ranger mine water quality objectivesJames Tyrrell
This document proposes revised water quality objectives for the Ranger uranium mine in northern Australia. The objectives include:
1) A magnesium chronic exposure limit of 3 mg/L for durations of 72 hours or more. A series of magnesium pulse exposure guideline values are also proposed based on duration and magnitude.
2) An electrical conductivity investigation trigger value of 42 μS/cm for durations over 6 hours to monitor magnesium and other ion concentrations.
3) Updated trigger values for other parameters like manganese, ammonia, uranium and radium-226 based on recent toxicity studies.
4) Requirements for continuous monitoring of parameters like conductivity and turbidity, along with event-based water sampling to better detect
Organic Growth -- In a Manner of SpeakingDon Talend
Large-scale wastewater purification systems supplement natural water supplies, Water Efficiency magazine, by Don Talend, brand storytelling, content management and demand generation expert. Water engineering industry
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
ENA via Groundwater Circulation Well (IEG-GCW®)Eduard J. Alesi
First Pilot Test on the Integration of GCW (Groundwater
Circulation Well) with ENA (Enhanced Natural Attenuation) for
Chlorinated Solvents Source Remediation.
Water Quality Assessment of Kukkarahalli Lake Water Mysore, Karnataka, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document analyzes water quality parameters of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected and tested for pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The water quality index was calculated using these parameters and found to be 81.09 for sample 1 and 76.74 for sample 2, indicating very poor water quality. Several parameters like alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium exceeded WHO and Indian standards, likely due to sewage and industrial waste entering the lake. The study concludes the lake water is highly polluted and not suitable for drinking or domestic use without treatment. Immediate action is needed to stop further pollution
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and various hydrological parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, transparency, nutrients etc. in and around the Indian Sundarbans. Significant positive correlations were found between chlorophyll a and salinity, pH and transparency, indicating that higher salinity, slightly alkaline conditions and water transparency favor phytoplankton growth. Negative correlations with nutrients like nitrate and phosphate suggest phytoplankton uptake of these nutrients. An insignificant relationship with silicate may be due to lower diatom abundance compared to flagellates in the study area. The findings confirm phytoplankton dependence on various environmental factors.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The U.S. EPA and state agencies have mandated reductions in toxic copper levels in bays and harbors due to copper leaching from copper-based boat paints. Current remediation methods have seen limited success. Scientists at Red Lion Chem Tech are testing two new approaches - submersible ballasts containing copper-binding adsorbents, and an industrial pump-and-treat system passing water through test columns. In controlled studies, both methods removed over 94% of copper from water samples from San Diego Bay in a single treatment, with the pump-and-treat system completing treatment in under a minute versus 96 hours for the ballasts. Further field tests of these promising rapid remediation methods could help affected
This document analyzes upgrading the Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant to tertiary treatment in order to reduce nutrient loads discharged into Lake Ontario. It discusses the plant's current secondary treatment processes and effluent quality. Tertiary treatment technologies are compared, with denitrifying filters identified as the best option due to their relatively small footprint and high removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus. Implementing tertiary treatment could significantly reduce nutrient loads into Lake Ontario if adopted by all plants discharging into the lake, but each plant would need to lower effluent nutrient limits and have sufficient space for the required tertiary processes.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
The document discusses using forward osmosis (FO) to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from water treatment plants. It examines using FO alone and with granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatment to reduce the volume of ROC and remove organic micropollutants. Five steps of FO using 2-3M NaCl as the draw solution reduced the ROC volume to 8%. FO rejected some organic micropollutants but GAC pretreatment followed by FO removed almost all organic micropollutants from the ROC. Reducing the pH of the ROC feed solution arrested flux decline caused by fouling during FO.
A recent study conducted by an independent environmental laboratory proves that TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 activated carbon is effective at removing TTHMs from municipal drinking water. The test was sponsored by a municipality that needed to come into compliance with the EPA’s DPB Stage 2 regulations.
The study sponsor historically had high levels of TTHM in its water that ranged between 105 and 171 µg/L. The municipality talked to TIGG about a water purification adsorption system. While some in the industry insist that coal-based activated carbon is the only effective means of removing disinfection byproducts from municipal drinking water, TIGG experts recommended their 5DC 12 x 30 virgin coconut activated carbon.
The municipality had an independent laboratory run a pilot study using a rapid small-scale column test. They used TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 NSF activated carbon, which is designed to remove low concentrations of contaminants from potable water. The laboratory found that initial TTHM concentrations of 138 µg/L were reduced to < 1.0 µg/L following treatment with virgin coconut activated carbon. Based on the scale-up of the testing, it was determined that a full scale carbon adsorber would effectively treat TTHMs for 325 days before the bed needed a changeout.
Not only is coconut-based activated carbon effective, it is typically more economical than coal-based activated carbon. The following report shows the laboratory’s results over a 24-day period.
The demand for efficient and cost effective wastewater treatment technology in the refining and petrochemical sector is being driven by not only ever-tightening environmental legislation, but also by the sectors own desire to follow a meaningful sustainability agenda and to take its responsibilities around product stewardship seriously.
Treatment of wastewater from petrochemical plants can be a challenging and costly matter; particularly when needing to comply with the requirements of operational permits and national environmental legislation governing the discharge of treated wastewater into community treatment plants or natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and oceans.
