Think Grain Think Feed December issue

Volume 3 | Issue 2
December-2016
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Changing Dynamics inChanging Dynamics inChanging Dynamics in
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Dr. T.K. Walli
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EDITORIAL
While herbs and their products have
constantly been used since ancient times as
medicines to treat humans and animals in
India, it is so surprising that today our share in
herbal medicine/ supplements in the global
market is just 0.5 percent i.e. USD 359 million, compared to
estimated global market of USD 70 billion. India's poor share has
been mainly on account of lack of financial support to herbal and
Ayush industry. For the last one decade lot more research have been
conducted in several research institutes and universities in India
about the efficacy of herbal supplements on livestock and poultry,
which have given very positive results. By now it is well recognized
worldwide that herbal dietary supplements/ feed additives have a
vast application in livestock and poultry industry. These
supplements/ additives have been proved to have multiple beneficial
effects on these animals, like growth promoters, digestive tonics,
antioxidants, immune protective agents, immune-modulators, toxin
binders and antimicrobials. In fact, herbal feed additives have proved
very effective in increasing the productivity of livestock, poultry and
fish. Recently, a symposium was held in Delhi under the auspices of “
Ayurvet” to focus attention on the use of herbal medicines and
herbal feed additives for livestock and poultry. Some of the
delegates from Europe who attended the symposium also revealed
the positive effects of feed additives imported from India on growth,
production and reproduction of livestock and poultry. In fact, it was
observed that the combination of herbal feed additives is more
effective and gave still better results.
Nowadays we are emphasizing so much on crop diversification,
so that more cropped area is covered under maize and soybean
crops, to increase quality feed production and overcome the feed
shortage for livestock/ poultry/ fish, so as to meet the increasing
demands of our growing urban population for animal protein. Then
why shouldn't some of our feed manufacturers think of diversifying
towards the production of herbal feed additives also, which are
much safer and more effective in increasing the efficiency of nutrient
utilization within the animal system, and consequently leading to
their increased productivity. There definitely is a tremendous scope
for commercial manufacture of herbal feed additives on a large scale
in India, not only to meet the domestic demand, but also for export
purpose as well. One would rather suggest that to encourage the
prospective manufacturers and to promote the production of herbal
feed additives in India, govt should not hesitate to encourage such
entrepreneurships and announce some subsidy for those who come
forward for its manufacture.
On Behalf of Benison Media Group, especially from the Editorial
Board of, “ Think Grain Think Feed”, I would like to wish all our
readers “A Very Happy and a Prosperous 2017”and sincerely hope
that the New Year turns out to be a good one for the Indian Feed
Industry, in turns of its growth as well as its expansion.
TK Walli
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
Herbal feed additive
manufacture: an opportunity
for diversification

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Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
05
INTERVIEW
PELLETING TIPS
08
SURVEY REPORT
INDUSTRY THOUGHTS
ARTICLE
080808 121212 161616
Natural gas protein-an alternative to
fishmeal and soymeal
Crisis can result in better biz
practices in agri market yards
06
Extrusion-ideal technology
for aqua feed
Changing Dynamics in
The Indian Feed Industry
12 BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey
reveals high contamination risk in Asia
18
16
Utilization of Soya Pulp: a by-product
of soymilk in livestock feeding
Water quality: A hidden limiting factor
for animal productivity
20
26
UPCOMING EVENTS
31 Jan - 2 Feb
2017
23-25 February
2017
Supporting feed millers to overcome
challenges faced during feed manufacturing -
Satbir Singh, Lark Engg.

Natural gas protein-an
alternative to fishmeal
and soymeal
new technology has been
Aadopted by a Danish firm that
is capable of producing natural
protein from methane gas, using
technology which is scalable and
sustainable compared with fishmeal
and soy protein. The most advanced
technology producing single cell
protein from natural gas.
As the natural protein can be produced
in a plant using methane gas, and
therefore the production is not limited
by fishing quotas or the use of
pesticides and it is weather-
independent. This technology thus
provides animal feed producers access
to a sustainable protein source of very
high quality.
The company have a strong
cooperation with the Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), owns
most up-to-date technology in the
field of bacterial fermentation, the
most novel technology used to convert methane into
protein. For last several years, Denmark has worked on
finding alternatives to the soy which is currently
imported. The hope is that this technology may
contribute to replacing soy in the long term.
Since last 2 years, the company has been supporting
this innovation and now is ready to upscale the
production by using a method that requires very little
water and no pesticides, and is based on renewable
energy. It benefits from superior nutritional content and
product characteristics. The protein-rich biomass
(72.9% protein) can be used as a direct supplement in
animal feed.
Key product characteristics include the fact it is
developed naturally without any genetic manipulation;
has a long shelf life and stable production process; and
has a high protein quality which allows for a more
efficient diet with less quantities required, minimizing
nitrogen excretion.
The technology has already been approved by the EU
as an ingredient in animal feed.
Source: undercurrentnews
Image Source: newscientist.com
R&D
05

Vijay Sardana, Bio-economy & Agribusiness Expert
One of the reasons that prompted the
Government to demonetise Rs 500 and
Rs 1000 notes was that their circulation
was not in line with economic growth.
As per the Finance Ministry, during the
2011-2016 period, circulation of all
notes grew 40% but circulation of Rs
500 and Rs 1000 notes went up by 76%
and 109% respectively.
At an aggregate level, demonetisation
will significantly eliminate existing stocks
of black money, fake currency and will
benefit the economy in the medium to
long-run. But, the question as to how
creation of black money will be
prevented still remains unanswered. The
role of commodity markets and
agriculture sector should be evaluated in
this.
It is important to note that
demonetisation has created a major
impact on cash flow in commodity
markets, because most commodity
transactions are on cash basis. All
transactions in rural India are in cash
because of lack of alternate methods.
There are no bank branches, limited
access to internet, language issues and
illiteracy.
Another challenge which farmers face in
agriculture markets are due to the
outdated Agriculture Produce Marketing Act (APMC) Act.
This restricts transactions in agriculture market yards, only
APMC licensed traders are allowed to deal with farmers.
Due to demonetisation, traders are stuck with old
currency notes. In place of depositing these notes in
banks, many traders are forcing farmers to take payment
against goods sold in old currency notes.
It is also true that substantial amounts of currency is used
in commodity trade and, after demonetisation, most of
traders are technically without cash — not able to buy
products from farmers. This is reducing demand for
perishable farm produce in whole sale markets and in
turn food prices are likely to crash.
The biggest problem is faced by poultry farmers, because
any delay in disposal, even by one day, increases cost of
production significantly. But shortage of currency is also
reducing demand, squeezing farmers. This is also sowing
season and inputs dealers are demanding cash in new
currency. It is high time the government reviews the need
for APMC Act in today's IT enabled environment.
All APM Committees (APMC) should issue instructions to
traders to make payments through cash transfers to
farmers' accounts. This crisis should result in better
business practices in APMC mandies and reduce black
money creation. Technically, now onwards, all cash
transactions in APMC markets should be banned forever.
Traders and farmers can have Jan Dhan accounts and use
RTGS, cheques and debit cards for daily transactions,
provided APMC Mandies have ATMs, post offices or
bank branches. This will control hoarding of vital agro-
commodities in future.
Crisis can result in
better biz practices in
agri market yards
INDUSTRY THOUGHT
06

PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
08
Extrusion-ideal technology
for aqua feed
Extrusion processing technology is highly
important in production of feeds used for
intensive aquaculture. In recent times,
there has been a constant growth in the
application of extruded diets for aquatic
feeding as it results in better water
stability, better floating property and a
higher energy than pelleted diets and
thus contributing to increased fish growth
and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR).
Therefore, compared with the
conventional pelleting, extrusion
technology is the most efficient way to
improve the performance of aquatic feed.
Processing technology
Extrusion (dry or wet extrusion) is the
process where the raw material is pushed
forward in the barrel by means of screws
and pressed through the die at the end of
barrel. The general extrusion process
involves a high temperature over a short
time. Temperature higher than 100 is
needed in order to achieve expansion of
the feed as it leaves the die. The high
temperature in dry extrusion is acquired
through dissipation of mechanical energy
from heated surfaces such as barrel and screw surface, or
generated by shear forces between wall and material and
screw and material.
For wet extrusion, the temperature is achieved through
preconditioning and steam injection. At the same time, the
material also undergoes relatively high pressure. The
pressure difference between internal extruder and external
environment will cause the extrusion of the aquatic feed.
Basically, the operating principle of expansion is similar to
that of extrusion, and their processes are both based on
the same principle. However, expansion generates less
shear, pressure and temperature in the barrel compared
with extrusion, which leads to difference in the shaping
method of final pellets and intensity of treatment.
Equipments' feature
Extruder: It is a bio-reactor providing the necessary
pressure to force feed mash in the barrel through a
restrictive die. Through changes in temperature, pressure,
and shear within the barrel, the raw material is forcibly
homogenized before it assumes the cross-sectional shape
of the die opening. The equipment is mainly composed of
power transmission device, feeding device, pre-conditioner,
extruder barrel and discharging cutting device, etc. The
barrel of extruder is composed of barrel heads, screw
auger, flow restrictors (shear locks) and a cross-sectional
die.

09
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
throughput and screw speed of twin screw extruder are not
interdependent.
In contrast to twin screw extruder, single screw extruder is
simple, using rotating belt way with a constant fixed spindle
speed. It can get good blending through high speed
operation in short time. The barrel of a single screw
extruder can be divided into following three zones:
a) feeding zone
b) melting zone
c) molding zone
In the feeding zone, feed material is simply received from
the conditioner and transported forward in the barrel, go
through solid conveying and melting process. Making
feedstocks from a powder to an elastic dough. Then it will
be formed into pellets by flat die shaping. Nevertheless, the
conveying capacity of single extruder is poor under high
pressure, compared to the same power twin-screw extruder,
its production is lower.
In general, single screw extruders are more economical to
operate than twin-screw extruders, while twin screw
extruders are more advanced, more productive and more
extensive use of performance than single screw extruders.
Selection of extruder depends upon the production
demand.
Dry Type and Wet Type Extruder
Dry type extruder does not require a steam boiler for heat
or steam injection or jacket heating, and all product heating
is accomplished by mechanical friction force. Without
utilizing preconditioning, dry extrusion employs lower
Expander: It is commonly used as
mechanical conditioners for treating
materials which are difficult to pellet, to
increase the digestibility of cellulose and
protein components in order to achieve
feed hygienistion. Extruders consist of
barrels with one or two screws to
transport materials and force them
through a die. It can be considered as a
high shear treatment. The shear action
during expander treatment is much less.
Compared to an extruder, the simplicity of
the expander allows an effective
treatment of relatively large quantity of
feed at a low cost.
Different types of Extruder
Single screw extruder contains one screw,
and twin screw extruder is with two screw
of equal length placed inside the same
bareel. Twin screw extruder develops on
the basis of single screw extrusion
equipment, which is more complicated
than single screw extruder. Twin screw
extruder owns much priority in quality
control and processing flexibility, which
can deal with sticky, multiple oils or wet
raw materials. The screw design of twin-
screw extruders can dramatically affect
operating efficiency and overall
equipment capability. It is to be noted that
1. Prebin
2. Dosing unit
3. Mixer-conditioner.
(addition of steam)
4. Extruder (addition of steam
and input of electrical energy)
5. Pellet press
To cooler and dryer
The Extrusion Processing Line

