Thesis - Pedestrian Bridge

AYA TAYSEER
201210814
University of Petra
4

Dedica)on:
I would like to dedicate this work to my parents , who always
encourages me to be the best I can be.

Acknowledgements:
I would like to thank Professor Khaled Kamal Tarazi for his
guidance, my for their advice, @me and input, my family and
friends for their support and the High Line Park for inspiring me!

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Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
6

Abstract
Windows reﬂect just as mirrors do, though they might not be
normally used for this purpose.
public pedestrian space are essen@al public ameni@es in this
increasingly urbanized world. As more people move to ci@es,
the importance of urban space will grow, Pedestrians urban
spaces brings beauty to the urban environment, and has the
capacity to provide opportuni@es for everyone to enjoy their
city , which in turn creates a society that is more involved in
the city environmental condi@ons and sustainability . Public
spaces and urban design are intrinsically connected, Urban life
is located in public space, such as parks, which provide beJer
air quality, and respite from the increasingly built
environment. While I ﬁrmly believe that Urban life and public
space are fundamental to a func@oning society, not all do.
Some doubt the value of public space’s contribu@ons to urban
life, and do not recognize the important func@on they have.
I proposed designing a pedestrian bridge with attracting
landscape & multi-activates such as cycling path ,
running track and interactive zones such as gardening
area within a recreational center .
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This paper analyzes the process, challenges and results of
the design of a pedestrian bridge in Amman, Jordan, as a
solution for pedestrian urban space .
This study involves the observation and analysis with
respect to the characteristics of the pedestrian. It aims to
produce information that can be used as guidelines and
criteria to be considered in planning, designing and
maintaining pedestrian facilities and so overcome the
problem faced by pedestrians.
A pedestrian bridge with a recreational zone, creating a
journey for people in order to enjoy & enhance pedestrian
Public spaces .
This study will be a depiction of the process of the design
of the bridge , the challenges I faced as a senior
architecture student and my solution to them, suggestions
to provide a better learning experience to future students,
and the final product of the project.
The A- bridge is an urban designed space for all people in
Amman ,Joran , allowing them to enjoy the city from
anpther prespective away from streets high traffic .
The high-line project , that is located in Manhattan, new-
york , USA was the first project that inspirited me to choose
this type of project according to the lack of pedestrian's
urban spaces in Amman, Jordan & high traffic issues.
Introduction 8

One of the reason that contribute to the problem is lack of
appropriate pathways for pedestrians beside the speed of
vehicle, road design, road environment, and driver skill
and behavior. Because of the absence of safe Urban
spaces for pedestrians in the city, It is everyone’s
responsibility to look for a solution to alleviate such a big
problem of the city.
The reason behind my choice :
1. The absence of pedestrian streets & pedestrians
friendly projects in Amman , Jordan .
2. The Absence of activity generators ( Recreational
Areas ) along the site .
3. The lack of Urban designed spaces in Amman,
Jordan .
Statement Of The Problem 9

Statement Of The Purpose
OBJECTIVES
-To promote the appropriation of the public space for
enhancing the social fabric of Ammani people .
- To achieve a sustainable environment and financially
viable project in the long term.
- To enhance the self-community management among
residents to guarantee the continuity of the project based
on a feasible working agenda in the project.
- To improve the health of people thorough physical
activation on proper public spaces.
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Data
Gathering
&
Analysis
Literature Review
Six Thinking Hats
Mind Map
Identity Of Bridges
Historical Bridges
Influences of Composition
Architectural Relevance
Recreational Centers types
Questioners
Survey
Results
Interviews Results
Case Studies
Analysis
Conclusion
Site Analysis Findings & Conclusions
Conclusion
&
Results
Urban
Landscape
Architecture
Proposed Design
Concept & Vision
Form & 3D Massing
Program Zoning
Methodology 11

LIMITATIONS
There is no relevant local case study in Amman ,
Jordan.
DELIMITATIONS
No vehicle access to the bridge it will be only pedestrian
& cyclist.
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created as a public space meant to engage the entire community , resulting with the following :
1. Enhance people`s health by motivating walking & cycling.
2. Providing the bridge with multi-entertaining zones
Like :
Meditation Zone ( Yoga Area )
Sport Zone
Stargazing Zone
Music Zone
Interactive Space ( Planting Area )
Crafts Zone ( Make Crafts By People From Recycled Material )
Children Zone
Arts Zone
Panoramic views
3. Solve high traffic rates issue & provide safe pedestrian`s path
4. Regeneration of the area.
5. Social involvement (Activities)
Outcomes 13

Thesis Structure
Introd-
uction
Literature
Review
Identity of
Bridges
Iconic
Historical
Perspectives
Influences of
Composition
Style &
Architectural
Relevance
Conclusion
Types Of
Recreational
Centers
Positive
Benefits
Access & Use of
Services &
Facilities
Issues of
Recreation
Factors
Methodology
Observation
s
Interviews
Questioners
Conclusion &
Results
Case
studies
The New
York High
Line
Tabiat
Pedestria
n Bridge
Gates head
Millennium
Bridge
Haghani
Pedestrian
Bridge
The
Southwest
Culture And
Art Center
Community
Center
Swope Music
and
Performing
Arts Center
Site
Analysis
Site
Location
Historical
Background
Site
Approach
Land Use
Topography
Environment
al Conditions
Building
Typology
Views
Site Conclusion
Sustainability
Reach
Introduction
Principles of
Sustainability
Material Flow
in Building
Sustainable
Design
Conclusion &
Results
Architectura
l Analysis
Programmatic
Analysis
Standards
Vision
Concept
Form
Program
Zoning
3D
Conceptual
Massing
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YELLOW
BLUE
Six
Thinking
Hats
BLACK WHITE
RED GREEN
Caution
Pedestrian Bridge Design &
Safety Signage
Information
Marine life Center & Libraries
Facts
Marine Center
Positives
Landscape
Open spaces ex
bridge
Feasibility
Antic shop &
restaurants & café`s
& Exhibitions
Optimism
Recreational
Center with its fun
activities
Benefits
Enhancing body
health by walking
& cycling
Rules
Regulations &
Pedestrian Safety
Signage
Control
System & Security
& Bridge Structure
Outside
Outdoor Green
Area & Flower
Garden &
Pedestrian Outdoor
Bridge
Manage
Admin Zone
Creativity
Interactive Space Gardening Area
& Multi leveled Pedestrian Bridge
Design
New ideas
Urban designed Pedestrian Bridge
Concepts
Sustainability in Building material
& Orientation & Outdoor Areas
with water harvesting system
Open
Outdoor Green Area Feelings
Antic shop & Museum
Emotions
Meditation & Relaxing & Gaming
zone & Food Facilities
To analyze my project I used the (Six Thinking Hats) analysis technique for “Ward De Bono’s” to help me
iden@fy the advantages and disadvantages of my design .
Six Thinking Hats 15

Introduction
The British politician Winston Churchill once said: “We shape
our buildings; thereafter they shape us” (“Architecture
Quotes”). Not only do buildings “shape” us every day, but
they also speak of the time and place for which they were
built and strive for timelessness, according to the famous
architect Frank Gehry (“Architecture Quotes”). Timelessness
and constant impact within our daily lives; this is exactly what
architecture can bring us. “...We see each building reflect the
story of time, and how that interaction of culture wished to
project itself to the future...[architecture] persists through our
infrastructure from bridges to public spaces and even the
very layout of our cities themselves...one could consider
architects as being the arbiters of our future history...” (Shah,
1). If architects are the crafters of our future, then we must
investigate what exactly can be seen in the structures they
create; bridges are a great example of an architectural
structure to investigate. By exploring, we can see specifically
the cultural significance and identity, iconic historical
perspectives, influences of composition and function, and
style and architectural relevance of famous bridges across
the world. Through these bridges, we can see how
architecture “reflects the story of time.”
Literature Review
In the literature reviews sec@on I took several subjects and take
deeper search on, rela@ng to the func@ons and aspects I need in
my proposed project ( The pedestrian bridge within the
recrea@onal center .