Performance Evaluation of STP’s based on Different TechnologiesIRJET Journal
The document compares the performance of three sewage treatment plants (STPs) around Dal Lake that use different technologies: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Fluidized Aerobic Bio-Reactor (FAB), and Activated Sludge Process (ASP). Water samples from the influent and effluent of each STP were tested for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and nitrogen levels over three months. The results showed that the SBR plant had the best pollutant removal efficiency, followed by the FAB plant, with the ASP plant having the lowest efficiency. Thus, the overall performance order of the STPs from best to worst was determined to be: SBR > FAB > ASP.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes research optimizing batch reactor systems to remove organic carbon from wastewater. Four reactors were tested - two anaerobic and two aerobic. The anaerobic reactors achieved an average 83% COD removal, while the aerobic reactors achieved a higher average 93% reduction. Water quality parameters and COD levels over time were monitored. The results indicate that a large-scale aerobic reactor would be most suitable for maximum organic compound removal.
This document summarizes a study on changes to the effluent from a chlor-alkali plant in India due to process modifications. The study evaluated the plant's effluent before and after implementing suggestions to minimize waste, such as covering equipment to reduce evaporation and process losses. Water quality parameters like pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, mercury and free chlorine were analyzed. The modifications successfully reduced wastewater loads and improved effluent characteristics compared to before the changes were made.
This document provides an overview of Edward Hargreaves' 2014 placement at Solvay's Warrington site, including:
- A description of Solvay and the Warrington site operations.
- An outline of Edward's roles and responsibilities in supporting the Health, Safety, and Environment department through tasks like groundwater sampling and monitoring, bioremediation system maintenance, and environmental reporting.
- A discussion of the personal and professional skills developed during the placement working on contaminated land remediation and environmental compliance activities.
Heavy Metals in Sediment from Alvarado Lagoon System in Veracruz, MéxicoIJEAB
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediment samples from 41 stations in the Alvarado lagoon system in Veracruz, Mexico. Sediment samples were analyzed for levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Co. The highest metal concentration found was for Co at 9.53 μg/g. Most metal levels were within international limits except for Cd. While concentrations were low, the presence of heavy metals indicates potential risks to public health and warrants further continuous monitoring of sediment quality in the lagoon system.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solution using bamboo-based activated carbon. Key findings include:
1) Unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon achieved 87.81% removal of cadmium at pH 5 and 96.45% removal of lead at pH 11.
2) Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for cadmium and 2.5 hours for lead.
3) Adsorption isotherm data fitted the Freundlich, Temkin, and Hills isotherm models well, suggesting chemisorption as the adsorption mechanism.
4) Kinetic data correlated best with the pseudo-
This document evaluates the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone for disinfecting primary municipal wastewater effluents. Experiments tested different ozone concentrations and UV fluencies at varying pH levels. Ozone doses near 20 mg/min achieved 72-78% removal of fecal and total coliforms, and removed up to 36% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). UV achieved over 80% inactivation of bacteria. Both treatments were most effective against bacteria at pH levels other than 7. UV treatment had lower energy requirements than ozone treatment. The study demonstrates the potential for UV and ozone processes to generate safely reusable or releasable effluents from primary wastewater treatment.
Evaluation of the Wastewater Quality Improvement by The Channel Located Downs...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The quality of treated wastewater coming from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) by lagoons in Ouagadougou is not conform to national standard for discharge or for reuse in agriculture. The present study on the natural purifying capacity of the channel downstream of the WWTP aims to test the hypothesis that the quality of treated water running off through the gutter can significantly be improved for gardening. Then, the analyzes were done according French standards. So, the results between the output and a distance of 3 km along the channel indicate alkaline pH values slightly variable. Regarding carbon pollution, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) average decreases from 1280 to 720 mg /l, while the average levels of Suspended Solids (SS) decreases from 343 to 300 mg /l. The nutrient contents such as orthophosphate and ammonia decrease with averages ranging from 9.18 and 6.05 mg /l for the former and 12 to 3.35 mg /l for the second whiletheconcentrationofnitratepassfrom2.91to6.37mg/l. Concerning microbiological pollution, faecal coliforms level increases from 3800 CFU /100 ml to 11300 CFU / 100 ml. In sum, there is a small auto scrubber power affected by factors as such as infiltration, high evaporation and anthropogenic activities near the channel.
Similar to IUVA Paper UV OXidation for 1,4 Dioxane and BCEE removal at Artesian Water. (20)
UV Oxidation has been successfully employed for many difficult-to-treat contaminants in drinking water. This presentation is an overview of some those applications.
Florida DEP Indirect Potable & Direct Potable Reuse presentation 10 sep12Terrance (Terry) Keep
This is a good presentation to better understand the rationale of using purified wastewater as a sustainable and saleable source of freshwater. It also describes the Business Case, two Case Studies and the treatment technologies involved.
Florida Water Resources Conference on Big Spring Texas Freshwater Augmentatio...Terrance (Terry) Keep
The City of Big Spring Texas was in severe drought and running out of fresh water. Augmenting freshwater supplies with purified wastewater was the best economical solution. Purifying wastewater to better-than-drinking standards flipped the cost of operating a wastewater plant to a revenue generator, simply by adding more treatment technology. This presentation, from the Florida Water Resources Conference, explains the rationale for selecting UV Oxidation as part of the proven treatment train.
The City of Big Spring Texas was in severe drought and running out of fresh water. Augmenting freshwater supplies with purified wastewater was the best economical solution. Purifying wastewater to better-than-drinking standards flipped the cost of operating a wastewater plant to a revenue generator, simply by adding more treatment technology. This presentation, from the Florida Water Resources Conference, explains the rationale for selecting UV Oxidation as part of the proven treatment train.