PELLETING TIPS Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
10
moisture levels. Therefore, it is suitable for
processing low moisture and high fat feed
material.
Wet type extruder is a piece of more
complex equipment with precision
metering systems for steam or water
injection into the conditioner and/or the
extruder barrel. Preconditioning is a very
important step in wet extrusion process
for chemical or physical reactions. The
extruder machine working is:
preconditioning, cooking and die shaping.
High temperature and high pressure
process can kill salmonella and other
bacteria, also makes the pellets with
improved digestibility.
Benefits of Extruded Aqua feed
1. Wide adaptability: The capability of
an extruder enhances the feed
manufacturer's flexibility to produce
fish feed pellets for shrimp, crab, eel,
carp etc.
2. High starch gelatinization: Feed
material goes through HTST
processing thus starch gelatinization
degree may increase up to 80-99%
making it more digestible.
3. Better digestion and absorption: Quick breakdown of
pellets in the fish makes nutrients available for better
absorption.
4. Improved water stability: The floating pellets are more
resistant to disintegration in water and floating feed
allows the fish farmer to observe the amount of feed
consumed.
5. Water absorption: Extrusion moisture content during
processing can be controlled over a wide range, which
helps to increase the water stability of the final feed.
These pellets absorb more water, retains shape for
longer time thus resulting in reduced losses of nutrients.
6. Convenient for density control: It is entirely feasible for an
extruder to produce floating feed, sinking feed and slow
sinking feed by density control; that is more conducive
to different fish species.
7. Fine mechanical resistance: Feed made using extrusion
technology is more resistant to mechanical durability
and produces fewer fines in the finished feed during
transportation. It can reduce feed wastage, water and air
pollution.
8. Good to aquatic organism health: Extrusion cooking
provides hygienic feed processing and destroys
pathogens & other viruses to avoid animal illness.
Source: feedpelletizer
Chinese officials revised down their
forecast of domestic corn use, and
increased its expectations of sorghum
imports, suggesting the shift away from
corn-substitutes will not come as fast as
previously thought.
The China National Grains and Oils
Information Centre, and official think
tank, cut its estimate for 2016-17 corn
consumption by 2 million tonnes to 197
million tonnes.
This is up some 21% year-on-year, but
China has a long way to go to draw
down its corn inventories, and any
slowing of production will hurt
consumption.
Animal feed use falling
The downgrade was the result of a trim
to the expected use of corn in animal
feed, suggesting substitution with other
grains. The think tank saw Chinese
farmers still turning to sorghum and
barley as a substitute for high priced
China cuts corn use forecast, noting resilient
sorghum imports
corn, with overall feed demand also
slowing. But ideas of industrial use,
which is being supported by subsidies
for grain buyers in key growing states,
were left unchanged.
The think tank raised its sorghum
import estimate by a 1.0 million tonnes
to 4.5 million tonnes.
Transport problems
The fact that Chinese corn consumption
may not grow as fast as thought, and
the import of sorghum remains
stubbornly high, suggests that
domestic corn prices may not yet be
low enough to rebalance the market.
Chinese corn prices have recently been
boosted by transport problems
between the grain belt and livestock
areas. A crackdown on the overloading
of lorries in late September supported
corn prices, and now cold weather is
increasing demand for coal, which
means less capacity and higher freight-
rates for corn.
Falling production
Still, the lower prices have been enough
to reduce domestic corn production, in
favour of soybean output. Grain output
in China, was down 0.8% to 616.2
million tonnes, data from the National
Bureau of Statistics showed recently.
Corn output fell by some 5.0m tonnes,
to 219.6 million tonnes from 224.6m a
year ago, as acres fell. While soybean
acres are rising, up 10.7% year on year.
INDUSTRYNEWS

Nishikant Yadav, Markets and Markets
Changing Dynamics in
The Indian Feed Industry
ARTICLE Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
12
Agriculture is among the major drivers
forthe Indian economy and is a
principal means of livelihood for over
50% of the population. According to
the Indian Central Statistics Office
(CSO), the share of agriculture and
allied sectors (including livestock,
forestry, and fishery) was over 15% of
the Gross Value Added (GVA) during
2015–2016(on 2011-12 base prices).
India has one of the largest livestock
population across the world and its
output contributes around 4% of the
country's GDP.
Currently, there is a visible trend of an
increase in the consumption of animal-
based products, primarily owing to an
increase in disposable incomes, change
in dietary preferences, and
improvement in livestock production
practices with evolved transportation
and storage facilities.
Given this increase in livestock
population, there is a parallel and
growing requirement for animal feed
products. In India, feed manufacturing
on a commercial level and scientific basis started in the
year 1965. The industry has since witnessed several
shifts and primarily caters to the cattle, poultry, swine,
and aquaculture segments.
Current industry dynamics
Presently, the overall crucial demand and supply gap
results in immense opportunities in the Indian feed
industry and is thus, attracting the attention of several
big players. Currently, the industry is fragmented and
unorganized and appears to be evolving.
According to the estimates by the Compound Livestock
Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA), the Indian
feed industry stood around USD 15 billion and
produced over 28 million tons of feed in 2015. It is still
in the introductory stage, as demonstrated by its ability
to cater to merely around 10% of cattle and aqua feed
demand, and around 50% of the poultry feed demand.
Furthermore, the Indian feed industry is estimated to
grow at a CAGR of around 8% from 2015 to 2020, where
the demand for poultry, cattle, and aqua feed is
expected to play a significant role in this growth,
according to a Rabobank forecast.
Based on the current aquaculture production estimates
of 1 million tons, against the estimated potential of 7
million tons, it could be inferred that the industry has a
significant untapped potential.
ImageSource:yourstory.com

13
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
Restraints &Challenges
The World Bank annually publishes and
ranks economies according to the ease
of doing business in the respective
economy. A high ease of doing
business ranking implies a conducive
regulatory environment for
commencement and operation of
business of a local firm. India, as per the
June 2016 rankings, stood at 130th
position, out of 190 economies so
observed.
Given the lagging status of the country
in those parameters, the industry faces
several restraints and challenges:
1) Unfavorable trade terms:
Comparatively high tariffs on
imports of feed ingredients
2) Vague regulatory regime:Lack of
uniformity in the quality standards,
and rigid and outdated Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS)
requirements
3) Bureaucratic bottlenecks: Time-
consuming procedure for approvals
of new innovations
Current dynamics
The Indian feed industry is in a
transition. The significant existing gap
between demand and supply calls for
rapid evolution, to ensure sustainable
production and consumption. Also, in
Growth estimates of Indian feed industry between 2015 & 2020
25
20
15
10
5
0
USDBillion
2015 2020
8%
15
22
Source: Rabobank Survey
Feed Production in India, by Livestock, 2015 vs. 2016 (Million Tons)
2016 2015
Broiler Layer Dairy Aqua Pets Calf Equine Others
Note: Others include swine, turkey, and pets.
Source: Alltech Global Feed Survey, 2016 and 2015