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Cultural Significance and Identity of Bridges throughout
Architecture
“Everything that humans make begins, ultimately, with an
idea: not, perhaps, those we think of as patentable—the kind
cartoonists like to represent as a bulb flashing in a scientist’s
head—but as a guiding concept that, for example, tells a
stonemason how to shape and place stone on stone to
create an arch, which, as if by magic, makes it possible to
defy gravity and make an opening in a wall” (Weston, 6).
Defying gravity, developing patentable ideas, and
investigating ideas of elements in structure are all great
concepts that began with a simple idea. Architecture is more
complex than shelter and safety, more than basic stone and
mortar, and more than function and context. When we look at
the principle of architecture, it becomes clear that
architecture is a very unique and multifaceted idea. More so,
this broad range of architectural ideals can be broken down
to become a compilation of simple ideas that must be
investigated and discussed to determine functionality and
purpose.
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In exploring the importance of architecture on our culture, an
important aspect to consider is the cities architecture resides
in. The prominent architect Richard Rogers stated in an
interview by Vikas Shah that “cities are (also) great meeting
places for people...cities meet to exchange grain, meat, to
think and exchange ideas...” in order to survive (8). Cities
must be designed effectively and efficiently to encourage the
economic and cultural growth of the people within it and the
people who come to explore it. A key factor in the trade and
traveling focused cities of today, and of the past, has simply
been water. If water could be overcome as an obstacle and
counter intuitively used as an advantage, cities could thrive
tremendously. One answer to this problem: bridges. If
bridges can allow goods to be exchanged and services to
grow, thrive, and become more efficient, society and culture
can only improve as time forges on.
Furthermore, the Executive Director of the Pritzker
Architecture Prize Martha Thorne stated: “Without a doubt,
buildings are accepted by communities and imbued with
emotions and the appreciation or disdain of people! They are
included in the identity of a people, city, or place” (Shah, 5). This
cultural identity that buildings provide, and all structures such as
bridges, is not always rational in the least bit. “...It’s not just about
an intellectual reading of architecture as a cognitive rational
process, but also about the emotive dimension,” according to the
architect and educator Prof. Mohsen Mostafavi (Shah, 5).
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This “emotive dimension” creates a powerful connection and
appreciation for the architecture that defines a certain
culture. Moreover, “culture is experienced in the present time
as the fluid gamut of structures that define our experience of
living” (Shah, 1). Culture is everything in life; life is everything
as a part of culture; and consequently architecture will always
be a way of life and culture. Architecture not only caters to
our worldly needs of life and cultural significance, but it also
“allows us to assert our existence to ourselves to the extent
that we are not just ‘now’ but are-in essence-forever” (Shah,
1). And yet, our legacy to life has forever been a part of us as
we continually try to deny it and “wish to become
eternal” (Shah, 1). Even though we subconsciously wish to
be eternal, often we, in turn, begin to mirror possibilities of
the eternal. For example, the author Branko Mitrović “asserts
that according to Plato, ‘...the ‘things’ of our world are
reflections of shadows of eternal Forms or Ideas, which do
not exist in space or time, but outside of it...’” (Shah, 1). The
structural element of bridges provide all of the advantages of
economic responsibility, cultural identity, a definition of how
we live, and the reflections of a people’s desire to be eternal
by being the icon and resource that cities and their
inhabitants crave.
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Iconic Historical Perspectives of Bridges
The idea of iconography is something that has developed
over time; an icon can be anything that has gained
recognition because of a moment or time in history, forever
changing the perceptions and identity of a place and its
people (Shah, 5). Icons can be any celebrity, cultural trend or
tradition, religion, concept or tangible object, among others.
When we look at cultural icons in modern society, it is clear
that architecture has impacted culture and redefined
architecture itself. The Sydney Opera House in Australia, the
Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Colosseum in Rome, the Petronas
Towers in Kuala Lumpur, St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow,
the Taj Mahal in India, and so many more architectural
buildings across the world are arguably some of the greatest
icons that have made their moment in history by continuing to
define that moment in the modern age.
A perfect example of this architectural iconography began in
80AD when the first recorded example of London
Bridge was constructed at the
north end of the Southwark
settlement, where the city of
London arose (“The History of
London Bridge”). This bridge
then began a slow evolution
that greatly impacted the
historical image and perception of London.
London Bridge
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After the Roman bridge of Southward, the next record of the
London Bridge is dated to Danish invasions of Anglo-Saxon
England when the bridge was pulled down during an attack.
More timber bridges followed this tragic event, before a priest
named Peter de Cole church during the reigns of Henry II,
Richard-the-Lionheart , and John built a permanent stone
bridge in 1163. This Gothic bridge included a chapel in the
original plans, but continued to be under construction for
many years as houses and shops were added. In the 13th
century when the unpopular Queen Eleanor of Provence
misused the tolls of the bridge that were given to her as a
present from her husband, King Henry III of England, the
present version of the song “London Bridge is Falling Down –
My Fair Lady” was composed from the old Norse saga.
Through the rebel attacks of Jack Cade, the Great Fire of
1666, and the new architectural style adopted in the 18th
century, London Bridge stood firm.
Finally, a committee was appointed by Parliament to
consider the condition of the bridge, and a design
competition was held that allowed John Rennie’s plans to be
accepted and realized in 1825. Rennie’s bridge didn’t last
long, however, as the weak foundation allowed the bridge to
continually sink for the next eighty years. In 1968, the old
bridge was famously sold to an American for $2,460,000 and
construction of the new bridge by John Mowlem & Co. began
(“The History of London Bridge”). With all of its history, it
becomes clear that London Bridge is “fundamental to the
identity and character of a place, [i.e. London.
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In this way a bridge is] unique and connects us with the past.
Bridges provide people with a sense of identity, history, and
context for their own role in their community’s story. Iconic
elements act as landmarks for people outside the area,
making it easier for them to find and engage in the
community” (“Preserve Symbols That Matter,” 1). History is all
about what the past has left behind, what we can relate to our
ancestors, and what we can make our own as a personal
identity and sense of character. London Bridge was not quite a
matter of architectural achievement of beauty and
prestige, but as Prof. Mohsen Mostafavi points out, beauty is
always “in the eyes of the beholder!” (Shah, 5).
To further this idea of iconography in architecture, the Royal
Institute of British Architecture (RIBA) held the 2009 London
Bridge Ideas Competition that strove to celebrate the
anniversary of the 1209 AD inhabited bridge (“London Bridge
800: Design an Inhabited Bridge”). Architectural quality,
inspiration and creativity, functionality, response to and
understanding of the brief were the categories of judgment
discussed in the RIBA article; these aspects allowed London
Bridge to be deemed as such an important aspect of London
to be classified as an icon (“London Bridge 800: Design an
Inhabited Bridge”).
Not many people in this world can deny that they have never
heard of the famous song “London Bridge is Falling Down” or
read about the famous bridge’s whereabouts across the world;
therefore establishing the London Bridge as a historical icon.
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Furthermore, this iconic element must be shifted in our minds
from historic perspectives to the concept of preservation.
“Preserving historic, iconic elements is not always
economically feasible or practical, and sometimes it is simply
impossible. But if the element in question...is socially
significant to the neighborhood or community, we strive to
preserve it” (“Preserve Symbols That Matter,” 2). If London
Bridge is an icon of London and England, its history and
engineering strength acts as a literal bridge between our past
and our future.
If an icon can be anything that has gained recognition because
of a moment or time in history, forever changing the
perceptions of identity of place and people, the Roman world
of architecture and art is another exceptional example. Roman
architecture strove to be transformative and influential above
all else; it strove to be powerful and it strove to leave a lasting
imprint on the world. “The earliest of Roman art is generally
associated with the overthrow of the Etruscan kings and the
establishment of the Republic in 509 BC” where Roman art
flourished until the beginning of the medieval era with the
conversion of the emperor Constantine to Christianity in 330
AD (“Encyclopedia Roman Art and Architecture”).
With this, we can see that the art was “traditionally divided into
two main periods, art of the Roman Republic and art of the
Roman Empire (from 27 BC on), with subdivisions
corresponding to the major emperors or imperial dynasties.”
The art of Roman history corresponds to Roman architecture
when art principles were used in Roman architecture.
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The art and architecture can be characterized by various
styles attributable to differing region tastes and the diverse
preferences of a wide range of patrons’ conjunctively
(“Encyclopedia Roman Art and Architecture”).
When historians and architectural enthusiast look back upon
the Roman Empire, it is impossible to ignore the magnificent
structures they left behind. The scale of Roman architectural
ambition is superbly seen in the greatest aqueduct at Nimes,
known as the Pont du Gard (‘bridge of the Gard’). Constructed
about 20 AD, the gigantic structure is purely practical. It is a
section of a channel bringing water from the river Eure to the
new Roman town of Nimes” (Gascoigne 2). Pont du Gard is a
towering structure of three tiers of arches; it tests the principles
of physics, while exemplifying the beauty of design and
practicality.
Ultimately, the
aqueduct leaves a statement of
superiority in knowledge of
Roman culture and principles.
The engineering principles of
water transportation as well as
the architectural beauty in the use
of arches as minimal structure
are intuitive and iconic. If Pont
du Gard is an icon of Roman architecture and art, its history
and amazing engineering strength acts as yet another bridge
between our past and future.
bridge of the Gard’
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Influences of Composition and Function
Architecture can be categorized into many ideas that reflect
its character of change. According to Richard Weston, these
ideas can be broken down into a few categories: basic
elements of construction, social ideas and innovations,
spatial types and meaning of organization, design/drawing
techniques both practical and conceptual, and more abstract
ideas that have guided explicitly or inexplicitly (6).
To design a space with purpose and therefore with strategic
composition is a challenging task. But, to go beyond the
ideas of basic function, that is when architecture and design
become more complex than we ever could have imagined.
Elements like the column and the beam, the wall, the door,
brick, stairways, the arcade and naturally the idea of a bridge
provide infinite possibilities for structure.
The concept of architecture far exceeds the simple concept
of aesthetic beauty and branches out to
function of a space and design
when considerations of
engineering are credited. Martha
Thome demands architecture to
“work with nature in terms of
energy, light, and use of resources...it creates spaces that
somehow go beyond functioning well” (Shah, 5). This idea
that architecture has to be “more” in this day and age
allows us to consider structure, materials, purpose, context,
and function of a building much more fundamentally than we
have in the past (Shah, 5)
Millennium Bridge
26

This idea that architecture has to be “more” in this day and
age allows us to consider structure, materials, purpose,
context, and function of a building much more fundamentally
than we have in the past (Shah, 5). In addition, engineering
concepts must crucially be considered in resources,
especially in the case of public transportation, because “good
design is good business!” (Shah, 7). If a space is well
designed, architect Richard Rogers claims that “you can see
the life of the people and community expressed in
architecture” and be positively affected because of it (Shah,
7). Most recently, this positive effect of architecture in
engineering innovation can be exemplified in the London
Millennium Bridge by architect Sir Norman Foster with
sculptor Sir Anthony Caro and engineers Arup (“Millennium
Bridge,” BBC).
This lateral suspension bridge was designed to be “a ‘blade
of light’ across the Thames, ‘an absolute St [and iconic]
statement of our capabilities at the beginning of the 21
(“Millennium Bridge,” BBC). This literal composition is
realized when the bridge is illuminated at night to emphasize
the “uniquely thin profile” that forms “a slender arc across the
water,” and spans “the greatest possible distance with the
minimum means” (“Millennium Bridge,” RIBA).
Millennium Bridge’s cutting edge design flaunted the new
technological advances of the age, and yet was put under the
microscope when a “wobbling” issue came into play.
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On the opening day in June 2000, as pedestrians began to
walk across the innovative bridge, there was an obvious
wobble. Engineers later “discovered that the sideways forces
of the pedestrians’ footsteps created a slight horizontal
wobble” that would need to be fixed by dampening
mechanisms (“Millennium Bridge,” BBC). After nearly two
years of testing and engineer evaluations, the pedestrian
bridge was allowed to reopen in February 2002 (“Millennium
Bridge, London”).
This construction process is evidence to the new non-linear
prospective that incorporates and intertwines all
specializations of design and construction (Shah, 6). In the
case of the Millennium Bridge, if the architect was left to
solve this structural issue, the best answer to the problem
might not have been realized; likewise, if the engineer had
been in charge
11 century’”
of the aesthetic design of the bridge, the best look and
concept of design might not have been chosen for the
project. The whole idea of concept of engineering can be
shifted back to the idea that “architecture is not truly the
creation of an individual or collective for the purpose of
research, contemplation or beauty, but had the purpose of
responding to functional needs” (Shah, 3).
Function: that is what engineering and architecture must
St achieve in the 21the century .
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Of course, “it’s about using imagination to form, giving order,
giving rhythm…to space,” but the challenges of today might
be larger than previously bargained for (Shah, 3). The issues
of extreme urbanization, fast urbanization, climate change,
resource limitations, and so much more will force Architects
to rethink and reevaluate the priorities of building with
sustainable engineering concepts.
Moreover, change is something that can characterize all
things in this world.
Moreover, change is something that can characterize all
things in this world. “...Every age thinks it’s making the
environment more human, but changes are always
reflected” (Shah, 4). Reflected through what exactly, that is
the question. Naturally, the answer comes when we look
upon culture, icons, and traditions within a society.
Through this exploration of architecture, the demands of
society can be seen to shift from need to statement and
further to function. London Bridge began in Roman times as
a simple need for transportation, for society, for the people.
However, as time goes on, we see the Tower Bridge built as
a statement of British imperial power, and Victorian ideals-
and so the ideals and culture of a society begin to be seen in
a whole new light.
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Finally, this change of identity within British society is
exemplified through the building of the Millennium Bridge.
This bridge demanded a need for pedestrian comfort,
innovation and design that complicated a cycle of change in
architectural ideals. The architectural cycle shows that all
concepts evolve from need; London Bridge was built in a
time of basic transportation need, while the Millennium
Bridge was built in a time of functional pedestrian need. And
yet, as these basic concepts reoccur, the details and poetry
of modern design and power of construction have become
evident.
Style and Architectural Relevance
A famous architect named Frank Lloyd Wright once said,
“Every great architect is – necessarily – a great poet. He must
be a great original interpreter of his time, his day his
age” (“Architecture Quotes”). It is interesting when the
contents of this quote are employed within the context of this
time, this day, and this age. Architects are considered to be
poets that interpret the world as it is and maybe even lead
the world into the future.
Most predominantly, modern architecture has proven to be a
compilation of all architectural styles before it. Customs,
techniques and concepts are all used to shape architecture
as they always have, but also to form new designs and
projects
30