Ohio AWWA City of Alliance Selection of UV Oxidation for Taste & Odor treatmentTerrance (Terry) Keep
The City of Alliance has had some bad tasting water for years. The Water plant looked for options. The City hired Arcadis to design a UV Oxidation solution. This presentation describes teh rationale for selecting UV Oxidation for T&O treatment
Ohio AWWA City of Alliance Selection of UV Oxidation for Taste & Odor treatment
IUVA Paper UV OXidation for 1,4 Dioxane and BCEE removal at Artesian Water.
1. 1
Treatment of 1,4-Dioxane Using Advanced Oxidation at
Artesian Water Company’s Llangollen Wellfield
John Civardi, PE1, Andrew Prosser, EI2, J. Margaret Gray, PE1, Jason Marie, PE1,
Kathryn Greising, EIT1
1Hatch Mott MacDonald, 111 Wood Avenue South, Iselin, NJ 08830-4112
2Artesian Water Company, Inc., 664 Churchmans Road, Newark, DE 19702
Abstract
The Artesian Water Company (Artesian) Llangollen Wellfield has a capacity of
2.2 MGD. Treatment was limited historically to aeration, chlorination, and pH
adjustment. In 2000, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) was discovered in three of
the wells. Subsequently, granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment was provided
for the removal of BCEE. Recently, 1,4-dioxane was detected in one of the wells
at levels of concern, and Artesian removed the well from service. Monitoring
wells at a nearby landfill found 1,4-dioxane as high as 300 µg/L. The Delaware
Department of Public Health requires that levels above 3.5 µg/L of 1,4-dioxane be
reported. Artesian conducted a treatability study, which found that using UV-
hydrogen peroxide and quenching the hydrogen peroxide with the existing GAC,
was the most cost-effective treatment option to remove 1,4-dioxane. The full-
scale treatment system includes two UV reactors, each with 144 lamps, which are
sized to provide 2-log (99%) reduction of 1,4-dioxane. This paper describes
critical components associated with the treatability study, bench studies, design,
and initial operation.
Key words: 1,4-dioxane, UV Hydrogen Peroxide, GAC
Project Background
Artesian Water Company, Inc. (Artesian) is the oldest and largest investor owned public water
utility on the Delmarva Peninsula. Its Llangollen wellfield consists of four public supply wells
(Well 2, Well 6, Well 7, and Well G-3R) and one aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) well that
are all screened in the Potomac Formation. The wellfield began operation in the 1950s and had a
water supply withdrawal allocation of 3.8 MGD in the late 1960s. As a result of groundwater
contamination in the region originating from two nearby Superfund sites, the Army Creek
2. 2
Landfill and the Delaware Sand and Gravel Pit, the wellfield allocation has been limited to 2.2
MGD.
In 2000, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, or BCEE, was discovered in the wellfield. The wells also
contained trace quantities of additional organic compounds such as benzene and 1,2-
dichloroethane, as well as inorganic contaminants such as iron, radium, and chromium.
Upon detection of BCEE, Artesian ceased operation of the Llangollen wellfield and immediately
began planning for the design and installation of granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment. The
Delaware Division of Public Health set an advisory level of 0.96 µg/L for BCEE in October
2000. The GAC system was installed downstream of an existing aerator and prior to chemical
injection. The water flows from the wells, through the aerator, into a wet-well and is then
pumped through the GAC units. After the GAC units, the water is injected with fluoride, lime, a
corrosion inhibitor, and chlorine prior to entering the public water supply system. The GAC
system consists of three sets of dual GAC pressure vessel contactors that contain a total of
120,000 pounds of GAC, with one set of GAC contactors designated for the treatment of the
ASR well.
When the GAC system was first placed into service in 2001, the GAC experienced breakthrough
after approximately two years of operation. Over time the breakthrough frequency increased, and
in the period from 2010 to 2013, breakthrough occurred approximately every four to six months
when the wellfield was operating at its full capacity of 2.2 MGD. Based on the increased
frequency of breakthrough, the annual GAC change out cost has increased from the initial
$60,000 per year to $240,000 per year. In addition, Artesian has been unable to regenerate the
carbon since it contains trace levels of mercury, chromium, radium, and several other inorganic
compounds.
In the winter of 2013, at the request of Delaware’s Division of Public Health, Artesian tested its
Llangollen wellfield for 1,4-dioxane. EPA has classified 1,4-dioxane as a group B2 probable
human carcinogen. Damage to the liver and kidneys has been observed in rats chronically (long-
term) exposed in their drinking water. Well G-3R, the largest producing well in the wellfield,
tested positive for elevated levels of 1,4-dioxane. As a result of this discovery, Artesian
immediately removed Well G-3R from service, reducing the wellfield production capability from
2.2 MGD to 1.2 MGD. Since Artesian provides over 20 MGD from its wells, the loss of nearly 5
percent of supply was significant. Artesian acted quickly by conducting a treatability study to
identify a treatment solution so that Well G-3R could be returned to service.
Treatability Study
A treatability study was performed to identify the most cost-effective treatment method for
removing 1,4-dioxane that could be integrated into the existing treatment facility. Given the
complexity of the current water quality and the likelihood that water quality would continue to
degrade, additional treatability study goals were to:
3. 3
Establish future concentrations for contaminants that could be used as part of planning
for additional treatment so that the treatment system could be efficiently modified in the
future to address additional treatment requirements.
Establish design criteria for the 1,4-dioxane treatment system.
Identify possible water quality parameters that could be causing the GAC life to have
decreased by greater than a factor of four in recent years and identify potential solutions.