14
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016ARTICLE
order to effectively cater to the
demand, the supply side has to increase
its efficiency and introduce raw material
alternatives.
Consumer awareness
With growing nutritional awareness and
rising consumer activism, quality is
imperative, around which the entire
value chain needs to be structured.
Consumers are becoming increasingly
selective about the products they
consume.
In July 2013, Firstpost, one of India's
leading news organizations, claimed in
their article based on experts'
observations that India's policy
decisions to ban the testing of
cosmetics and their ingredients on
animals and the ban on using captive
dolphins for public entertainment
anywhere in the country make it more
progressive than the Unites States in
matters of animal rights. In addition,
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Act 1960 makes it mandatory for
individuals in charge of any animal to
take all reasonable measures to ensure
its well-being and to prevent the
infliction of unnecessary pain or
suffering.
Owing to the informational efficiency,
growing number of incidence of
disease outbreaks, and rising concerns
regarding animal nutrition and
welfare, the supply side is increasingly
obligated to respect consumer views
and abide by government
regulations.The industry is thus
becoming more customer centric.
Evolution in production technology
Advancements in the production
technology will ensure efficiency on
the production side as well. The
adoption and usage of sophisticated
equipment will not only increase
productivity, but will also ensure
formulation accuracy and consistency. Essentially, it
will enable the manufacturers to change the feed
formulation and dynamics based on the requirements.
Among the evolving technologies, the pelleting
technique is now widely accepted, and due to its
increasing adoption, is expected to provide efficiency
with regard to overall costs, improvement in feed
quality, and assurance of overall food safety. In
addition, technologies such as Near Infrared
Spectroscopy (NIR) and In Vitro Fermentation are
gradually being adopted.
New ingredients
The traditional key ingredients, including cereals and
grains, are becoming increasingly more expensive and
scarce. It is therefore imperative to replace these
withlow priced and nutritionally rich alternatives, such
as algae meals.
The field of biotechnology is largely affecting the
development of the feed industry. The increased
reliance on biotechnology for scientific formulations
will ensure an increase in productivity to a large
extent, as it has for the traditional crops.
Various feed supplements, including enzymes,
vitamins, and binders are already utilized and
accepted in the industry, which is expected to
continue to evolve and will ensure the overall animal
health, productivity, and performance.
Conclusion
The further evolution of this industry will depend on
the pace of the adoption of advanced technologies,
aimed at streamlining the production process, while
ensuring due consideration for animal and consumers'
health.
On the supply side, the industry is expected to witness
several developments, including inorganic growth
strategies such as mergers and acquisitions,
electronic-based trading, inter- and intra-continental
trade, and progressive use of information technology
for operational efficiency.
These activities would be based on scientific
advancements, and the resultant introduction of new
technologies would take the industry to the next stage
of evolution. Accordingly, in the next few years, the
Indian feed industry would be become self-sufficient
and grow at a significant rate.
FeedTechExpo 2017Animal Feed Technology
Mark your Dates for
India’s Only Exhibition for
Feed IndustryFeed Industry
23-24-25
www.feedtechexpo.com
23-24-25 February
Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India

16
INTERVIEW Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016
Please share a brief about journey of Lark
Engineering right from its inception.
Lark Engineering started its journey back in 1994
with a feed industry project of 2 H.P. hammer mill.
Over a period of more than 2 decade, the company
has come a long way with more than 1800
installations in India and abroad including fully
automatically feed projects.
By adopting itself to changing industry
requirements, the company has received huge
acceptance from all its customers may it be a farmer
or big commercial unit.
Could you please share some facts about Indian feed
industry?
India has the largest population of cattle and buffalo in
the world and ranks number one in milk production in
the world. The dairy feed industry however, remains
highly unexplored and cattle feed comprises only 11%
of the total feed industry. The surprise factor in the
compound feed industry is aqua feed. There has been a
shift in momentum. In past 5 years, with a strong
registered growth of 16% shrimp production, feed
consumption has also grown at 13% per annum.
Currently poultry feed production (layer + broiler) is 20
MMT which is expected to grow to 40 MMT in next 10
years. Also Cattle feed production is at 8-10 MMT/ year,
whereas the present need is approx. 45-50 MMT of
pellet feed. The overall poultry industry's (broiler and
layer) consumption of compound feed is only 65%, with
In a conversation with
Think Grain Think Feed
team,
Mr. Satbir Singh, Director-
Lark Engineering shares
his insights about the
changing requirements of
Indian feed industry, its
newer technologies and
many more. The company
which is based in
Haryana, specializes in
design, engineering and
manufacturing of feed
machines and complete
feed projects in India.
Satbir Singh, Director
Lark Engineering

17
home mixers fulfilling the remaining
requirement. The feed consumption in
this segment has been growing at the
rate of 7 - 8% over the last five years.
What are the major challenges faced
by feed millers, and how do you
support them to overcome some of
the bottle necks that they face while
producing quality feed more
efficiently?
Identifying market needs, price
sensitivity, quality of raw materials,
educating feed mill operators, savings
in maintenance & power are the major
challenges in feed mills. Below
technologies have been provided to
support the customers:
 Providing a disc break in the
hammer mill to save the shut down
time of the hammer mill once
power is switched off. Otherwise, it
takes about 20-25 minutes for
rotor of the hammer mill to stop
 Introducing QGA technology in
hammer mill and variable cross
section ribbon design in the mixer
 First Indian manufacturer to
introduce rotary distributor, twin
paddle mixer, pocketed rotary feeder
 Using high efficiency motors and interlocking
automation sequences to reduce the power
consumption. We ensure to provide high efficiency
machines in terms of power consumption per ton
of feed i.e. 23 units/tonne in standard broiler feed
formulation and 21 units/tonne in standard cattle
feed formulation
What is the most important process in feed
milling?
Grinding is one of the most important processes
which influence the efficiency of subsequent
processing equipments like Mixing, Conditioning &
Pelleting.
In feed milling, one may need coarse or fine grinding
as per nutritional requirement of the birds or
animals. For efficient performance of a single
machine, performance of a hammer mill depends
upon parameters like:
a) average partial size requirement either in fine or
coarse category
b) uniformity in grinding
c) preserving nutritional value of the product
Different size of grinding particles can be obtained
by:
a) varying the screen size for coarse or fine feed
b) changing speed of motor by fitting a variable
frequency drive or dual speed motor or D.C.
motor
c) gap adjustment between hammer tips and
screens
We, at Lark Engineering are using 3rd method i.e.
gap adjustment.
Would you give some tips to the feed millers on
maintenance of feed mills?
Maintenance is an important part of feed mill
management. The main purpose of regular
maintenance is to ensure that all equipment required
for production is operating at 100 % efficiency at all
times. It must be a part of daily schedule.
To avoid unwanted breakdowns in the feed mills,
feed miller should know about preventive
maintenance. It needs regular training of feed mill
operators. In many cases, consumable parts are
used more than its standard life which results in
reduced feed quality and affects other parts as
well. Like, for an average die life cycle, it is
recommended to use 5 pieces (2.5 sets) of roll
shells for a better die life and uniform PDI, and
using the roll shells & beaters exceeding its
recommended life may badly affect grinding
texture, conditioning, pellet quality and specific
energy consumption.