The idea of using what is of our past is interesting, but
especially so when architectural relevance and style
concepts of the current age are merged along side it. When
past and present architecture are studied and reflected upon
for what each has brought, the combination of both seems to
show the most striking ideas.
Martha Thorne put it best when she said this: “...the most
important architecture is the innovation of building and
construction, or buildings that have pushed the discipline to
get us to think about our environment in different ways, or
just incredibly beautiful buildings that have lifted the human
spirit in addition to housing our activities and our
lives” (Shah, 3). Architecture has so many varied functions
and ideals that vary
from each person and perspective that graces its name.
Culture, however, often chooses to see architecture in its
truest form: historical beauty.
To begin, the realms of architecture are greatly
exemplified in a time of the World Columbian
Exposition of Chicago in 1892, a time of economic
depression in the United States in 1893, a time when
the famous Reichstag Building is constructed in
Berlin in 1894, and most importantly,
a time when construction on the
Tower Bridge was begun (Zavada).
The Tower Bridge
31

This great bridge came about when, “in the 19th century, the
East End of London became so densely populated that public
need mounted for a new bridge in the east of London
Bridge” (“Bridge History”).
The explicit need for a new bridge drew competition, design,
and great Architects from all over the world; London had
become a capital of great industrial and imperial power and,
therefore, demanded a great bridge that represented the
architectural and governmental power of an empire. Although
this seems simple, “at the heart of this discourse comes an
even more fundamental realization. Architecture does not
manifest itself, it is not a natural process such as the growth
or movement of the oceans, and it begins with the mind
conceiving a question, rationalizing the context,
understanding the ethics and ends with the imagining of a
solution” (Shah, 10).
Developing this new display of British imperial power was
the beginning of “the mind conceiving a question;”
“rationalizing the context” began when the construction
considered did not disturb the current traffic of the city;
“understanding the ethics” came about when architectural
taste selected from the now fashionable Gothic image
London had previously been chosen for the House of
Parliament; and “ends with the imagining of a solution” was
realized when Sir Horace Jones, along with John Wolfe
Barry, offered the design for Tower Bridge as a solution
(“Bridge History”).
32

Tower Bridge in London is simply an architecture wonder;
“when it was built...it was the largest and most sophisticated
bascule bridge ever completed” (“Bridge History”).
Sophistication, along with pure beauty proved to captivate
not only London dwellers, but also the world. Most curiously,
when it comes to particular architecture throughout the world,
there often is simply a quality of majesty that hits home for
the people that are all around it (Shah, 4). Through majesty,
innovation, or the 15 simple fulfillment of purpose, it is clear
that Frank Lloyd Wright was correct when he claimed “every
great architect is-necessarily-a great poet. He must be a
great original interpreter of his time, day his
age” (“Architecture Quotes”). Sir Horace Jones was a poet of
his time that succeeded to enthrall the British Empire and its
people who identified with the Victorian values imbued within
Gothic architecture through his architecture.
33

What is recreation?
• Recreation represent any rational human
activity that results in s pleasurable
response, at any time, place or
circumstances with attendant enriching
physical, intellectual or emotional benefits.
• or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed
for therapeutic refreshment of one's body or mind.
• sports or what people do with their free time.
Recreational spaces
• Public space is and has been an integral part of
communities, serves as a location for people to meet,
relax, and exchange ideas.
• Public space states “a place where anyone can come
without paying an entrance or other fee”
• Refreshment of one's mind or body after work through
activity that amuses or stimulates; play
• Providing mental relief through spaces, environment
and surroundings.
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TYPES OF RECREATIONAL SPACES
§ FORMAL
§ INFORMAL
§ ACTIVE
§ PASSIVE
§ ORGANIZED
§ UNORGANIZED
§ INDOOR
§ OUTDOOR

35

Three main types of
recreational
Open space:
A) Formal youth & adult playing
space
b) Children's playing space
c) Informal recreational open
space
FORMAL (YOUTH AND ADULT)
PLAYING SPACE
§ playing fields
§ sports grounds
§ Athletic tracks
§ Tennis courts
CHILDREN'S PLAYING SPACE
§ Equipped children's playgrounds
§ Adventure playgrounds
INFORMAL RECREATIONAL
OPEN
SPACE
Informal recreational open space
is that which provides opportunities
for more
passive recreational pursuits such
as walking,
sitting, and general relaxing. It also
may have
scope for informal play.
The main types of informal
recreational open
space are:
§ Parks
§ Linear open space
§ Amenity space within housing
areas
§ Natural/informal open spaces
§ Ornamental gardens
§ Grassed sitting out areas
36

Active Recreation :
Recreation that involves
playing fields and team
participation such as
baseball, soccer,
lacrosse, etc.
The greater share of
facilities for active
recreation are found
within the management
of cities and recreation
districts.

Passive
Recreation :
Recreation without
fields, more generally
trail- based hiking,
mountain biking,
horseback riding,
wildlife viewing,
picnicking, etc.

37

Indoor Recrea)onal Ac)vi)es:

There are no of indoor recrea@onal
ac@vi@es like:
§ Reading
§ Wri)ng
§ Computer and Video Games
§ Playing Cards
§ Internet Surﬁng:
§ Dance:
§ Music
§ Indoor Games
There are plenty of other indoor
games that you can enjoy. A game of
snooker, pool, table tennis, indoor
tennis, badminton, racquetball or
squash can be a great way to spend
your @me indoors and enjoy
yourself.

Outdoor Recrea)onal Ac)vi)es:
some ac@vi@es that u enjoy outside
from ur place like:
§ Hiking
§  Camping
§ Fishing
§ Sailing
includes ac@vi@es
like Boa@ng, Kayaking or RaWing.
§ Skateboarding
§ Skydiving
§ Skiing
§ Swimming
§ Surﬁng

In addi@on to the above men@oned
recrea@onal ac@vi@es, you can
always indulge in various outdoor
sports like
Cricket, Golf, Football, Baseballor B
asketball.
38

Participating in leisure and recreational activity can foster a
range of positive benefits including:
• Opportunities for health, wellbeing and quality lifestyle for the
community
• Personal development, expression, creativity, individuality,
social, physical and intellectual growth of children, youth and
adults.
• Development of people’s motor skills at all levels from leisure
participation to professional training
• Sense of community and community building through
community interaction
• Beautification of the city, facility and amenity improvements
• Economic flow-ons to the community, business and tourism
together with environmental benefits.
positive benefits
39

Participation in Recreation is regarded as being essential in contributing to
people’s well being. A number of pressures including trying to balance work,
family and life in general have meant that people, particularly adults have
become ‘time poor’ which raises a number of issues for our health and
community well being. These include:
• People having to juggle priorities, which means less personal time, which
contributes to poor diets and less exercise.
• Physical inactivity is becoming an increasing problem in Australia, especially
the growing proportion of children who are overweight. Home based activities
such as watching television and playing electronic games are becoming very
popular. The Hunter Region has a higher than National proportion of people
who are overweight and obese. Physical inactivity is estimated to contribute
almost 7% of the total burden of disease in Australia.
• The popularity of watching television and playing computer games as a
recreational activity together with other factors has implications for isolation,
community interactivity, cohesion and consecutiveness of people in the
neighborhood and local community.
• Declining rates of participation in sport and physical activity as people age4.
• Women, particularly those that are married with children, become less likely
than men to participate in sport and physical activity.
• Over one in five adults who have a family with children, not yet at school, or
are at pre & primary school don’t undertake their most enjoyed recreational
activities.
Health & Community
Wellbeing

40

Physical
• Ability of existing infrastructure to meet current and future service needs
of the community.
• Availability of transport can restrict access to recreational activities and
facilities for the
• community in particular aged people. Aged people require assistance in
organizing their
• involvement in activities and insufficient means of transport impacts on
this.
• Perceptions of lack of personal safety in Inner City parks can prevent
people from using other areas for recreation.
• With increasing medium density housing in the City and a preference for
larger detached dwellings on smaller blocks of land, private recreational
areas are decreasing and hence people’s access and utilization of these
spaces to recreate is becoming restricted.
Access and Use of Services
and Facilities

Affordability
• Affordability of recreational activities and services not provided by Council
affect people’s capacity to participate.
• Increased costs and complexity in public liability and greater occupational
health and safety requirements have made events, activities and services
more costly and difficult to organize. This has an impact on the recreational
activities and services are available to the community. It has also resulted
in a decrease in volunteer involvement.
41

Issues of Recreation
• Walking for pleasure
• Visiting historic sites
• Driving for pleasure
• Swimming
• Visiting nat. areas, parks
• Sunbathing on beach
• Fishing
• Picnicking
• Using a playground
• Boating
• Jogging
• Visiting gardens, arboretums
• Bicycling
• Camping
• Hiking, backpacking
• Playing outdoor sports
• Golf
• Basketball
• Fitness trail
• Soccer
• Snow skiing, boarding
• Tennis
• Hunting
• Motorized recreation
• Marine parks
• music

42

Issues
SKIING:
Skiing is a group of sports using skis as
equipment for traveling over snow.
Types of skiing :
o Alpine skiing
o Freestyle skiing
o Nordic skiing
o Military skiing Etc .