Removal of 1,4-dioxane is accomplished using an advance chemical oxidation process (AOP).
The two AOP treatment technologies that have been most commonly used for this contaminant
are UV-Hydrogen Peroxide (UV-H2O2), using either low pressure high output or medium
pressure UV lamps, and Ozone-Hydrogen Peroxide (Ozone-H2O2). The leading suppliers of the
UV-H2O2 technology for 1,4-dioxane are Trojan Technologies (Trojan) and Calgon Carbon
(Calgon). The leading supplier of the Ozone-H2O2 technology is Applied Process Technology
(APT). These suppliers have extensive experience with AOP processes and were contacted to
provide equipment sizing and costs based on the design criteria established in the treatability
study. The following three treatment options were evaluated:
Treatment Option 1 – UV-H2O2 using low pressure high output UV lamps
Treatment Option 2 – UV-H2O2 using medium pressure UV lamps
Treatment Option 3 – Ozone-H2O2
In order to compare each of the AOP treatment options, conceptual designs, layouts and costs
were prepared for each of the treatment options. In addition, non-economic factors were
considered. A ranking system weighing both cost and non-economic factors was employed to
identify the recommended treatment option for the Llangollen facility.
Regulatory Requirements
There is currently no federal Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) or Maximum Contaminant
Level Goal (MCLG) for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water. Several of the USEPA regional offices
use an advisory guidance level of 6.1 µg/L. According the EPA’s Technology Transfer
Network, “EPA estimates that, if an individual were to continuously drink water containing 1,4-
dioxane at an average of 3.0 µg/L (3 x 10-3 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) over his or her entire
lifetime, that person would theoretically have no more than a one-in-a-million increased chance
of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing this chemical.” Prior to
issuing a proposed regulation, EPA must list the contaminant on the Contaminant Candidate List
(CCL), and 1,4-dioxane was listed in 2008. For a contaminant listed on the CCL, occurrence,
concentration and exposure information is assembled to conduct a preliminary risk assessment.
Once this information is obtained, the EPA then decides whether to regulate the contaminant.
This regulatory decision process is currently ongoing at the EPA. Additionally, Delaware Office
of Drinking Water has issued a requirement to report any 1,4-dioxane concentration levels
greater than 3.5 µg/L.
4. 4
Design Scenarios
To determine the most cost-effective and feasible option, and to account for the potential
increase in the concentration of 1,4-dioxane, each of the three AOP treatment options were
evaluated based on treating a total flow of 1,500 gpm with two trains, each treating 50% of the
flow. The systems were sized to provide initially up to 1.2-log removal, which would remove
the 1,4-dioxane to less than 3 µg/L at the current concentrations in the wells. The systems were
also sized to achieve a maximum of 2.0-log removal in the future should the concentration reach
300 µg/L, which is the maximum concentration found at the nearby Superfund sites. Annual
costs used for the comparison of alternatives were based on providing 1.2-log removal, and the
sizing was performed using two reactors each capable of treating 50% of the flow. The building
was sized to accommodate a third reactor in the future.
Evaluation Methodology
Conceptual level capital cost estimates were prepared for each treatment alternative. A
contingency of 40% was included in the estimates, since the designs were at the conceptual
stage. The contingency is consistent with the standard AACE International Recommended
Practice No. 18R-97. The capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs were converted
to a life-cycle cost for comparison purposes.
Capital Costs
The capital cost consisted of the total cost of constructing the alternative and included
equipment, site/civil, structural, architectural, instrumentation and control, mechanical and
electrical work. Costs associated with project implementation such as legal, permitting, and
engineering were not included, as these costs were considered comparable for all options.
O&M Costs
The operating and maintenance costs consisted of energy, chemical, equipment replacement,
carbon replacement, and manpower. The operating costs used in the treatment option
comparison were based on continuous operation, 24 hours/day for 365 days per year, at an
average flow rate of 1,500 gpm.
Energy unit costs, carbon replacement costs, and manpower costs were based on Artesian’s
current rates. Chemical costs and equipment replacements costs were obtained from chemical
suppliers and equipment manufacturers.
Life-Cycle Costs
The capital and O&M costs for each treatment option were converted to a present worth life-
cycle cost using an interest rate of 8% and a period of 20 years.
5. 5
Non-Economic Considerations
The selection of the optimum treatment system was not only based on cost, but also on non-
economic factors such as system reliability, complexity, ease of maintenance and the experience
of the equipment supplier. A weighted point system was developed during a workshop by the
project team to identify and prioritize specific non-economic factors.
Treatment Options 1 and 2: UV-Hydrogen Peroxide
The UV-Hydrogen Peroxide technology involves the formation of a hydroxyl radical that will
break apart the bonds of the 1,4-dioxane molecule. This technology also provides some BCEE
removal, depending on the sizing of the system. The hydroxyl radical is created by adding
hydrogen peroxide to UV light in a reactor. As part of the reaction, a portion of the hydrogen
peroxide is not consumed and must be quenched. Quenching can be performed using chlorine or
granular activated carbon (GAC). Chlorine is generally used where GAC is not feasible due to
economics or system hydraulics. Unlike most conventional water treatment applications of GAC
where 15 to 20 minutes of Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is required, the quenching of
hydrogen peroxide requires only 4 to 5 minutes of EBCT. The selection of the GAC for
quenching is generally based on site specific test data. The optimization of the UV-H2O2 system
involves balancing the UV dose, hydrogen peroxide dose and quenching requirements, along
with integrating the system into the existing unit processes.