SURVEY REPORT
18
nalysis of 4027 feed and raw
Acommodity samples from over
50 countries reveals that
deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins
(FUM) are the most common
mycotoxins found in feedstuffs,
according to results of the latest
BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey.
The survey constitutes longest running
and most comprehensive survey of its
kind, using advanced analytic tools. It
details the incidence of the main
mycotoxins occurring in agricultural
BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey
reveals high
contamination risk in Asia
commodities, which include: aflatoxins (Afla),
zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin
(T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA). The
survey focuses on components that are used for feed
such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, soybean meal, corn
gluten meal, dried distillers grains (DDGS) and silage,
among others.
Top threats
Overall, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins were detected
in 73% and 64% of all samples at average levels of 886
ppb and 1,819 ppb, respectively. Out of all samples,
53% are contaminated by ZEN, whereas Afla, T-2 and
OTA are present in less than 25% of samples (25%,
18% and 12% respectively) (Figure 1).
Co-contamination
A full 90% of all samples contained at least one
mycotoxin, and 71% of all samples contained two or
more mycotoxins (Figure 2).
With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold Europe is
facing a high contamination risk. The most prevalent
mycotoxin in this region was DON, detected in 79% of
the samples, followed by ZEN, detected in 63% of the
samples. One finished feed sample from Spain had a
maximum concentration of DON of 19,433 ppb and
FUM 14,019 ppb. The highest prevalence of T-2 was
Figure 1. Occurence of mycotoxins worldwide in Q3 2016.
Average of all samples collected by BIOMIN.
ImageSource:wisegeek.com

observed in Europe with an average
concentration of 20 ppb.
Asia
In Asia, the average concentration of 4
mycotoxins is above the risk threshold,
hence this region is facing a high
contamination risk. The most
prevalent mycotoxin was DON,
detected in 83% of samples, followed
by FUM, detected in 69% of samples
analyzed. Although the incidence of
Afla was rather low (30% of samples
analyzed contaminated with this
mycotoxin), the average concentration
is worrisome and represents a threat
for animals and humans. The average
concentration of FUM in this region
represents a threat to the pig industry.
A corn sample from Malaysia
registered a maximum concentration
of FUM of 43,019 ppb. The highest
concentration of DON was 12,760 ppb
and it was detected in a Chinese
wheat bran sample. The highest
maximum concentration of Afla was
730 ppb and was detected in an
Indonesian corn sample.
North America
North America faces a severe risk of
mycotoxin contamination with 5
mycotoxins above the risk threshold.
DON and FUM were the most
prevalent mycotoxins in feed samples,
detected in 38% and 32%. The average
concentration of FUM in this region
maybe a problem for the pig industry.
North America saw the highest
maximum concentration of DON
worldwide and the second highest FUM maximum
concentration (41,000 ppb).
South America
South America faces a severe contamination risk
having 5 mycotoxins average concentrations above
the risk threshold. FUM is the highest prevalent
mycotoxin and was found in 77% of samples, followed
by DON and ZEN, identified in 70% and 49% of
samples respectively Afla, T-2 and OTA were detected
in 29%, 20%, 1% of samples respectively. South
America shows the third highest average
concentration of FUM worldwide (2,192 ppb) and the
highest average concentration of OTA worldwide (22
ppb). The highest FUM concentration reported in
South America came from a Brazilian corn sample
(18,860 ppb).
Middle East
With 3 mycotoxins average concentrations above the
risk threshold, the Middle East faces a high
contamination risk. The most prevalent mycotoxins in
this region were ZEN and FUM and OTA detected in
75% and 57% and 43% of samples respectively. The
average concentration of Afla is 5 times higher than
the threshold level and might represent a risk for
animals and final consumers. The highest maximum
concentration detected in Middle East were 6,401 ppb
FUM and 4,358 DON.
Africa
With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold Africa
faces a high mycotoxins risk. The most prevalent
mycotoxins in Africa were ZEN, Afla and DON,
detected in 80% and 70% and 60% of samples
respectively. Africa shows the highest prevalence of
ZEN and Afla worldwide. Among all mycotoxins
sampled in Africa, FUM and DON had the highest
average concentrations of 2,269 and 1,009 ppb
respectively.
South Africa
With 4 mycotoxins above the risk threshold South
Africa faces a high contamination risk. ZEN, DON and
FUM were the most prevalent mycotoxins detected in
73%, 59% and 54% of samples respectively. South
Africa shows the highest average concentration of
ZEN worldwide (299 ppb).
Conclusions
These findings show that recent mycotoxin occurrence
is quite high. The mycotoxin problem can be
addressed through valid farm management strategies
and the use of registered mycotoxin deactivators
whose efficiency is scientifically proven.
Source: Biomin
Figure 2. Co-occurence of mycotoxins worldwide in Q3 2016.
Average of all samples collected by BIOMIN.
19

Manjula Thakur, Sanjay D. Howel, A. Majumder, Sahil and G. Mondal
Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-NDRI
20
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016ARTICLE
Introduction
Green fodder, dry fodder and
concentrate mixture for our livestock is
deficient and so as the major and minor
nutrients. This deficit is expected to
increase in upcoming years as
productive livestock population as well
as the demand for foods of animal
origin is showing an increasing trend.
Concentrates is the costly component
in livestock raring, not only due to
costly feed ingredients used, but also
due to food- feed competition between
humans and livestock. Keeping these in
mind, farmers and researchers have
been trying to incorporate new and
unconventional feed resources as
livestock feed. Soya pulp is one such
product, which has not yet been
explored fully. India produced 11.86
million tons of soybean in 2013-14
(Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation, Government of India,
2015) mostly from Madhya Pradesh
(also known as soybean bowl of India),
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Soybean is used in various forms such as feed for
livestock, source of protein and oil by human beings
and also it is processed into various products such as
soya milk powder, soya milk, tofu, soya sauce, soya flour,
soybean oil, tempeh etc. The popularity of soya
products are demand driven and soya processing is
slowly picking up in India due to the availability of
newer technologies.
Soya pulp is a by-product of soybean during the
production of soya milk or tofu. Soya pulp is beige in
colour and has a light, crumbly, fine grained texture,
which makes it look like moist sawdust or grated
coconut and tastes similar to almond. About 1.1 kg of
fresh soya pulp is produced from every kilogram of
soybeans processed into soya milk or tofu. Soya pulp is
mostly discarded as waste by industries, which is a
major environmental concern also, due to its
susceptibility to putrefaction. Also, the high moisture
(85%) present in soya pulp makes it difficult to handle
and it decays quickly. This paper reviews the
composition and scope for utilisation of soya pulp in
animal feeding.
Composition
The composition of soya pulp will depend on the variety
of the crop used, harvesting time, processing methods
Utilization of Soya Pulp:
a by-product of soymilk in
livestock feeding