TENNIS:
Tennis is an indoor and outdoor game.
The modern game of tennis originated in
the United Kingdom in the late 19th century
as "lawn tennis" which has heavy connec@ons
to various ﬁeld/lawn games as well as to the
ancient game of real tennis.
43

HUNTING:
Hun@ng is the prac@ce of pursuing living animals
(usually wildlife) for food, recrea@on, or trade.
MOTORIZED RECREATION :
The goal of the Motorized Recrea@on
Project is to promote responsible travel
management on federal lands,
protec@ng against the harmful eﬀects
of unrestricted motorized recrea@on.
Issues
44

MARINE PARK:
A marine park is a park consis@ng of an
area of sea (or lake) protected for
recrea@onal use.
MUSIC:
Music is a vast ﬁeld as recrea@onal ac@vity. All
individuals experience music. To many people
in many cultures music is an important part of
their way of life.
Issues
45

FACTORS
AN OPPORTUNITY AND A RESPONSIBILITY TO
PROTECT THE SANCTITY OF A PLACE, ITS PEOPLE
AND ITS SPIRIT
Factors to be defined
• Characteristics of the community
• Characteristics of the community building
• Characteristics of community building leaders
46

FACTORS
Characteristics of the community
• Flexibility and adaptability
• Pre-existing social cohesion
• Widespread participation
• Relationship of trust
• Nature of the option
• Environmental constraints
• Concepts of community and social capital
• Architectural character
47

FACTORS
Characteristics of the community building
• Ability to discuss, reach consensus, and cooperate
• Progression from simple to complex activities
• Systematic gathering of information and analysis of community
issues
• Training to gain community building skills
• Early involvement and support from existing, indigenous
organizations
• Facilities for elderly and disabled
• Outdoor or indoor facilities
• Type of access can be created for people with disabilities
• Sense of place
• Function and economy
• Energy Conservation
• Space use
48

Conclusion of Literature Review
Architecture is truly what “really provides the symbolic
ideas of habitation and- broadly-serving the
humankind,” according to Prof. Mohsen Mostafavi
(Shah, 3). Symbolism and service for humankind : two
concepts that intertwine quite significantly when
considering architecture and perception. If a structure
symbolized service to mankind when London Bridge
began, this service would be directed toward the
obvious need for society.
49

Likewise, service in symbolism would have shifted when the
Tower Bridge was constructed as a means of statement and
power to serve the ego and domination of an empire. Finally,
symbolism transformed service once again when the
Millennium Bridge was constructed for the people as
convenience and demand prevailed, while also providing a
statement of innovation. More profoundly, the idea that
through service, society creates exactly what it needs
interacts with Winston Churchill’s idea that “we shape our
buildings; thereafter they shape us” (“Architecture Quotes”).
Furthermore, the impact of architecture is seen when culture
begins to accept and imbue emotions of appreciation when
structures reflect the “identity of a people, city, or
place” (Shah, 5).
Structures then begin to use this “sense of identity, history
and context” to establish iconic elements that “act as
landmarks for people outside the area, making it easier for
them to find and engage in the community” (“Preserve
Symbols That Matter,” 1). In addition, all of these
considerations must include the concepts of engineering and
the “purpose of responding to the functional needs” of a
place and its people (Shah, 3).
50

And yet, “at the heart of this discourse comes an even more
fundamental realization. Architecture does not manifest itself,
it is not a natural process such as the growth or movement of
the oceans, and it begins with the mind conceiving a
question, rationalizing the context, understanding the ethics
and ends with the imagining of a solution” (Shah, 10).
Architecture’s impact on society is simply profound in every
way, and through iconic bridges, we can see how structures
begin to “reflect the story of time” and provide the link
between the influential past and optimistic future.
The history of the chosen site location will be introduced and
descried in the site analysis chapter ( chapter 5 ) .
51

Conclusion
Participating in leisure and recreational
activity can foster a range of positive
benefits including:
• Opportunities for health, wellbeing and quality lifestyle for the community
• Personal development, expression, creativity, individuality, social, physical
and intellectual growth of children, youth and adults.
• Development of people’s motor skills at all levels from leisure participation
to professional training
• Sense of community and community building through community
interaction
• Beautification of the city, facility and amenity improvements
• Economic flow-ons to the community, business and tourism together with
environmental benefits.
Pedestrian Bridges :
•  The pedestrian bridges have a positive impact and have a great
potential of reducing number of pedestrian fatalities .
•  The main 2 factors affecting the use of pedestrian bridges are : the
overall width of sidewalks, and the existence of median barrier .
•  Positive effect of the physical urban improvement intervention of spaces
(Lighting, visibility, cleaning, enabling equipment for various uses,
including others), with the participation and social interventions of the
inhabitants and neighbors (allow this initiative generates responsibility
and ownership of public space and thereby enhances social cohesion.
•  For the realization of Urban successful intervention, it is necessary to
develop a joint action, where there is not only a government will and
institutional, but also, have established intervention programs and
entertainment social, to achieve adequate levels of participation and
commitment of the people with the project and its sustainability.
•  Successes in terms of the application of resources and program
operation. Considered a government priority, in the sense of coordinate
the efforts of the various municipal offices towards the same goal.
52

Data
Gathering
&
Analysis
Literature Review
Six Thinking Hats
Mind Map
Identity Of Bridges
Historical Bridges
Influences of Composition
Architectural Relevance
Recreational Centers types
Questioners
Survey
Results
Interviews Results
Case Studies
Analysis
Conclusion
Site Analysis Findings & Conclusions
Conclusion
&
Results
Urban
Landscape
Architecture
Proposed Design
Concept & Vision
Form & 3D Massing
Program Zoning
Methodology 53

Methodology
A . Collec)ng Data Methodology
Site visit
1. Land Use in
the
neighborhood
area
2. Pedestrian
movement
3. Vehicles
movement
4. Scale of
buildings
5. Entrances,
and exits
Views &photos
Questioners
The questionnaire
is designed to
target people`s
behavior & needs
in urban spaces
Interviews
Public
feedback
about urban
spaces in
Amman &
their quality,
and
expectations
about the
proposed
project
54

Methodology
B .Material Used
Architecture
Books
Journals
Internet
Thesis books
Architectural
magazines
55

Results of the Questionnaire and Personal Interview
A questionnaire survey was prepared and distributed to a
sample of pedestrians at the selected location ( Abdali ) in
between east & west of Amman area. In addition, personal
one-to-one interviews were conducted to collect more data
from a sample of pedestrian on the selected sites in order
to study the pedestrian behavior and attitude in the area of
a pedestrian bridge. The Arabic version of the
questionnaire was distributed to the sample population in
the study area. A translation to English language of the
questionnaire is presented in this thesis .
The following results were drawn from the questionnaire and
from the one-to-one interview of the random sample of
pedestrian:
1- tunnels (underpass) are preferred over the overpass
bridge.
2- pedestrian bridges increase the pedestrian safety .
3- pedestrian education and awareness of the benefits of
using the pedestrian bridges plays a vital role in pedestrian
safety .
4- Jordan traffic institute JTE plays an important role in the
education and the awareness of the public .
5- The parents can help in educating their children and
helping in increasing pedestrian safety .
6- Enforcement should be applied on violated pedestrians
in order to force them to comply with the pedestrian laws
and rules .
56

7- there should be effective laws and rules for the people
who do not use pedestrian bridgestunnels specially in
dangerous locations .
8- Driver awareness can help in increasing pedestrian
safety .
9- Using the pedestrian bridge is preferable on using the
regular cross walks .
10- The most important factors that encourage pedestrians
to use the pedestrian bridges are:
a- the existence of median barrier
b- the type of the pedestrian bridge
c- the existing vehicle speed on the roadway
d- the crossing width of the roadway
e- the traffic and vehicles volume on the street
f- the type of pedestrian bridge overpass or underpass
g- the pedestrian bridge is covered or not
h- the enforcement on using the pedestrian bridge
57

Conclusions
The following conclusions are withdrawn from this study:
1- The pedestrian bridges have a positive impact and have
great potential of reducing number of pedestrian
fatalities.
2- The main factors that affecting the use of pedestrian
bridges are: the posted speed limit, the overall width of
the cross walkway, and the existence of median barrier.
3- Results of the analysis revealed that the main causes of
pedestrian accidents are: factors related to the
pedestrian, such as ignoring traffic controls and crossing at
inappropriate locations, and disregard of caution.
On the other hand, factors related to the driver are more
common, such as speeding, disregarding crosswalks and
violation of traffic control devices.
Effective countermeasures were proposed to reduce the
frequency and severity of pedestrian accidents in Jordan.
4- The focus in this study was to resolve the serious
problem that is threatening our people lives, and causing .
major economical and social concerns in this country.
5- The role of pedestrian bridges is not being fully
implemented, because over 60% of pedestrians choose not .
to use pedestrian bridges for varied reason. Females use it
more than males and children more than adults
do.
58

6- Reasons for not using the bridge include the discomfort
and waste of time of extra walking distance, the
high stairs, health reasons, or fear of safety.
7- The addition of cross walks/pedestrian bridges next to
schools decreases injuries to children by car accidents
drastically.
8- The number of pedestrian car accidents will not decrease
unless we take drastic action. The government
should make schools safer and dangerous roads and
highways easier to get across.
9- Pedestrian bridges overpasses are appropriate when
there is high speed and/or high traffic flow, where there is
considerable pedestrian delay or a high pedestrian accident
problem. Proper evaluation of these parameters can help in
identifying the most appropriate locations for installing
pedestrian bridges.
59

Recommendations
The following recommendations are needed to improve
pedestrian and traffic safety in Jordan:
it is recommended to improve the driver and pedestrian
behavior through the following:
1.  Increase enforcement
2.  Education and awareness for drivers and pedestrians
3.  Increase the role of the Police Friends and the Secret
Police
4.  Use high technology surveillance of driver behavior such
as using stationary and moving radars and cameras.
5.  To have a daily news report through the T.V. and Radio
stations about the daily traffic accidents, and to show the
human losses and the injuries caused by these
accidents, also to talk about the social and financial
losses that can result.
6.  To force drivers and pedestrians who repeat traffic
violations to attend training courses concerning traffic
laws and regulations.
7.  To increase the penalties for violation of traffic laws and
rulesTo start educating our children in schools about
traffic safety rules and regulations. Also, encourage the
students at university level to take traffic safety course.
60