Treatment Option 1: Low Pressure High Output UV-Hydrogen Peroxide
Trojan manufactures both low pressure high output (LPHO) and medium pressure UV systems.
LPHO systems use more lamps, but consume much less power and operate at much lower
temperatures. Medium pressure systems use significantly less lamps, but operate at much higher
power and temperatures. Trojan can provide both lamp types, but their experience in
groundwater applications in the United States has shown the LPHO lamp is much more efficient
and has a lower net present value over 20 years. Therefore, Trojan provided a quote based on
LPHO lamps.
The Trojan system would consist of two reactors, each with 144 lamps. Each reactor uses 36 kW
of power. The sizing is based on initially providing 1.2-log reduction of 1,4-dioxane at a
flowrate of 1,500 gpm with each reactor treating 750 gpm. This flow allows for 50% of the
plant’s capacity to be treated in each of the two reactors. The UV and hydrogen peroxide doses
were based on bench testing of the raw water from samples (Wells 2, 7 and G-3R) that were
provided to Trojan by Artesian and analyzed on March 8, 2013. If the raw water concentration
were to increase to a level where1.5 or 2.0-log reduction was required, additional hydrogen
peroxide would be added. The estimated hydrogen peroxide dose for 1.2-log reduction was 7.5
mg/L, for 1.5-log reduction was 10.5 mg/L, and for 2.0-log reduction was 17.7 mg/L.
The conceptual layout of the Trojan equipment required a 1,400 ft2 building that was 15 ft. high.
The facility size was large enough to accommodate a third reactor in the future. Flow meters
would be provided for each reactor and automatic valves would be provided on the inlet and
6. 6
outlet of each reactor, which would close in the event of the detection of a lamp break. The
hydrogen peroxide tank and metering pumps would be located outside in an enclosure. The
motor control center (MCC) in the existing high lift pumping station would be modified and
would provide power to the ballasts in the new UV building. The use of LPHO lamps would
result in low heat generation, and therefore air conditioning of the space would not be required.
The estimated construction cost of the facility was $3,100,000, and the estimated annual O&M
cost was $121,000. The present worth of the Trojan LPHO lamp UV-H2O2 option was
$4,290,000.
Treatment Option 2: Medium Pressure UV-Hydrogen Peroxide System
Calgon’s UV division manufactures medium pressure UV reactors. Calgon has extensive
experience with UV-AOP for industrial water treatment, and they have applied this experience to
the treatment of drinking water. Conceptually, the Calgon process would function in a similar
manner to the Trojan system. The Calgon system would consist of two reactors each with 9
medium pressure lamps. Each lamp uses 10 kW of power and therefore each reactor would use
approximately 90 kW of power. The hydrogen peroxide dose for 1.2-log reduction was
approximately 10.0 mg/L.
The conceptual layout of the Calgon equipment required a 1,050 ft2 building that was 15 ft. high.
The footprint of the Calgon facility was smaller than the Trojan facility since the medium
pressure reactors are smaller than the LPHO reactors. Like the Trojan facility, there would be
sufficient space for a future third reactor, and the layout would include a flowmeter and
automatic isolation valves on each train. The hydrogen peroxide tank and metering pumps
would be located outside in an enclosure. The MCC in the existing high lift pumping station
would be modified and would provide power to the ballasts in the new UV building. The use of
medium pressure lamps would result in high heat generation, and therefore air conditioning of
the space would be provided. The estimated construction cost of the facility was $2,901,000 and
the estimated annual O&M cost was $224,000. The present worth of the Calgon medium
pressure lamp option was $5,100,000.
Treatment Option 3: Ozone-Hydrogen Peroxide
The Ozone-H2O2 process is an advanced oxidation process that utilizes ozone and hydrogen
peroxide to form hydroxyl radicals. This process is also known as Peroxone. APT’s Ozone-
H2O2 system is called HiPOx. The HiPOx system adds ozone and hydrogen peroxide into a
customized piping reactor. The system involves generation of ozone and adding the ozone and
hydrogen peroxide into a reactor where the hydroxyl radicals are formed and combined with the
raw water. Significant advantages of this system include the ability to provide up to 80%
removal of the BCEE and the generation of much less residual hydrogen peroxide. The system
will generate ozone gas and off gas treatment of ozone is required. The optimum location for the
HiPOx system would be upstream of the aerator since the system is under much lower pressure.
The conceptual layout of the HiPOx system equipment requires a 2,230 ft2 building that was 15
ft. high. The floor plan was based on the use of liquid oxygen (LOX), which would be stored
7. 7
outside. The estimated construction cost of the facility was $3,787,000 and the estimated annual
O&M cost was $77,000. The present worth of the HiPOx option was $4,540,000.
Comparison of Treatment Options
A workshop was held with the project team to evaluate the three treatment alternatives. During
the workshop, a ranking system was used to prioritize the options. The summary of the rankings
developed during the workshop are outlined in Table 1.
Table 1 – Ranking of 1,4-Dioxane Treatment Options
Criteria
Trojan
LPHO
UV-H2O2
Calgon
Medium Pressure
UV-H2O2
APT
Ozone H2O2
HiPOx
Economic
Construction Cost $3,100,000 $2,901,000 $3,787,000
O&M Cost – Annual $121,000 $224,000 $77,000
Lifecycle Cost (Present Worth) $4,290,000 $5,100,000 $4,540,000
Total Economic Score 60 50 57
Total Non-Economic Score 38 32 19
Total Score 98 82 76
Note: Maximum possible economic score is 60, maximum possible non-economic score is 40,
and maximum total score is 100.