21
CP. Soya pulp is also found to contain isoflavones, but in
comparatively lower amounts than in soybean. The
processing method employed for soybean governs
amount of isoflavones left in soya pulp.
Application in animal feeding
Soya pulp is a good source of protein and fibre and it is
also palatable to animals. Therefore, it can replace part
of soybean in cattle, pig, goat, chicken and fish feeding.
There is an immense potential of utilising soya pulp in
cattle feeding as a replacement of soybean and other
conventional protein sources to reduce the cost of
feeding. Wang et al. (2003) in China have tried to
replace 50% of soybean with soya pulp in HF cows,
which maintained milk yield and milk fat percentage
without affecting nutrient intake. Under Indian
conditions, Thakur et al. (2015) replaced soya pulp with
other soya by-products viz., soybean meal and full fat
soya in the concentrate mixture up to 30% without any
adverse effect on DM intake, milk yield and milk
composition of dairy cows which indicates the
importance of this product in livestock feeding.
Organic livestock production prohibits the use of
antibiotics, growth promotors and animal byproducts in
the ration. Satisfying the high protein requirements of
swine with less production cost is a big challenge to
organic pork producers. Alternative protein sources
and probably drying method. The fibre
is of good quality and it has been
reported that it can reduce cholesterol
level, regulate blood sugar in diabetic
individuals and cure irritable bowl in
human being. Rahman et al. (2015)
observed that the soya pulp contain
96.59% OM, 27.81% NDF and 21.99%

ARTICLE
22
could increase the availability of organic
feedstuffs and augment organic
production demands. Dietary
supplementation of soya pulp in
organic pig diet has also been tried.
Hermann and Honeymann (2004)
reported that up to 25% inclusion levels
of dietary soya pulp had no effect on
average daily gain, DMI and FCR.
India has the largest goat population in
world. Most of the goats are not
offered with concentrate mixture at all,
due to high cost of cakes and also due
to lack of awareness. Soya pulp as a
cheaper source of protein can be fed to
goats. Supplying soya pulp in adult
goats feeding @ 2% of BW/day on a
dry matter basis resulted in higher
intakes of DM, crude protein (CP) and
metabolisable energy (ME) and
improved the digestibility of DM,
organic matter, CP and neutral
detergent fibre than low levels of soya
waste
(Rahman et al., 2015).
Constraints to the use of soya pulp in
animal feeding
Moisture: The moisture content of
fresh soya pulp is around 80-85% which
makes it difficult to preserve.
Consequently, soya pulp will decompose rapidly once
produced. To overcome these limitations fresh soya pulp
must be dried as early as possible under appropriate
drying conditions. Drying process requires specialized
equipment and is energy intensive. The resultant costs
can be extremely high relative to the value of the
product. This is the major factor limiting the commercial
use of soya pulp worldwide. However, for economising
the feeding sun drying is the method of choice and old
drying methods improvised with recent technologies for
the purpose.
Anti-nutritional factors: Raw soybeans contain variety
of anti-nutritional factors, especially trypsin inhibitors
which are partially inactivated during the solvent
extraction and toasting process. Trypsin inhibitor is one
of the most important factors that will probably limit the
application of soya pulp in animal feed. But the
processing method employed viz., soaking and grinding
of soybeans, reduces the amount of trypsin inhibitor to
a level which can be safely used in livestock feeding.
Conclusion
Soya pulp is a cheaper source of protein and fibre to
animal feeding. Different workers have tried feeding
soya pulp to various classes of animals. It can be used as
a replacement to conventional concentrates for
economic feeding without any effect on growth
performance, FCR and milk yield. More studies need to
be done regarding suitable drying methods and its
health implications in animal feeding.
References are available upon request
India has tightened rules for the sale of
genetically-modified cotton seeds, a
government order said, in a move that
will cap royalties for any new variety
that the market's sole supplier - U.S.
based Monsanto decides to develop
and sell.
The farm ministry in March cut royalties
that local seed firms pay to Mahyco
Monsanto Biotech (India) (MMB), a
Monsanto joint venture with India's
Mahyco, following complaints from
domestic firms that the venture was
overcharging for a gene that produces
its own pesticide.
As well as cutting the royalties, the
government capped genetically
modified (GM) cotton seed prices at
800 rupees for a packet of 450 gm after
India tightens rules over sale of Monsanto's
GM cotton seeds
appeals by some state governments
and farmers to lower the price of the Bt
variety that commands 90 percent of
the market in India.
Now, if Monsanto decides to introduce
any new, advanced variety of its GM
cotton, the world's biggest seed
company cannot charge royalties more
that 10 percent of the price of seeds,
fixed at 800 rupees, for five years from
the date of commercialization,
according to recent ruling.
From the sixth year, the royalties, or
trait value, will taper down by 10
percent every year, said the order,
which laid down these guidelines
without naming Monsanto.
Also, as GM traits are expected to have
a limited period of efficacy, any variety
which loses its effectiveness will not be
eligible for royalties, the order said. The
new order is tougher than the royalty
arrangements announced in March.
The order also specified that any local
seed company seeking licenses for
selling any new Bt cotton variety shall
get the license within 30 days of
requesting the licensor.
Terming the latest order as a "huge
blow" to innovation in agricultural
biotechnology, the Association of
Biotechnology Led Enterprises-
Agriculture Focus Group, a pro-GM
advocacy group, said the decision
would discourage companies from
investing in research.
Source: Reuters
INDUSTRYNEWS