Q21. Which one category describes you best?
Resident = 59%
Community advocate = 9%
Community group member = 15%
Business owner = 5%
Pedestrian advocate = 4%
Agency or department representative = 5%
Other = 2%
Users
Category
Community
advocate
9%
Resident
59%
Community
group member
15%
Business owner
5% Pedestrian
advocate
4%
Agency or
department
representa@ve
5%
Other
2%
61

61%
10%
6%
8%
5%
3%
7%

None
<1/2
1/2-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
>4
How many hours a week do you commute by
walking to work, school or walking to transit to get to
work or school?
62

43%
35%
22%

high
mid
low
Install parkways with trees or other barriers to buffer
pedestrians from vehicles
63

35%
36%
29%

high
med
low
Construct more walkways away from streets
64

27%
40%
33%
high
med
low
Improve sidewalk/pedestrian facility cleanliness
65

25%
41%
34%
high
med
low
Improve pedestrian safety through driver education/
law enforcement
66

33%
41%
26%
high
med
low
Increase pedestrian streets
67

Case Studies
The New York High Line /
United states
Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge /
Iran
Gateshead Millennium Bridge
London UK
Haghani Pedestrian Bridge /
Iran
68

The New York High Line / United states
LOCATION
the High Line public park built
on a historic freight rail line
elevated above the streets on
Manhattan's West Side, NY,
USA.
GENERAL INFORMATION
TOTAL SURFACE : 296,000 sq
Total acreage : 6.7 acres
Total length 1.52 miles
• Columns : approximately 475
• Buildings traveled through : 2
• Buildings traveled over : 13
• Building sidings : 9
• City blocks crossed : 22
• Publicly owned lots traversed : 2
• Privately owned lots traversed : 31
• Total street crossing : 25
• Maximum width : 88 feet
• Minimum width : 30 feet
• Rail easement : 20 feet above the track
69

The Manhattan High Line started its life
as an elevated industrial freight-railway
that ran directly through various factories
in Manhattan’s West Side.
HISTORY & BACKGROUND
In 2009 after nearly 30 years of neglect
and disuse it reopened as a linear park
that sits 30 feet in the air.
The last train ran on the High Line in
1980 and up until redevelopment began
in 2006 naturally seeded shrubs,
grasses and flowers grew out of the
ballast..
Some locals felt that the High Line
was a valuable part of Manhattan’s
history, others felt it was holding up
economic development.
The High Line came under threat of
demolition from Mayor Giuliani’s
administration.
Two local residents Joshua David and
Robert Hammond took up the
challenge of saving the High.
70

•  To tell the story of the High Line from the mid eighteen
hundreds until the present day.
AIMS OF THE PROJECT
•  To explain how the High Line made the transition from
a rail line to a park.
•  To discuss the problems encountered and the
solutions found.
•  To evaluate the leadership, the management of
resources and the success of the final product.
THE HIGH LINE CONDITION THROUGH THE YEAR
Spring Time Summer Time
Autumn Time Winter Time
71

WINNING DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
•  4 teams paid to develop ideas.
•  The winning design incorporated a
lot of the original flora and the
tracks.
•  Revealing the structure.
•  “The design consistently blurs the
line between nature and
architecture.”
•  (Schneider 2007)
•  In February 2005 with community
and government backing and
millions of dollars of funding in
place construction began on the
High Line.
•  Section 1 opened 4 years later.
•  In the first 2 years more than 4 million
people visited.
•  There are around 300 events scheduled
on the high line each year.
72

HURDLES
MAP
Community .opposition
Political opposition
Lack of expertise
Funding
STRENGTHS
Resource
management
The ability to
inspire .people
EXISTING CONDITIONS
CURRENT USE
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
MIXED USE
MANUFACTURING
ARTS
OPEN SPACE
73

ACTIVITIES
Access Points THE THREE PHASE
Activity observed
1.  OUTDOOR MUSIC
2.  EATING
3.  TALKING
4.  PEOPLE WATCHING
5.  SHADED AREAS FOR SEATING
6.  STREET SCREEN
Activity
1.  WATER FEATURE
2.  LOUNGING
3.  SUN BATHING
4.  CHILDREN PLAYING
5.  PICTURE TALKING
6.  PEOPLE WATCHING
74

Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / IRAN
LOCATION
GENERAL INFORMATION
Architects
Diba Tensile Architecture
Location
Tehran, Iran
Architect in Charge
Leila Araghian
Design Team
Alireza Behzadi, Sahar Yasaei,
Homa Soleimani, Mina
Nikoukalam
Project Year
2014
Tabiat Bridge is the largest
pedestrian bridge built so far in
Iran. Located in north of
Tehran, it connects two public
parks by spanning over Shahid
Modarres, one of the major
highways of the city. ‘Tabiat’
means ‘Nature’ in Persian
language.
76

In 1975, Mohammad Reza Shah, the leader of Iran,
inaugurated the construction of a ceremonial urban center
in northern Tehran. The proposed plan, prepared by
Llewelyn Davies International, consisted of a large plaza
and two boulevards lined with governmental and
commercial buildings.
But the Shah’s vision was never realized and construction
was soon halted with eruption of protests that led to the fall
of the Pahlavi monarchy in 1979. The Llewelyn Davies plan
was not the rst proposal for the site. It was initially included
in Tehran’s master plan, prepared jointly by Victor Gruen
and Farmanfarmaian Associates (1966- 70).
In late 1973, Louis Kahn [as well as Kenzo Tange] were
solicited to prepare a proposal, which was never nished, as
Kahn died in March 1974.
Underlying all these proposals was a yearning to create a
modernized, acculturated and apolitical urban middle class.
The trajectory of these plans demonstrates how the
demand for rapid modernization obliterated alternative
voices and led, ultimately, to the “tragedy of
development” (as it was characterized in the Master’s
Thesis of Farshid Emami at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, June 2011).
HISTORY & BACKGROUND
77

Tehran’s climate is a local steppe climate with little rainfall
during the year. It is semi-arid with an average annual
temperature of 16.4°C, and an average annual rainfall of
220 mm, as shown below:
Climatic conditions
Tehran climate graph
Precipitation is the lowest in
July, with an average of 1 mm.
Most of the precipitation falls in
January, averaging 36 mm.
The Abbasabad area is located in a
site where there are several springs of
water that comes from the mountain,
and hence it is greener compared to
most other parts of Tehran.
The site of the project is located in a
valley that is like a continuous corridor
from north to south, and usually there
is a continuous fresh breeze, even in
summer time.
Site and surroundings
The Bridge spans the valley and is located in a hilly area with
much green space. The whole area is dedicated to low-rise,
green cultural and public leisure spaces. Abo Atash Park
leading to other parks is on the west, and Taleghani Park,
leading to the Museum of Holy Defense is on the other side.
78

Topography
The Abbasabad Hills provide a sloping green landscape
that provides an architecture of its own. It was this
topography that hindered the reach of urbanization to this
zone as it is technically not suitable for construction, and it
is a kind of a preserved green zone.
In the lower part of the hills the Modarres Highway passes
from north to south. The highest point of Taleghani Park on
the east is 48 meters higher than the highway level, but the
Bridge connects to Taleghani Park at a height of 28 meters.
Abo Atash is lower compared to Taleghani and has a
relatively at surface, and where the Bridge connects to it is
24 meters higher than the highway level.
General programmed objectives
The brief of the competition to design a bridge aimed to:
•  Provide a pedestrian connection between the two
sides of Modarres Highway.
•  Create an architectural and engineering landmark
that enhances the identity of Tehran.
•  Design a bridge that celebrates the pedestrian
experience and not the vehicular one.
79

Building data
approx. 269 m
68 m-94 m-68 m-39 m
7’950 m2
9’880 m2
1’300 + 70 + 375 + 185 m2
2’622 m2
250 m2
3’492 m2
550 + 310 m2
726 m2
6’700 m2
570 m2
1’800 tons
3’700
• Total length of the Bridge:
• Spans from east to west:
• Total surface area of the Bridge:
• Total surface area of the Bridge and
the relevant surrounding landscape, toilets,
mechanical rooms, etc.:
• Ground level (mechanical rooms,
washrooms, etc.):
• Level 1 Bridge:
• Level 1 Landscape:
• Level 2 Bridge:
• Level 2 Landscape:
• Level 3 Bridge:
• Resysta surface area:
• Green surface area:
• Steel weight: approx.
• Number of steel pipes and other sections:
•  Evolution of design concepts
•  Response to physical constraints
•  Response to user requirements
•  Purely formal aspects
80

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Tabiat Bridge is 270 metres long, and
consists of a three-dimensional truss.
The Bridge is mounted on tree-shaped
columns, which are considered as an
intermediate support.
Due to the signi cant length of span, using
beams with considerable amount of web is
inevitable.
Therefore, by selecting truss beams, the
required stiffness of the beams is provided
and, at the same time, the space through
the truss can be used for architectural
purposes to boost the design concept.
PROGRAM
Bridge is not only a path to pass but a place
to stay. There is a café-Gallery and a
restaurant in the lower level of the bridge.
In addition to this there are many benches
and other seating areas in all levels which
make it possible for the users to stay on the
bridge for as long as they want to, and enjoy
the scenery which they cannot see from any
other place.
81

GREEN DESIGN IDEA
Since both sides had
so many trees,
locations with minimum
number of trees was
selected for locating
the columns in order to
minimize the impact on
the existing trees.
PHOTOS OF THE BRIDGE
82

Location
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge
(also known as the Baltic
Millennium Bridge) is located over
the Tyne River between Gateshead
and Newcastle, UK
General Information
Gateshead Millennium Bridge London UK
(also known as the Baltic
Millennium Bridge) is located over
the Tyne River between Gateshead
and Newcastle, UK.The bridge is a
cable-stayed arch bridge. The steel
arch supports the curved steel deck
using 18 steel cables.
The bridge was designed as a
competition entry, hoping to
regenerate the area of Gateshead.
The bridge at Gateshead today is
the winning entry of the
competition, designed by Wilkinson
Eyre Architects and Gifford and
Partners (Structural engineer).
83