The scoring system for the evaluation had a maximum total score of 100 broken down by a
maximum economic score of 60 and maximum non-economic score of 40. The economic score
was derived by the lowest lifecycle costs divided by the lifecycle cost of the option times 60. The
non-economic score was based on a weighted points system developed by the project team for
non-economic factors as follows:
Experience of the supplier (10 points)
Equipment complexity (10 points)
Level of permitting (5 points)
Impact on BCEE removal (5 points)
Ease of integration into the existing facilities (5 points)
Operator training requirements (5 points)
The system with the highest evaluation score was the Trojan LPHO UV-Hydrogen Peroxide
System followed by Calgon’s Medium Pressure UV-Hydrogen Peroxide System, and finally,
Applied Process Technologies’ Ozone-Hydrogen Peroxide HiPOx System. Based on these
results, the project team selected Trojan’s LPHO UV System for treatment of the Llangollen
Wellfield.
8. 8
Quenching of Hydrogen Peroxide
As with all the AOP processes options evaluated, the hydrogen peroxide is not completely
consumed in the selected Trojan LPHO UV-H2O2 system and requires subsequent quenching.
The two most common forms of hydrogen peroxide quenching are chlorine and GAC. While
chlorine can be used for quenching, approximately 1.8 mg/L of chlorine is required for each 1
mg/L of residual hydrogen peroxide. A residual hydrogen peroxide dose of approximately 8
mg/L was estimated to occur from the effluent of the UV-AOP process and therefore, would
require the addition of approximately 14 mg/L of chlorine for quenching. Due to the high
chlorine dosage and the potential for the formation of additional chlorinated by-products, GAC
was recommended for quenching of hydrogen peroxide. The EBCT required for hydrogen
peroxide quenching is reportedly approximately 4 to 5 minutes. The GAC system at the
Llangollen Treatment Facility had sufficient EBCT, and the Facility’s existing F-300 carbon had
reportedly been used successfully for hydrogen peroxide quenching in conjunction with BCEE
removal. Bench testing involving both the recommended Trojan LPHO UV-H2O2 process and
GAC system was undertaken to evaluate the impacts of the UV-H2O2 process on the GAC
system, as well as to confirm the UV-H2O2 system design criteria.
Bench Testing
Overview
The purpose of the bench testing was to evaluate the effectiveness of UV-H2O2 treatment on the
water currently being pumped from the Llangollen wells. Additional goals of the study were to:
Confirm the design UV and hydrogen peroxide dosages for 1,4-dioxane removal;
Evaluate the extent of BCEE removal that could be obtained from the UV-H2O2 process;
Evaluate the carbon consumption due to quenching of hydrogen peroxide;
Evaluate the amount of BCEE removal from the GAC and the carbon usage rate post
UV-H2O2;
Quantify the concentrations of by-products formed by the UV-H2O2 process;
Quantify the amount of removal of UV-H2O2 byproducts post GAC;
Evaluate the impact of the UV-H2O2 process on carbon life as compared to current
operations.
The bench testing was performed on a batch basis since BCEE and 1,4-dioxane do not readily
volatilize. All of the water used for the bench testing was collected from Artesian Water
Company’s Well G-3R during a single sampling event to minimize variability in the raw water
quality used for each of the bench testing phases. The testing was performed on a batch basis
using rapid small scale columns for carbon testing and a batch UV-H2O2 reactor. The testing
was performed in two phases as follows:
9. 9
Phase I – Rapid Small Scale Column Test (RSSCT) Control for BCEE
The purpose of the Phase I testing was to confirm that the batch RSSCT columns simulate the
performance of the existing GAC system at the Llangollen Treatment Facility.
Phase II – UV-H2O2 and RSSCT
The purpose of the Phase II testing was to achieve 2-log reduction of 1,4-dioxane using the UV-
H2O2 advanced oxidation process and to verify that the F-300 carbon would provide BCEE
removal at least equal to the performance of the existing GAC system in terms of carbon usage
rate.
Phase 1 – RSSCT Control for BCEE
Figure 1 presents a schematic of the Phase I testing.
Figure 1 – Phase I Testing Schematic
The purpose of the Phase I testing was to confirm that the columns used in the batch RSSCT
replicated the performance of the existing GAC system at the Llangollen Treatment Facility.
The existing GAC system consists of three pairs of GAC vessels. Each pair is operated in series
with a lead and a lag vessel. The GAC system at the Llangollen Treatment Facility provides a
total EBCT of approximately 20 minutes at a maximum plant flow rate of 2.2 MGD. The lead
vessels provide approximately 10 minutes of EBCT, and the lag vessels provide an additional 10
minutes of EBCT. The carbon in the lead vessels was being replaced as frequently as every 4 – 6
months. Between December 2007 and March 2013, the plant’s average flow was 1.5 MGD and
the carbon replacement in the lead vessels occurred at an average of 15,000 lead vessel bed
volumes and at as little as 8,000 lead vessel bed volumes.
EPS Labs performed the RSSCTs for Phase I. Since the GAC vessels are located downstream of
the aerators, EPS Labs initially performed a series of short duration (less than 1 hour)
experiments with several aeration alternatives to determine the amount of aeration needed to
raise the pH by approximately 1 unit to simulate the existing aeration system. Two RSSCT
columns were then operated using the aerated water. One column simulated 10 minutes of
EBCT, and one simulated 20 minutes of EBCT. Figure 2 presents the results of the RSSCTs
10. 10
with respect to BCEE removal. The Phase I 10 minute EBCT RSSCT began to experience
BCEE breakthrough at approximately 15,000 bed volumes. The 20 minute EBCT RSSCT began
to experience BCEE breakthrough at approximately 25,000 bed volumes. These breakthrough
bed volumes are similar to the existing plant, confirming that the RSSCT columns replicated the
performance of the existing GAC vessels and therefore the RSSCT columns were considered
suitable for use with the UV-H2O2 testing performed in Phase II.