INDUSTRY NEWS
23
The Kaira District Cooperative Milk
Producers Union Limited (KDCMPUL)
popularly known as Amul Dairy has
started its first cattle feed plant outside
Gujarat.
The milk union has started the 200
tonnes per day cattle feed plant at
Joyrambati in West Bengal's Bankura
district on franchise model.
"This is the third cattle feed plant of our
milk union and also it is the biggest
cattle feed plant as far as eastern
region of the country is concerned,"
said Amul Dairy's managing director Dr
K Rathnam, adding that the plant will
exclusively produce - 'Amul Dan' for
farmers of West Bengal and for open
market.
The dairy union currently has two cattle
feed plants in Gujarat including one at
Kanjari that was established in 1965
and inaugurated by former prime
minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. This plant
has capacity to manufacture 1,000
New cattle feed plant by Amul in WB
tonnes cattle feed per day.
Last year, it had commissioned the
state-of-the-art cattle feed plant in
Kapdivav village of Kheda district which
was inaugurated by President Pranab
Mukherjee. "This plant which has 1,000
tonnes per day manufacturing capacity
is undergoing expansion to add
another 1,000 tonnes per day capacity
by end of January 2017," said Rathnam.
He added that demand of cattle feed in
the country is estimated at 80 to 100
million tonnes per annum. "Against this,
the installed capacity putting all the
players together is just 8 million tonnes
per annum. Hence, there is a huge gap.
While expansion of cattle feed
manufacturing facilities is happening at
the rate of 4 %, the demand is growing
by 6-7 %," he added.
"Unless, the cattle is given right kind of
feed, productivity of animals will not
get enhanced," he said.
The dairy which runs a milk processing
plant at Joyrambati through a third
party plant with eight lakh litres per day
milk processing capacity to cater to the
eastern market, has plans to set up its
own dairy plant in West Bengal.
"We have already acquired 17 acres
from West Bengal Industrial
Development Corporation to set up 1
million litres expandable to 2 million
litres per day dairy plant with an
investment of Rs 200 crore," he said.
Source: Times of India

24
INDUSTRY NEWS
Global oilseed production is forecast
higher in November, primarily on larger
soybean crops in the United States and
Russia, as well as a larger peanut and
rapeseed forecast in China, the United
States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) said in its latest World
Agriculture Supply and Demand
Estimates (WASDE) report.
Oilseed exports are up on larger
shipments from the United States,
Ukraine and Russia, offset by a
reduction in Argentina, it said, adding
that soybean imports are forecast
slightly lower on reduced demand in
Russia offset by an increase in Mexico.
“Global oil imports are up on higher
soybean oil demand in India offset by a
reduction in demand for palm and palm
kernel oil. Global oilseed stocks are
boosted, led by Argentina, United
States, and China,” the report added.
The U.S. season-average farm price is
up 15 cents to $9.20 per bushel.
2015/16 Global soybean and rapeseed
production is raised on revised China
production for 2015/16. Soybean
imports are up on stronger demand
Increasing global production of oilseeds
from the European Union and China.
Exports are down slightly with lower
shipments from Argentina. Global
stocks are raised this month led by
China and Argentina.
Changes observed in 2016-17 trade
outlook
United States: Soybean exports are up
680,000 tons to 55.8 million on larger
exportable supplies while soybean meal
exports are down 272,000 tons to 10.9
million on slowing demand.
Argentina soybean exports are down
400,000 tons to 9.3 million, and
soybean meal exports are down
100,000 tons to 32.7 million on slowing
demand.
Brazil soybean meal exports are down
300,000 tons to 15.5 million on slowing
demand.
European Union: Soybean meal imports
are down 200,000 tons to 30.0 million
following tighter exportable supplies in
South America resulting from lower
crush. Sunflowerseed meal imports are
up 100,000 tons to 3.9 million on ample
exportable supplies in the Black Sea
region.
India: Palm oil imports are lowered
250,000 tons to 10 million, and palm
kernel oil imports are lowered 100,000
tons to 130,000 on larger supplies of
other vegetable oils. Soybean oil
imports are raised 400,000 tons to 4.0
million on higher demand.
Japan soybean meal imports are down
100,000 tons to 1.8 million on lower
domestic demand.
Mexico soybean meal imports are
lowered 100,000 tons to 2.5 million,
while soybean imports are up 100,000
tons to 4.3 million on strong domestic
crush margins.
Pakistan soybean meal imports are
reduced 150,000 tons to 500,000 tons
on lower forecast of domestic
consumption.
Russia soybean imports are down
100,000 tons to 2.1 million following a
larger crop.
Tunisia olive oil exports are slashed
100,000 tons to 70,000 in response to
sharply lower production.
Source: indoasiancommodities
Image Source: Financial Times

26
Amit Sharma, Hujaz Tariq, Srobana Sarkar, Debsish Satapathy &
Deepika Tripathi, Animal Nutrition Division, NDRI
Water quality: A hidden
limiting factor
for animal productivity
Introduction:
79% of the planet earth's crust constitutes
water, only 2.5% of all water resources is
fresh water, 96.5% of water is in oceans
and 1% is brackish water. Out of 2.5%
fresh water, 70% is locked up in glaciers,
permanent snow and atmosphere
(Dompkaet al., 2002; UNESCO,2005). India
has only 4% of total fresh water resources
of the world (FAO, 2013) and total water
availability (surface + ground) in India is
around 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM);
about 60% (690 BCM from surface water
and 432 BCM from ground sources) is
usable and remaining 40% is not
accessible for use due to various
geological and topographical
considerations. 91% of extracted
groundwater is consumed by the
agricultural sector and rest 9% by the
industrial and domestic sector. Similarly,
89% of surface water is consumed by the
agricultural sector and rest 11% by the
industrial and domestic sector.
India is more vulnerable for water scarcity
because of its growing population, over-exploitation of
water resources and in-disciplined lifestyle. It is predicted
that most of Indian states might reach water stress state by
2020 and water scarcity state by 2025.
Animals are competing with human for portable water
directly and due to dominance, animals will not get good
quality water. So, the challenge for the future is to optimize
livestock productivity by knowing that how poorer quality
water resources can be utilized or treated, or both, to make
them acceptable for ruminant production without
compromising the health, welfare and productivity of the
animals and also the quality of the products (e.g., dairy food
products). It is a well established fact that quality of water
resource has a great impact on animal health, nutrient
utilization and ultimately on production. So, in this article, a
brief information about the anti-quality factors present in
water that may affect animal health, production has been
discussed.
Anti- quality factors of water:
The quality of the water is influenced by its source and
contamination from abiotic and biotic factors. Main criteria
to access water quality are its organoleptic (odor and taste),
physiochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids, total
dissolved oxygen, and hardness), presence of toxic
ARTICLE

