Thermal pollution is a type of water pollution caused by any process that increases the temperature of natural waters, such as the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. A small temperature increase of just 1-2 degrees Celsius can negatively impact ecosystems by decreasing dissolved oxygen levels and affecting biodiversity. To control thermal pollution, industries should implement cooling towers and ponds, alternative energy sources should be used, electricity consumption minimized, and heated water not discharged directly into water sources.

3. INTRODUCTION
 Thermal pollution is the degradation of water
quality by any process that changes ambient
water temperature.
 The increase in temperature (a) decreases the
dissolved oxygen/ oxygen supply, and (b) affects
ecosystem composition.
 A type of water pollution.
 A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius
degree.

4. SOURCES
1. Industries:
use of water as a coolant by power plants an
industrial manufacturers:
(i) Hydro-electric power plants
(ii) Coal fired power plants
(iii) Nuclear power plants
(iv) Industrial effluents from power, textiles, paper and
pulp industries
2. Urban runoff:
3. Domestic sewage:

5. EFFECTS
1) Decrease in DO
(dissolved oxygen)
levels.
2) Increase in toxins.
3) Loss of biodiversity.
4) Ecological impact.
5) Affect reproductive
system.
6) Increase metabolic
rate.
7) Migration.

6. Measures to Control
First, factories and power houses should make their
own cooling towers and spray ponds.
Second, alternative sources of energy should be
used.
Third, minimize the use of electricity.
Fourth, the techniques used in the industrial sector
should be those which reduce the generation of
hot water.
Last, there should be complete ban on the discharge
of heated water directly into water sources.

8. INTRODUCTION
 The photochemical pollution or photochemical
smog is a typically form of all chemicals, gases,
and climatic conditions.
 A type of air pollution.
 Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants
which have been chemically altered into further
noxious compounds by exposure to sunlight.

9. CAUSES/SOURCES
 Using coal as fuel.
 Vehicular and
industrial emissions.
 Natural causes like
volcanic eruption and
some specific plant life
effects.

10. COMPOSITION
 when energy from sunlight transforms various
pollutants into other unpleasant substances.
 For example, PAN (peroxyacytyl nitrate) forms
when VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) that
have been altered into other chemicals
by photodissociation combine with nitrogen
dioxide.
 The main components of photochemical smog
are nitrogen oxides, Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs), tropospheric ozone, and PAN
(peroxyacytyl nitrate).

11. EFFECTS
1. Effects on human health.
i. Coughing and irritation of eyes, chest, nose, and
throat.
ii. Aggravation Asthma.
iii. Lung damage.
iv. Premature death because of respiratory and
cancer disease.
v. Risk of road accidents or even plane crash
2. Implications for plants and animals.

12. SOLUTION
First, Reducing and managing vehicular and
industrial emissions.
Second, Increasing energy efficiency and conserving
energy.
Third, Using of environmentally friendly consumer
products.
Last, Smog deletion and monitoring systems.