Concept
The concept of the rotating bridge
was a reaction to three main design
constraints:
1.  The bridge should be 4.5m
above the spring high tides in its
closed position.
2.  Nothing was to be built on the
Gateshead quayside.
3.  The deck should have a
maximum slope of 1:20 to allow
for disabled access.
Bridge Aesthetics
does not take into account all of the
considerations proposed by
Leonhardt for an aesthetically
pleasing bridge.
It does, most importantly, portray its
function and structure very simply.
Unnecessary complication in the
design has been avoided and overall
the bridge is very interesting and
pleasing to look at .
84

Fulfilment of Function
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge’s beautiful shape and
innovative tilting mechanism is a result of the necessity to
accommodate the movement of water traffic under the
bridge. The curved shape of the deck in plan at first
appears unnecessary as pedestrians and cyclists have to
traverse a non-direct route between Gateshead and
Newcastle.
However, this shape is crucial in providing sufficient height
above the water when the bridge is in the upright position.
A user of the bridge can clearly see the cables that support
the deck; the structural form of this bridge is obvious. This
bridge is incredibly simple, yet highly innovative, which
reflects that it truly fulfils its function.
Proportions of the Bridge
The curved deck of the bridge balances the geometry of the
supporting arch.
The dimensions, and the deck depth look correct, creating a
beautiful bridge.
Order within the Structure
The curves of the Gateshead Millennium Bridge are pleasing
to the eye because your flow of vision is not interrupted as
you look at the bridge. As there is only one line cables, there
are not problems with overlapping. The deck is curved to
enable the cables to fit along the same plane.
85

Structure analyses
CROSS SECTION OF CURVED PEDESTRIAN
AND CYCLE DECK, SHOWING STEEL BENCH
86

CROSS SECTION THROUGH END SUPPORT,
SHOWING LOCATIN OF 450 MM DIA OPENING RAMS
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE BRIDGE
SHOWING UNDERLYING FISSURED COAL MEASURES
87

Refinement of Design
It is clear from the design that the bridge has been very
carefully thought about. The finest details of the design
have been considered so that it functions well and looks
impressive. The cables lie on one plane, giving an
uncluttered appearance. Cables that appear to the viewer
to be crossing at varying angles bring a sense of chaos.
Integration into the Environment
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is
incorporated well into its surrounding
environment, it does not detract from the
existing Tyne Bridge and Robert
Stephenson’s High Level Bridge, but reflects
their use of arches.
Transportation
The bridge was transported to site and lifted into place by
the floating crane Asian Hercules. The lift was designed to
mimic the support conditions that had been used throughout
assembly so that the bridge did not ‘feel’ that it was being
lifted.
The transportation of the bridge to site was particularly
difficult as the combined dimensions of the crane and bridge
were 200m by 50m. This is only just smaller than the river
Tyne at some points. Also, the bridge could not be placed
down until it reached the site because, for safety reasons,
the temporary supports had been designed to fall away.
Once in place, the bridge was fixed with 75mm bolts pre-
stressed to 2250kN.
88

Loading
Assumed dimensions for simple analysis
Conclusion
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is very well designed. It is
both a stunning piece of architecture and a brilliant
engineering solution. The bridge fulfils all its functions and
has helped to regenerate the area of Gateshead.
The well though out design is probably a result of the way the
bridge was designed – as a competition entry. This means
that the design needed to be innovative and stand out,
nothing could be left unconsidered. The local residents
helped to chose the winning competition entry, allowing them
to have a bridge that they liked and that would meet their
requirements.
89

LOCATION
GENERAL INFORMATION
Architects
3rd Skin Architects
Location
Iran ,Tehran
Architects in Charge
Amir Ghasempour
Project Team
Ayan Rezae
Structure Analysis
Majid Kolivand
Structure Consultants
Yaghob Abedpour
Area
3000.0 sqm
Project Year
2015
3rd Skin Architects has
released the plans for the
Haghani Pedestrian Bridge,
which will connect the
residential zone of Mirdamad,
Tehran, to Abbas Abad over the
Haghani Highway in Iran.
Haghani Pedestrian Bridge / Iran 90

Introduction
Structure
“Abbas Abad lands are the cultural
and recrea@onal core of the
capital, and involve master
pedestrian access. Sidewalks and
designed open space have an
important role in development
and renova@on of urban
complexes. Indeed, the designed
bridge over the Haghani Highway
is the extension of these
men@oned public spaces with the
priority of pedestrians.”

With a 22-meter eleva@on difference, a straight ramp would
have to span 250 meters at an 8% slope.
To avoid this design, the bridge is broken up into three ramps
that come together into a “folded line” composi@on.

Part of the bridge’s design is based
off of the difference in eleva@on
between the two sides, and the
concurrent height needed for
vehicles to pass underneath.
91

Structure
Plan
The two upper ramps of the bridge are supported with a metal
structure, while the lower, third ramp serves as an extension of
the pavement bordering the south side of the highway. The
bridge is also accessible via stairs on the north side.
92

Structure Analyses
Circulation flow on bridge & Different slops
93

Culture and Art Center
Main Challenge For The Design Of The Southwest
International Ethnic
Culture And Art Center : Integrate The Local Cultures Plus
Various Functional
Programs Into One Contemporary Yet Harmonious Form. Designed By
Team Members Wang Wensheng, Damian
Donze And
Main goals :
Increase The Protection Of The National Cultural Heritage. To
Strengthen The Cultural Relics.
To Take Full Advantage Of The Rich Cultural Resources Of
Yunnan Province.And To Deepen Cultural Exchange And Cooperation With
Southeast Asia.
INTRODUCTION
Architects: tongji architectural design and research
institute
location: kunming, china
design team: wang wensheng, damian donze, sidney gong
site area: 17,540m2 total
area: 42,005m2 far: 1.97
footprint: 38.05%
size: green area 9,214m2; above ground 34, 500m2; underground
7,505m2; 1st floor 7,200m2; 2nd floor 5,700m2; 3rd floor 6,000m2;
4th floor 6,300m2; 5th floor 6,500m2; 6th floor 3,200m2
total height: 36m floors: 6 +
underground car parking: 169
year: 2013
photographs: courtesy of tongji architectural design and research
institute
95

These New Buildings Build With New
Construction Methods And New Materials
Can’t Successfully Portray The Original.
Hence, We Decided To Refrain From That
Method In Order To Take On A More
Fa c a d e
Implement The Local Cultures In An Abstract Way. Alternating Perforated And
Non-perforated Metal Panels That Cover And Protect The Building. Sunlight
Enter And Lets People See Outside. At Each Entrance.
The Facade Opens Up, Much Like A Theater Curtain, And Creates The Entrance
Situations.
The facade acts like a dress for the building,
and in its own way, takes reference from the
local minorities. Even more so at night when
the LEDs of the facade create a colorful play,
almost as if the building was
P r e l i m i n a r y A n a l y s i s
First, the different local cultural identities with
their traditional dresses, dances and songs.
Second, the Hani rice terraces together with the
local
subtropical plant diversity.
C o n c e p t & P r i n c i p l e D e s
i g n
Culture and Art Center
96

TRAFIC DIAGRAM
Exhibition Center:
Each floor has different types of
exhibition spaces for topics such
as heritage, culture, art and
photography. The top two floors,
are occupied by a cinema complex
which contains a 100 seat cinema,
a 70 seat cinema and four 56 seat
cinemas.
Art Academy:
The lower floors contain an art
school/education center while the
top three floors contain volunteer
offices and accommodation for the
aforementioned school.
Theater:
Located in this segment are:
1. medium-sized theater with 700
seats, suitable for dramas, dances,
symphonies and other multi-functional
activities
2. small theater with 300 seats,
suitable for theatrical performances
and film viewings; a convention
center
3. amphitheater on the roof with 1000
seats. To be able to cope with the large
flow of people at the beginning and at
the end of a performance.
Art Studios:
This segment contains A.V.
labs as well as art studios
97

1ST FLOOR 2ND FLOOR
GR. FLOOR 3RD FLOOR
4TH FLOOR 6TH FLOOR
5TH FLOOR ROOF
FLOOR
PLANS
98

SECTION WITH
CIRCULATION
Theater
Four elevators were
strategically located at
two main entrances while
additional support was
created with the
escalators in the center.
Exhibition Center
This segment is
accessible
through two panorama
elevators as well as the
central
escalators that are
located between the
exhibition segment and
the
Art Studios
It is accessible
through its own
Circulation Diagram
99

Community Center
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT: Community Center
SIZE: 4.500 m2
LOCATION: Shanghai, China
nation of municipality and community
center essentially breaks with recent
Chinese conventions by inviting the public
to engage their local politicians in a forum
that accommodates the full range of public
actors
100

Access
points
defined
The square
becomes the center
of activity and
access to the
programs
Landscape left for
continued
program
Sunken public
square
Program
placement
Green
hills
The cloud sits on
the green hills
Design methodology
Natural patterns of movement
were laid
out on the site and guided
down through a sunken plaza
accommodating a range of
different programs. The rest of
the program extents as a
manipulated ring hovering
above the landscape.
101

South wing program North
wing program
Cloud
programs
Cloud
access
Alternat
access
Opening To
The Roof
West Wing
Program
Design methodology
102

Swope Music and Performing Arts Center
INTRODUCTION
Site size: 155,400 sq. ft.
Total construction cost:
$29,200,000 Rowne:
Department of General
Services of the
Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania
Occupant: West Chester University,
College of Visual and Performing
Arts, School of Music
Architect: MGA Partners
Massing
103

Zoning
Program: The 90,000-
square-foot building includes
the university’s music school,
music library, student
practice rooms, faculty and
administration offices, a 375-
seat performance hall, a
125-seat recital hall, and an
art gallery.
Circulation Path
104

Design concept and solution:
While MGA Partners integrated the
university’s music school and performing
arts center into a single structure that
shares an entrance and courtyard, the
exteriors of the different programmatic
spaces
feature varied facade treatments.
Lighting
Warm green stucco selected for the
school of music’s sinuous wall
matches turn-of-the-century campus
buildings clad in serpentine stone. The
performance hall is clad in brick; the
entrance courtyard in cast concrete.
105