28
compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals,
organophosphates, and hydrocarbons),
excess of minerals or compounds
(nitrates, sodium, sulfates, and iron) and
presence of bacteria. Among all
parameters, the salinity/total dissolved
solids (TDS)/total soluble salts (TSS) is the
major factor which affects water quality as
well as the suitability of particular water
resource for livestock (NRC, 2005; Salem
et al., 2011).
In India, groundwater is the major source
of water for animals. Generally,
groundwater contains high levels of TDS
compared to surface water which mainly
depends upon the geology of the
surrounding area, rainfall, vegetation,
topography and human activities around
the water sources. The impact of high
level TDS were studied by Sharma et al.,
2016 in growing Murrah calves found a
negative impact of TDS (>4467 ppm) on
animal's drinking water intake which
ultimately resulted in reduced animal
performance. The impact of different
levels of TDS on animal's performance is
shown in Table 1. Similarly, Other studies
by Solomon et al. (1995) and Shapasand
et al. (2010) reported higher milk yield in
lactating animals that consumed water
containing less than 1000 ppm TDS.
Whereas, Valtorta et al. (2008) had
observed effect of higher levels of water
TDS on feed intake, rumen parameter,
body weight and body score.
pH :The pH of the water for dairy cattle consumption
should be 6.5-8.5, preferably neutral. pH beyond this value
can disturb the ruminal activity and ruminal microflora,
digestion and absorption of the food.
Microbial Contamination: Generally, the water troughs are
heavily contaminated with enteric bacteria. This is rather the
major source for enteric bacteria and a common source of
exposure to potential pathogen to cattle, that could result
in infection of large numbers of animals during a relatively
brief period. It is well known water troughs serve as
reservoirs for enteric microorganisms and water-borne
transmission of these pathogens to cattle (LeJeune and
Gay, 2002). Generally, water for animal consumption must
contain no coliform bacteria for calves, and coliform count
should be under 10 per 100 milliliters for adult cattle.
Drinking troughs (tanks) and buckets should be kept
relatively clean. A raised base around tanks helps to keep
manure contamination problems to a minimum. Cleaning
tanks and water buckets to prevent build-up of old feed
and other debris is important.
Other contaminants which are occasionally found in water
can pose a health hazard to animal and hamper their
production. For safe consumption, water contaminants
should not exceed below guidelines:
Conclusions: Water is the most important nutrient for all
forms of life. In the last century, relatively little attention was
given to how drinking water should be provided and
managed in ruminant production systems, because it was
relatively inexpensive and plentiful. But today in the
changed situation, due to climate change, over-exploitation
of water and poor conservation policies, this is becoming
scarce and water scarcity is going to be a major challenge
for the humanity in near future. The availability, source,
quantity, treatment, and conservation of water shall be the
decisive factors in future, dictating farm location, size,
sustainability, and profitability of the farm. Good quality and
hygienically safe water will become the basic prerequisite
for achieving high production performance ,good animal
health and high quality products from livestock.
References are available upon request
Table 1 Effect of different levels of TDS on animal health and
production (Sharma et al., 2016)
TDS orTSS
(mg/L)
Observations
600 Safe, normal water intake, optimum growth
700-2500 Safe, slight initial rejection for 2–3 days, thereafter normal
water intake and growth of buffalo calves
2600-4500 Strong initial rejection for water intake, thereafter slightly less
water intake without significantly growth reduction
5000– 6000 Very strong rejection initially, there after water intake was
significantly lower and growth performance was decreased
>6,000 Total rejection for 1–5 days, thereafter
decreased water intake and very low growth
Upper-limit
(mg/L or ppm)
Aluminum 0.5
Arsenic 0.05
Boron 5.0
Cadmium 0.005
Chromium 0.1
Cobalt 1.0
Copper 1.0
Fluorine 2.0
Lead 0.015
Manganese 0.05
Mercury 0.01
Nickel 0.25
Selenium 0.05
Vanadium 0.1
Zinc 5.0
Osborne, 2006
ARTICLE

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 3 | Issue 2 | December 2016CALENDAR OF EVENTS
30
2016-17
To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at
editor@benisonmedia.com
Feed Tech Expo
Date: 23-25 February 2017
Venue: New Grain Market, Karnal, India
Email: feedtechexpo@gmail.com
Web: www.feedtechexpo.com
FEBRUARY
AFIA 2017 Purchasing & Ingredient Suppliers
Conference
Date: 6-10 March 2017
Venue: Orlando, FL, USA
Email: info@afia.org
Web: www.afia.org
VIV Asia
Date: 15-17 March 2017
Venue: BITEC, Bangkok
Email: ruwan.berculo@vnuexhibitions.com
Web: www.vivasia.nl
Aqua Aquaria India
Date: 21-23 April 2017
Venue: Andhra Loyola College Campus, Vijayawada,
India
Email: traduciruso@gmail.com
Web: www.aquaaquaria.com
MARCH
10th International Feed Regulators Meeting
(IFRM)
Date: 30-31 January 2017
Venue: Atlanta, USA
Email: info@ifif.org
Web: www.ifif.org
International Feed Expo
Date: 31 Jan - 2 Feb 2017
Venue: Georgia World Congress Center, 285 Andrew
Young International Blvd NW, Atlanta, Georgia USA
Email: info@ippexpo.org
Web: www.ippexpo.com
JANUARY
AgraME
Date: 10-12 April 2017
Venue: Dubai International Exhibition Centre, Dubai
Email: ciaran.noonan@informa.com
Web: www.agramiddleeast.com
APRIL
IDMA
Date: 4-7 May 2017
Venue: Istanbul Expo Centre, Turkey
Email: info@idma.com.tr
Web: www.idma.com.tr
Feed Expo Philippines
Date: 24-26 May 2017
Venue: SMX Convention Center, Pasay City,
Philippines
Email: michael.blancas@ubm.com
Web: www.livestockphilippines.com
MAY

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