Figure 2 – Phase I BCEE Removal
Phase II – UV-AOP and RSSCT
Figure 3 presents a schematic of the Phase II testing.
Figure 3 - Phase II Testing Schematic
The goal of the Phase II testing was to achieve 2-log reduction of 1,4-dioxane using the UV-
H2O2 advanced oxidation process and to verify that the F-300 carbon would provide BCEE
11. 11
removal at least equal to the performance of the existing GAC system in terms of carbon usage
rate.
In Phase II, water from well G-3R was treated using Trojan’s batch UV-AOP reactor followed
by aeration and then the Rapid Small Scale GAC columns. Table 2 presents the raw water
quality of the Well G-3R sample that was used for Phase II testing.
Table 2 – Well G-3R Raw Water Quality
pH 5.7
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) 29.0
UVT (% transmission) 97.7
DOC (mg/L) 1.2
Nitrate (mg/L as NO3-) 4.3
1,4-Dioxane (µg/L) 55.2
BCEE (µg/L) 8.7
Prior to initiating the Phase II testing, Trojan first operated the batch UV-AOP reactor at three
combinations of UV and hydrogen peroxide and then selected an optimum combination of UV
and hydrogen peroxide dose for the batch testing to achieve 2-log reduction of 1,4-dioxane. As a
result of this preliminary testing, a hydrogen peroxide dose of 9 mg/L for the Phase II testing was
selected along with a bench scale reactor electrical energy dose (EED) of approximately 7.5
kWh/kgal.
The Phase II UV-H2O2 bench testing results showed greater than 99% removal (2-log) of 1,4-
dioxane by the UV-H2O2 process and greater than 98% removal of BCEE. Table 3 presents a
summary of the UV-H2O2 process 1,4-dioxane and BCEE removal data.
Table 3 – UV-AOP 1,4-Dioxane and BCEE Removal
Sample Location 1,4-Dioxane
(µg/L)
BCEE
(µg/L)
Before UV Treatment 55.2 8.7
After UV Treatment <0.41 0.14
Percent Removal >99.2% 98.4%
After the bench UV-H2O2 process testing, the UV-H2O2 treated water was collected and aerated
to raise the pH by one pH unit to simulate the existing plant’s aeration process. It was noted that
hydrogen peroxide residual in the UV-H2O2 treated water was approximately 7.6 mg/L and that
the aeration process had minimal effect on the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the water.
Once the water was conditioned with the aeration process, two RSSCTs were performed. As in
Phase I testing, one column simulated 10 minutes of EBCT, and one column simulated 20
minutes of EBCT. Both column tests were run to approximately 25,000 bed volumes. There
was no breakthrough of either 1,4-dioxane or BCEE for the duration of either test.
12. 12
Summary of Findings
The following is a review of the bench testing objectives in conjunction with a summary of the
findings.
1. Bench testing showed that a hydrogen peroxide dose of 9 mg/L and an electrical energy
dose (EED) in the bench scale reactor of approximately 7.5 kWh/kgal would achieve 2-
log reduction of 1,4-dioxane. Trojan’s full scale UVPhox reactor is approximately 9
times more efficient than the bench scale reactor, so at the full scale, the electrical energy
dose (EED) would be 0.82 kWh/kgal.
2. Bench testing showed that BCEE removal of as much as 98% could be achieved through
the UV-H2O2 advanced oxidation process.
3. No breakthrough of BCEE was observed in either the 10 min EBCT or the 20 min EBCT
columns for the duration of the post UV-H2O2 RSSCTs conducted in the Phase II testing.
The bench testing results suggested that the UV-H2O2 process would decrease the carbon
usage rate related to BCEE removal.
Design, Construction, Start-up and Testing
Overview
Based on the Treatment Evaluation findings and the bench testing results, Artesian authorized
Hatch Mott MacDonald to undertake the detailed design of a new 1,4-dioxane treatment facility
based on the UVPhox low pressure high output UV-H2O2 treatment system manufactured by
Trojan. In order to expedite the return of the contaminated sources of supply to service, Artesian
elected to pursue measures that would expedite the project delivery process, including:
Concurrent detailed design and equipment procurement.
Procurement of the UV-H2O2 system equipment directly from Trojan.
Separate contract for underground piping and buried infrastructure relocation.
General construction contract for the new treatment facility.
Basis of Design
The UV-H2O2 system was designed in accordance with the design parameters outlined in Table
4.
13. 13
Table 4 – UV-H2O2 System Design Criteria
No. of Reactor Trains: 2 (with provisions for a third future train)
Peak (Design) Flow: 2.2 MGD with one reactor out of service
Average Flow per Reactor: 1.1 MGD
Design UVT (minimum): 95% (at 254 nm, 1 cm path length)
Primary Contaminant Influent Concentration: 1,4-Dioxane at 300 µg/L
Primary Contaminant Effluent Concentration: 1,4-Dioxane at 3 µg/L (2-log removal)
Secondary Contaminant Influent Concentration: BCEE 8 µg/L
Secondary Contaminant Effluent Concentration: BCEE 0.4 µg/L
Maximum Hydrogen Peroxide Dose: 18.0 mg/L
The following treatment system equipment was selected based on the design criteria in Table 4:
Two (2) TrojanUVPhox™ D72AL75LPHO UV reactors, each equipped with 144 lamps
(36 kW per reactor).