§  Accessibility
§  Visual quality
§  Social value
§  Mental value
§  Political core
§  Neutral social core
§  In the core of the city
§  Demographic trend
Site Selection
Located in the central of Amman city making it accessible by large
group of people
Located in economic area which is going through development
stage
Great opportunity for social and heritage development and
awareness
Land mark in the context and social value
Why Al- Abdali ??
The Earliest Urban Sprawl Began Form The Center Of Amman Including Al-abdali As A
Part Of It . However , There Is A Future Development For Al-abdali Region So It Can
Contain Both The Historical Image Of Amman Also The Future Image .
In Addition It`s Located In The Center Of Amman So It`s Easy To Be Reached By
Different Type Of People .
Adding To That Al-abdali Is The Biggest Heritage Core In Amman , As The Project Has
A Tradition Aim So It Help Us To Be In He Heart Of The Event.
Site Criteria
Site Analysis
The following criteria were considered while determining
my project`s site , According the site was choose
In this chapter I will be introducing the selected site location and a study of its
physical and environmental conditions, in order to use this analysis through my
design decisions .
Introduction
106

Location of site in Al-Abdali
AMMAN
The site is located on one of the zones of the most developing area in Amman, Jordan
this zone is called Al abdali .
Capital:Amman
Total area : 97.740
Highest point: Jabal ram 1,734 m
Water :329 km2
Density : 69 per km2
Coast line: 26km2
Lowest point : dead sea – 408 m
JORDAN
Al Shmeisani
Al madeneh
Jabal al
hussein
Al weibdeh
AL ABDALI
Abdali region has a special geographical importance, and its considered the center of
Amman capital.
Organizational boundaries for alAbdali
North : Tareq and Jubaiha region
East : Basman and al madeneh region
West : Tlal al ali, khalda & um-al summaq region
South : Zahran region
JORDAN
In the Jordanian capital
Amman the site is
located
AMMAN
The site is located on one
of the zones of the most
developing area in
Amman,
this zone is called Al
abdali
AL ABDALI
Abdali region has a special
geographical importance, and its
considered the center of Amman
capital.
107

Macro Location
The site is located on one ofthe zones of the most
developing area in Amman,this zone is called Al Abdali

Proposed site location
108

1870
Amman has been too
inclusive , its
population had by
many waves of
displacements and
migration starting with
the Circassia's
immigrates from the
Caucasus as early as
1870’s
1903
Urban merchants
from Syria ,
Lebanon and
palatine especially
after the
establishment of
the Hejaz railroad
line which
reached Amman
In 1903
1948
A massive
wave of
Palestinians
refugees
after the
occupation
in 1948 and
later on in
1967.
1976
Migration of
Lebanese
bourgeoisie
after the break
of Lebanese
civil war in
1967
1990
Palestinian and
Jordanian return
from gulf after
the 1990/1991
gulf crises in
addition to the
most recent
wave of Iraqis
who flock to
Amman and to
other Jordanian
cities.
Historical Background
The Old Abdali
The New Abdali
109

Site Approach
Al-Abdali region has been always a transient point between Downtown area and Al-
Luwaibdeh and Al-Hussain cliﬀs.
•  Aldakleh Circle
•  Fires Circle
•  7th Circle
•  Queen Noor
•  Ashraf Hussein
•  Suleiman Al- Nabulse
•  Umayyad bent
abed shames
•  King Hussein
•  Jamal al-Deen Alghani
•  Al-Urdon street
•  Khalid Bin al- Waled
110

Main Streets
Main Street width ( 30 m )
111

Land Use
Housing C is covering around 68.41% of the selected site area ; most of these areas are
occupied by residen@al buildings

Streets
Housing A
Housing B
Housing C

Housing D
Commercial Green Area
112

Topography
Sec)on A-A
Al-Abdali is located between two mountainous regions. As the slope of Al -
Luwaibdeh mountain is rela@vely small ,Al-Abdali seems to be a natural extension
for Al- Luwaibdeh.
+870
+865
113

Contour Lines
+870 +865
+870
+865
114

Solid And Void
The region is crowded and full of a combina@on of residen@al and commercial buildings.
This leads to a traﬃc conges@on.
Solid Void Al-Abdali Project
115

Al- Abdali Project
To be developed on 384,000 sq.m of land, the
project will consist of a total built-up area
(BUA) of over 1.7 million sq. consis@ng of
residen@al apartments, office space, hotels,
services apartments and commercial and
retail outlets as well as entertainment. Abdali
will be the premium central business and
residen@al district of Amman.
Abdali is being developed as a smart city
center converging media and telecom
infrastructure to enable the delivery of state-
of-the-art technologies to each and every
home, office and outlet, while offering district
energy solu@ons and central gas systems to
guarantee a safe and friendly environment in
addi@on to the large
savings in energy cost.
Site plan Al- Abdali Project
General view Al- Abdali Project
117

Facilities
COLLEGE DE LA SALLE
College De La Salle - Frères is a private school in Amman, Jordan. Established in 1950,
and it is part of the Ins@tute of the Brothers of the Chris@an Schools, also known as
Lasallian Brothers, established by Saint John Bap@st de La Salle who lived in the 17th
century and was canonized as a saint on May 15, 1900. In 1950, Pope Pius XII declared
him to be the Special Patron of All Teachers of Youth in the Catholic Church. The Ins@tute
now conducts educa@onal work in 80 different countries including La Sallian schools and
universi@es in Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. It is considered
as the biggest school in the world as it has more than 148 branches all over the globe.
It is considered as one of the most pres@gious schools in the Kingdom and the region,
and one of the biggest in Jordan; occupying an area of more
than 30000 square meters.
ABDULLAH I MOSQUE
The King Abdullah I Mosque in Amman, Jordan was built between 1982 and 1989. It is
capped by a magnificent blue mosaic dome beneath which 3,000
Muslims may offer prayer.
PARLIAMENT OF JORDAN
The Parliament of Jordan is the bicameral Jordanian na@onal assembly: "Majlis al-
Umma". Established by the 1952 Cons@tu@on, the legislature consists of two houses: the
House of Senate ("Majlis al-Aayan") and the House of Representa@ves ("Majlis al-
Nuwab").
The House of Senate has 60 members, all of whom are directly appointed by the King,
while the House of Representa@ves has 150 elected members, with nine seats reserved
for Chris@ans, three are for Circassian and Chechen minori@es, and fiWeen for women.
[2] The Cons@tu@on ensures that the Senate cannot be more than half the size of the
House of Representa@ves. The members of both houses serve for four-year terms.[3]
119

Site dimension and Regulations
Setbacks (m) Buildin
g
percen
ta ge
Height
(m)
Floor
s
Area
(m2)
Front
eleva@
on (m)
Front back side
0 4 AWer
deep
70% 16 4 400 15
•  AREA : 17497 m 2
•  Regulations : Normal Commercial within Housing C
120

Site Sections
SectionA-A ( Not to scale )
Section B- B ( Not to scale )
§  Slope : 5m = 2.5000%
121

Clima)c data
N
E
W
S
23.
5
Environmental conditions
Sunshine and radiation
- The site average temperature is 18.5’
- Which is considered within a normal
climate regions.
122

Environmental conditions
MJ/
m²day
hours
/day
Maximum
hours
Real
hours
Radiati
on
°
C
Extreme
max
Mean
max
Me
an
The site average wind is 60
m/s
Which is considered
within a normal
climate regions.
Summer average
temperature:
30-35 degree Celsius.

§  Winter average
temperature:
12-18 degree Celsius.
mm/
month
%
Maxim
um
Avera
ge
Minim
um
Wind
123

Abdali 1 Abdali 2

Al-Wehdat Al Daere

Bus
Vehicle's Circulation Approach
124

Negative noise :Is the sound of cars &
transportation ways.
Positive sound: Is the sound which give usa
comfortable feeling & oriented our Project.
Negative noise
Noise
Positive sound
125

Density of residential clusters
High density residential clusters
Low density residential clusters
126

Vegetation
Olea europaea
§  Evergreen tree
§  Sculpture form
§  Crop tree ,valued for
its edible fruit & oil
Chamaerops humilis
§  Palm shrub
§  Small size can
Be easily transplanted
§  Needs good drainage
Populus nigra
§  Deciduous tree
§  Attract birds
§  Grows fast during
the first 3 years
127

Existing's
Future Uniform Factory
Private Company & Factory
128

Building Typology
a cluster of func@ons in a form
of cubical masses that are
linked by series of pedestrian
accesses of stairs and road.
new roads were introduced to
urban fabric to enhance the
street network.
Dominant
Typology
History Of
Typology Amman
architectural style
Amman is a rela@vely young
city and does not possess a
strong architectural tradi@on,
or a deﬁni@ve past stylis@c
momentum.
jabal Amman, abdali and
aluwaibdah are comprised of
tradi@on “central hall” type
from the early 20th century
and modern architecture
belonging to the 1920’s.
Commercial
Modern Style
the use of new
architectural materials
and the linear façade
style, avoiding the use
of tradi@onal arches
for openings
The proposed facades of
Abdali project
The use of local materials
and the use
of the tradi@onal arches
for openings.
The void percentage
is minimal.
The use of local
materials and the use
of the tradi@onal
arches for openings.
The void percentage is
minimal.
Residen)al
vernacular style
Commercial
vernacular style
130

Existing View
View - A
View - A
View - B View - C
132

Best View
This is the best view of the site because of the surrounding
green area & clear sky view
Panoramic view of the site
133

Al-Abdali Population
Population: 12874
Religion: Islam and Christian
Families: 3070
Origin: North-west of
Jordan Buildings count:
1551
Residences: 4627
Year Total Male Female Male % Female%
2017 12874 6320 6554 49% 50.9%
51%
49%
Employed: 3670
Unemployed: 584
15%
employed unemployed
31% of the population are
under the age of 30.

85%
Gender Work
Government employee
Employee in a private
company
Free job
Student
male
Female
Employment
134

Site Conclusions
1.  Minimal opining to the north to reduce heat losing
2.  Permit summer wind through the building
3.  Glass to east with keep overhanging and wall to north
to protect from rising summer sun and permit penetration of
Low winter sun
4. Use landscape & standing walls at the south area to protect
the building from winter wind .
5. Use deciduous trees to protect the building from the summer
sun and permit the winter sun to enter inside the building .
6. Use landscape & land forms as a buffer from bad views or
pollution .
135

Site conclusions
Minimal
Opining To
The North To
Reduce Heat
Losing Winter
Glass To East With
Keep Overhanging
And Wall To North
To Protect From
Rising Summer Sun
And Permit
Penetra)on Of Low
Winter Sun
N

Permit Summer Wind
Through The Building
136

Site conclusions
Use Landscaping And
Standing Wall In South
To Protect Winter
Wind .
And Use Deciduous
Trees To Protect From
The Summer Sun And
Permit The Winter Sun
To
Enters Inside The
Building .
Use A Landscaping
And Land Forms As
Buﬀer
ENTRANCE
FOR
PEDESTRIAN
N

ENTRANCE
FOR
PARKING
137

Site conclusions
External Areas
Placed Here To
Be Close To The
Surrounding
Buildings To
Adract The
Users Of
Tradi)onal
Area .
N

The building
heights varies
crea)ng a well
yet clear skyline
The Surrounding
Building Typology
Varies Yet Works Well
Together And Close
To Each Other In
Design
138

3. MATERIAL FLOW IN THE BUILDING ECOSYSTEM
Sustainability Research
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
4. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN METHODS
141

Introduc)on
Sustainable design is a design
philosophy the seeks to
maximize the quality of the built
environment . While minimizing
or elimina@ng nega@ve impact to
the natural environment .

