The document describes the components and working of a thermal power plant. Thermal power plants generate electricity by heating water into steam using coal as a fuel. The main components are the boiler, turbine, generator and condenser. Coal is burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high pressure steam. The steam spins the turbine which is connected to the generator to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed back into water in the condenser to be reused in the boiler, completing the Rankine cycle. Thermal power plants are a major source of electricity in Pakistan due to abundant coal resources but also produce air pollution.

1. THERMAL POWER
PLANT
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2. 2

3. Group members
ARIF HUSSAIN SP14-EPE-044
IMTIAZ HUSSAIN SP14-EPE-049
M. WASEEM SP14-EPE-070
KUMAIL ABBAS SP14-EPE-077
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4. Introduction
 In Thermal power station the prime mover is steam
driven.
 Water is heated, turned into steam and spins a steam
turbine which drives an Alternator.
 The steam is then condensed in a Condenser and
recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a
Rankin-cycle.
 The greatest variation in the design of thermal power
stations is due to the different fuel sources.
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5. Steam/Thermal Power station
 Heat energy generated from burning coal is used to
produce electrical energy. This power station uses the
Rankin Cycle.
 This is the cycle of the steam produced in the boiler,
then taken to the Prime Mover.
 From the turbine the steam is cooled back to water in
the Condenser, the resulting water is fed back into the
boiler to repeat the cycle.
 Because of the abundance of fuel coal, This type of
power station is widely used around the world.
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6. General layout diagram of SPP
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7. 7

8. Working
 Coal received in coal storage yard of power station is
transferred into the furnace by coal handling unit.
 Heat of coal makes steam at high pressure and
temperature. Which is passed through the super
heater.
 Superheated steam then flows through the turbine.
After doing work in the turbine the steam pressure is
reduced.
 Steam leaving the turbine passes through the
condenser which is maintained at low pressure at the
exhaust of turbine.
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9. Working
 Steam pressure in the condenser depends upon flow
rate and temperature of cooling water and on
effectiveness of air removal equipment.
 Cold water circulating through the condenser is taken
from river, lake or a sea.
 If these sources are not available, cooling towers can
be used.
 Steam taken from the turbine at suitable extraction
points is sent to low pressure and high pressure water
heaters.
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10. Working
 Air taken from the atmosphere is first passed through
the air pre-heater, where it is heated by flue gases.
 The hot air then passes through the furnace, The flue
gases after passing over boiler and super heater tubes,
flow through the dust collector and then through
economizer, air pre-heater.
 Finally the flu gases are exhausted through the
chimney.
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11. Main components
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1. Fuel handling unit
2. Ash handling unit
3. Boiler unit
4. Feed water unit
5. Cooling water unit
6. Generator unit
7. Turbine unit

12. Fuel handling unit
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13. 13
Boiler

14. Boiler
 Fuel-burning container for heating water.
 Consists of a drum connected with tubes.
 Generally water tube boilers are used.
 Produces steam from fed water.
 Steam pressure is 17 kg/cm2 to 167.5 kg /cm2.
 Steam temperature is from 315*C to 575*C.
Chemical
energy of
fuel
Heat energycombustion
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15. Super heater
 The super heater consists of a super heater header and
super heater elements.
 Steam from the main steam pipe arrives at the saturated
steam chamber of the super heater header and is fed into
the super heater elements.
 Superheated steam arrives back at the superheated steam
chamber of the super heater header and is fed into the
steam pipe to the cylinders.
 Superheated steam is more expansive.
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16. Economizer
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17. Economizer
 Makes the system more energy-efficient
 Preheats the feed water before it passes into the boiler.
 Water is heated under pressure to remove dissolved air
and vapors to minimize internal boiler corrosion
 The economizer is a feed water heater, deriving heat
from the flue gases.
 The justifiable cost of the economizer depends on the
total gain in efficiency.
 In turn this depends on the flue gas temperature leaving
the boiler and the feed water inlet temperature.
 A typical return bend type economizer is shown.
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18. Economizer working
 Basically, Economizer is located in between exit of
boiler and entry of air-pre heater.
 When the flue gases are coming out from boiler they
take away a lot of heat.
 Economizer utilizes this heat from flue gases, and
these heat is used to heat the feed water which is
going to feed the boiler.
 Hence by using economizer the coal consumption
required to heat the feed water is reduced hence cost
reduced.
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19. Condenser
 Condenses the steam.
 Decreases the exhaust temperature and pressure of the
steam.
 The condensed steam is a source of good, pure and
heated feed water to the Boiler.
 Improves the efficiency of the power plant.
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Steam watercooling

20. Cooling Tower
 The importance of the cooling tower is felt when the
cooling water from the condenser has to be cooled.
 The cooling water after condensing the steam
becomes hot and it has to be cooled as it belongs to a
closed system.
 The Cooling towers do the job of decreasing the
temperature of the cooling water after condensing the
steam in the condenser.
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21. Kinetic
Energy of
steam
Mechanical
energy
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22. 22