Two (2) Power Distribution Centers, which house the electronic ballasts and distribute
power to each UV reactor.
One (1) System Control Center to monitor and control the UV system.
One (1) UV transmittance analyzer panel to monitor the water quality of the UV-H2O2
system influent.
One (1) 7,800 gallon double walled HDPE hydrogen peroxide storage tank and
appurtenances.
One (1) hydrogen peroxide dosing pump system equipped with two dosing pumps and
appurtenances. Each dosing pump is dedicated to a UV reactor train, and space is
provided for a third dosing pump for the third future reactor.
The UV treatment facility was designed with two structures. The first structure is the treatment
building that houses the UV reactor trains and the electrical equipment. The UV building layout
includes a separate electrical room to house the electrical equipment and a main process room
with two UV reactor trains and space for a third future train. A monorail was provided in the
main process room over each reactor train to facilitate reactor maintenance, as well as equipment
installation and removal. In accordance with local building code requirements, the treatment
building was designed to have a residential appearance. The second structure at the facility is a
hydrogen peroxide area enclosure that houses the 7,800 gallon hydrogen peroxide storage tank
and provides 120% chemical containment. The hydrogen peroxide dosing system with the feed
pumps is also housed in this area. The structure was designed as an open structure with a roof
and panels on two sides to minimize the visibility of the hydrogen peroxide system from adjacent
properties. The remaining two sides were designed to remain open to allow natural ventilation.
Supply piping to the treatment facility was configured to enable the UV reactors to receive water
either pre or post aeration, thus providing additional operating flexibility.
Equipment Procurement and Construction
Due to the expeditious nature of the project, Artesian elected to be proactive in the procurement
of the UV and hydrogen peroxide equipment and the installation of underground pipework in
14. 14
order to minimize the risk of any unforeseen issues. Artesian, having evaluated the options
presented by Hatch Mott MacDonald, decided to procure the UV equipment from Trojan
Technologies well in advance of the construction contract award to ensure that the equipment
would arrive with adequate time for installation, testing, and start up, as well as for Trojan to
obtain NSF approval for the equipment prior to shipment. During the procurement process,
Trojan worked closely with both Artesian and Hatch Mott MacDonald to coordinate the
submittal reviews and to keep Artesian informed of the status of the pending NSF certification.
NSF certification of the UV reactor was obtained June 12, 2014.
By being proactive in both the equipment procurement and construction bidding, Artesian was
able to successfully complete the underground pipework in advance of the treatment building
general contractor Michael F. Ronca & Sons’ mobilization, and the equipment was delivered
with NSF certification in late June. Ultimately, through strong coordination efforts amongst
many different parties, the project was delivered on time with commissioning taking place
between September 9 and September 19 of 2014 and was put in service on September 30, 2014.
Start-up and Testing
Start-up and testing was conducted over a two week period. For the first week of startup, both
Trojan and US Peroxide representatives were on site to inspect the contractor’s work, ensuring
all equipment was installed properly and with compatible parts. By the end of the first week of
startup, both the UV system and hydrogen peroxide feed system had been inspected, tested, and
deemed ready for integration during week two.
During the second week of startup, Trojan was on site and conducted simulation testing of their
system to ensure all functions were operating properly. By the end of the second day Trojan had
their equipment tested and ready for startup. On day three, Arkema successfully delivered 4,000
gallons of NSF 60 certified 50% hydrogen peroxide without any issues. Once the chemical was
successfully delivered, it was Artesian’s responsibility to supply water from the worst well, Well
G-3R, to the UV reactors, the aerator, clearwell, GAC vessels, and flow the water overboard. In
an effort to ensure the water was clear before sending the G-3R water to the UV reactors,
Artesian personnel isolated Well G-3R and pumped overboard until Artesian personnel were
satisfied with the water clarity. Well G-3R was then placed on-line for startup. The US
Peroxide skid was put into operation and initially dosed hydrogen peroxide into the raw well
water from G-3R at 9 mg/L. The water at a flowrate of 400 gpm was then treated through one
Trojan UVPhox reactor, which was turned on at 100% power.
In order to verify the hydrogen peroxide residual, Artesian took a post UV reactor sample and
performed a field titration test for hydrogen peroxide. The titration results showed that the
peroxide leaving the reactors was very similar to the dose being injected.
Once Trojan and US Peroxide confirmed that the treatment system was operating at a 18mg/L
dose of hydrogen peroxide and the lamps were operating at 100% power and Artesian felt
confident that the treated water was exiting the lag GAC vessel, Artesian began to take water
quality samples. Samples for 1,4-dioxane and BCEE were taken at the following locations: raw
water from Well G-3R, post UV reactor, post lead GAC vessel, and post lag GAC vessel.
15. 15
The results of the sampling are in Table 5.
Table 5 – Start-up Testing Water Quality Results
Sample Location 1,4-Dioxane
(µg/L)
BCEE
(µg/L)
Well G-3R pending 23
Post UV- reactor pending 0.074
Post lead GAC vessel pending 0.063
Post lag GAC vessel pending Non-Detect*
* The minimum detect level for the BCEE analysis was 0.0043 µg/L.
The results showed that the UV-H2O2 process had removed___% of the 1,4-dioxane and 99.7%
of the BCEE from the Well G-3R raw water.