Principles of sustainable
design
There are three principle of sustainability in
architecture :

-Economy of resources is concerned with the
reduc@on .reuse , and recycling of natural resources
that are input to a building.

-Life cycle design provides a methodology for
analyzing the building process its impact on the
environment .

- Humane design focuses on the interac@on
between principles can provide broad awareness of the
environmental impact both local and global of
architectural consump@on .
142

Economy of
resources
Life cycle
design
Humane
design
Energy
conserva)on
Water
Material
Pre-building
phase
Building
Post-
building
Urban design site
planning
Design for human
comfort
Preserva@on of
natural
condi@on
METHODS
STRATEGIES
Principles Of Sustainable Design
143

Life cycle
design
Use materials that are….
-made of
renew-able
resources
-harvested or extracted
with-
out ecological damage
-recycled
-recyclable
-long last
and low
maintenance
Minimize energy
needed to
distribute materials.
METHODS
Schedule
construc@on to
minimize site
impact.
-Provide waste
separa@on
facili@es.
-Use nontoxic
materials to protect
construc@on workers
as well as end users.
-Specify regular
maintenance with
nontoxic cleaners.
-Adapt exis@ng
structures to new
users and programs.
-Reuse building
components and
materials.
-Recycle building
components and
materials.
-Reuse the land and
exis@ng infrastructure
Building Post-
building
Pre-building
phase
144

Human
design
-Understand the
impact of design on
nature
-Respect
topographical
contours
-Do not disturb the
water table
-Preserve exis@ng
ﬂora and fauna
METHODS
-Avoid pollu@on
contribu@on
-Promote
mixed –use
development
-Create pedestrian
pockets
-Provide for Human –
powered
transporta@on .
-Integrate design with
public
transporta@on .
-Provide thermal
visual and
acous@c comfort .
-Provide visual
connec@on to
exterior.
-Provide operable
windows .
-Provide clean fresh
air.
-Accommodate
persons with
diﬀering physical
abili@es.
-Use non-toxic non-
outgassing materials.
Urban Design site
planning
Design for Human
Comfort
Preserva)on of
Natural
Condi)ons
145

Economy of
resources
-Energy –conscious urban
planning
-Energy- conscious site
planning
-Alterna@ve sources of
energy
-Passive hea@ng and
cooling
-Avoidance heat gain or
heat loss
-Use of low embodied –
energy
materials
-Use of energy eﬃcient
appliance with @ming
devices
METHODS
Reduc@on :
-  Indigenous
landscape
- Low – ﬂow
showerhead
-Vacuum-assist
toilets or smaller
toilet tanks Reuse
Rainwater
collec@on
Gray water
collec@on
-Material conserving
design and
construc@on
-Proper sizing of
building system
-Use of reclaimed
or recycled
materials and
components
- use of
nonconven@onal
building materials
Water
conserva)on
Material
conserving
Energy
conserva)on
146

sustainable design is oWen used as an umbrella term to describe a set of strategies.
components and technologies lower environment impact while in many cases
improving com fort and overall quality.

These categories include but are not limited:
•  day ligh@ng
•  indoor air quality
•  passive solar hea@ng
•  energy eﬃciency
•  embodied energy
•  construc@on waste minimiza@on
•  water conserva@on
•  commissioning
•  solid waste management
•  renewable energy
•  site preserva@on
•  Xeriscaping /natural landscape
Principles Of Sustainable Design
147

Material ﬂow in the building ecosystem

Building
Materials
Energy
Water
Consumet
Goods
Solar
Radia@on
Wind
Rain
Used Materials
Combus@on
Byproducts
Gray water
sewage
Recycleable
Materials
Wasted Head
Polluted Air
Ground water
Upstream Downstream
Building
148

Takhtabush
System
The Malqaf Courtyard System Oﬀset Corridor System
Thermal Solar System
The Photovoltaic System Green Roof System
Sustainable Design Methods
Vegetation
Heat
Management
Cooling Shading Energy
1.  Provide shade
2.  Source of O2
3.  Softens the feel
Of the desert
landscape
( trees , shrubs ,
grass )
1. Heat air rises
Cold air sinks
2. Provide cross
ventilation by use of
Openings ,
Overhangs , roof
vents
3. Light colored roofs
Reflects heat
1. Water streams to
provide cooling
2. Cross ventilation
In the building
Doors , windows
Overhangs , roofs
1. Roof overhangs
2. Pergolas
3. Vegetation ex
Tall trees
1.  Use rain
Water For
recycling
2. Installing
Solar Panels
on the Sloped
roof
149

Datum
Recreational
Community
Plaza
Commercial
Services
Architectural Analysis 150

Pragmatic Analysis
Zone AREA
Recreational
zone
Software Gaming
Area
1000
Behavior Section 560
Children Play Area 600
Multi Purpose hall 560
Museum 688
Community
Kitchen
280
3688
Community
Zone
Exhibition & Shop 740
Theater 500
1240
Administration 250
Reception 150
Service 840
Parking 1355
Plaza -------
Flower Garden -------
2595
Total area 7523
151

Reception
Administration 3 %
Recreational
4 %
39 %
Community
23 %
Service
Parking 14 %
17 %
Out door
152

Software Gaming Area
Func)on No. of
users
No. of
room
M2
room
Area
m2
Gaming Open Space - 1 400 400
Ac@vity Room - 6 50 100
Admin - 1 50 50
Computer Room - 1 50 50
Restroom - 2 30 70
Circula@on 100
Lobby - 1 50 50
Snakes Counter - 4 20 80
Sea@ng Area - 1 40 100
Total 1000
153

Func)on No. of
users
No. of
room
M2ro
om
Area
m2
Dancing studios - 3 50 150
Music studios - 3 50 150
Performance
hall
- 1 100 70
Restroom and
showers
- 2 45 90
Circula@on 100
Total 560
Behavior Section
Children Playing Area
Func)on No. of users No. of room M2room Area m2
Recep@on - 1 30 30
Stage area - 1 65 65
Rest rooms - 1 40 40
Admin - 3 15 45
Indoor Plying
Area
- 1 320 420
Total 600
154

Func)on No. of
users
No. of
room
M2
room
Area m2
Mul@ purpose hall - 2 200 400
W .C - 2 40 80
Circula@on 80
Total 560
Multi Purpose Hall
Func)on No. of users No. of
room
M2r
oom
Area m2
Exhibi@on - 2 300 600
Shop - 4 40 50
W .c - 1 40 40
Circula@on 50
Total 740
Exhibi)on & an)c shop
155

Recep@on - 1 30 30
Stage area - 1 65 65
Sea@ng area - 1 300 300
Back stage - 1 40 40
Control room - 1 15 15
Storage - 1 50 50
Total 500
Theatre
Cooking area - 1 100 120
Dinning area - 1 80 100
Staﬀ room - 1 20 30
Total 250
Community Kitchen
156

Administration
Func)on No. of
users
No. of room M2room Area m2
Recep@on desk 2 1 15 15
Director office 1 1 23 23
General secretary 1 2 13 26
Private restroom 1 2 4 8
Administrator office 1 1 24 24
Mee@ng room 12 2 20 40
Office for managers - 3 24 72
Archive and
reprography
- 1 20 20
KitcheneJe 2 1 8 8
Staff room 1 2 7 14
total 250
Func)on No. of
users
No. of
room
M2roo
m
Area
m2
Recep@on hall - 1 106 106
Office - 2 8 16
Informa@on desk - 1 8 8
Main security - 2 10 20
Total - 150
Reception
157

Func)on No. of
users
No. of
room
M2roo m Area m2
Mechanical - 1 75 75
Electrical room - 2 50 50
Storage - 1 100 100
Kitchen - 1 50 50
Loading area - 299 299
Main security - 1 20
Staﬀ room - 1 20 20
LockersRest room - 1 32 32
Toilets - 1 6 24
Clinic - 1 100 100
Lobby - 50 50
Total 840
Service Zone
158

Floor area for an
individual
worksta)on
Minimum distance
between tables
Minimum space for
reading area
When book are
moved
between users
Reading
worksta)on
Seminar
Room
Standards 159

To show work of art and object of
cultural the ins@tu@on should
provide protec@on against
damage theW damp aridity
sunlight and dust and also show
the works in the best light .
Exhibi@on room with folding
screens allow great variety of
room arrangement
It is necessary to allow 3-5 m
hanging surface per picture
6-10m ground surface per
sculpture The store with sliding
steel mesh frames on which
objects can be hung as desired
Exhibition Cafeteria 163

VISION
To provide a new urban landmark of 100 meters long of
public infrastructures spaces. This would lead to enhance
the communities and the improvement the quality of urban
life in Amman city .
171

Concept Paragraph

My concept is to make people in Amman experience their city in
an extraordinary way , where city is now the exhibit

It is about reconnec@ng with city from a whole new vantage
point , moving & seeing the city from a new perspec@ve

The A- bridge is all about being in the city , it is an escape , but
not from the city its is an escape from your normal experience of
discovering the city
172

2-D Form Analysis
Step
4
Step
3
Step
2
Step
1
173

References
•  Jiang , Zheng (2012), Discussion on down town area
overpass system,China : International Journal of
Information and computer science.
Lu Li, CAI(2010),Integrated Benefit Evaluation Of
Pedestrian Bridges ,China: Springer Science+ Business
Media.
•  Naief , Al-Atresi (2000),Principles of cities planning,Dar
Alrateb Aljameieh, Lebanon.
Published Dissertation :
Al Qwasmi , Jamal (1993), Evaluation of Public Urban
Spaces in Amman as Perceived Experience, Master
thesis: University of Jordan, Amman .
Institution Publications:
Jordan Traffic Institute, The Annual Statistical Report
(2017) , Amman ,Jordan.
178

Thesis - Pedestrian Bridge

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