23. Alternator
• Turbine is connected to shaft of the Alternator, which
rotates it.
• Generates Electric power
Mechanical
Energy
Electrical
Energy
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24. Selection of site
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 Availability of cheap land
 Availability of water
 Availability of fuel
 Possibility of future expansion of plant
 Away from urban areas due to pollution
 The initial cost of plant
 Magnitude and nature of load to be handled

25. Advantages
i. The fuel (coal) used is cheap.
ii. Less initial cost as compared to other generating
stations.
iii. It can be installed at any place irrespective of the
existence of coal.
iv. The coal can be transported to the site of the plant.
v. It requires less space as compared to the
hydroelectric power station.
vi. The cost of generation is lesser than that of the diesel
power station.
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26. Disadvantages
i. Production of large amount of smoke and fumes
pollutes the atmosphere.
ii. prime contributor to CO2 emissions
iii. Running cost is high as compared to hydroelectric
plant.
iv. Nearly 20% to 30% of coal is rejected as Ash.
v. Unutilized ash is collected in Ash dykes that form
the largest land usage in a typical thermal power
plant. It is also detrimental to environment.
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27. Thermal Power Plants in service in Pakistan
Station Location Capacity (MW) Notes
Tapal Energy Limited Karachi, Sindh 126 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Southern Electric Power
Company Limited
Raiwind, Lahore 136 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Sitara Energy Limited Faisalabad, Punjab 85
Diesel and Natural Gas Fired
Plant.
Saif Power Limited Sahiwal, Punjab 225
Diesel and Natural Gas Fired
Plant.
Saba Power Company
Limited
Sheikhupura, Punjab 125 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Pak Gen (Pvt) Limited
Thermal Power Station
Muzaffargarh, Punjab 1350 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Nishat Power Limited Lahore, Punjab 200 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Nishat Chunian Power
Limited
Lahore, Punjab 200 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Liberty Power Tech Faisalabad, Punjab 200 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.27

28. Kot Addu Power Company
Limited
Muzaffargarh, Punjab 1,350
Multi Fuel-Fired Thermal
Station.
Kohinoor Energy Limited Lahore, Punjab 131 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Japan Power Generation (Pvt)
Limited
Raiwind, Punjab 135 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Jamshoro Power Station Jamshoro, Sindh 850
Oil and Natural Gas-Fired
Thermal Station.
Hubco Narowal Power Plant
(HNPP)
Narowal, Punjab 225 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Hub Power Company Limited
(HUBCO)
Hub, Balochistan 1,292 Furnace Oil Fired Plant.
Bin Qasim Power Plant I Karachi, Sindh 1,260
Oil and Natural Gas-Fired
Thermal Station
Attock Refinery Ltd Rawalpindi, Punjab 18 Heavy Fuel Oil
Altern Energy Limited Fateh Jang, Punjab 29 Gas Fired Diesel Engine.
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29. Thank you
Station Location Capacity (MW) Notes
Lakhra Coal Power Station Jamshoro, Sindh 150 Operational
Sitara Chemical Industries
Ltd
Faisalabad, Punjab 40 Operational since Sep 2016
Fauji Fertilizer Power Plant Karachi, Sindh 118 Operational since Feb 2017
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30. Thank you
Station Location Capacity (MW) Notes
Sahiwal Coal Power Project Sahiwal, Punjab 1320
Under construction. To be
operational by Jun 2017.
Maple Leaf Power Ltd Mianwali, Punjab 40
Under construction. To be
operational by Mar 2018.
Port Qasim Coal Power
Project
Karachi, Sindh 1320
Under construction. To be
operational by Jun 2018.
Sindh Engro Coal Power
Project
Tharparkar, Sindh 1320
Under construction. To be
operational by Jun 2019.
Hub Coal Power Project Hub, Balochistan 1320
Under construction. To be
operational by Aug 2019.
Thalnova Power Thar Pvt
Ltd
Tharparkar, Sindh 330
Under construction. To be
operational by Dec 2019.
Thermal Plants Under Construction and
proposed
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31. Thank you
Siddiqsons Energy Limited Karachi, Sindh 350
Under construction. To be operational by
2019.
K-Electric Coal Power Plant Karachi, Sindh 700
Under construction. To be operational by
Dec 2020.
Muzaffargarh Sugarcane
Husk Power Project
Muzaffargarh, Punjab 120 Under construction.
Jamshoro Coal Power
Project
Jamshoro, Sindh 600 LOI issued.
Oracle Coalfields PLC Tharparkar, Sindh 1320 LOI issued.
Thar Coal Power Plant Tharparkar, Sindh 1320 LOI issued.
Rahim Yar Khan Power
Plant
Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab 1320 LOI issued.
Gwadar Coal Power Project Gwadar, Balochistan 330 LOI issued.
Gadani Energy Park Gadani, Balochistan 1320 MOU issued.
Station Location Capacity (MW) Notes
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32. References
• Principles of Power System by V.K. Mehta
• www.wapda.gov.pk
• Wikipedia
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