This article proposes a new physiological and anatomical brain mapping method based on the effects of various drugs, substances, and physiological conditions on brain areas and systems. The map would integrate information from existing brain mapping techniques with data on how specific drugs interact with and affect brain cells and systems. This could provide a more comprehensive view of brain physiology and anatomy. The authors believe this approach could help identify brain areas and systems not well covered by current pharmaceutical research and improve evaluation of drug molecules. They present this idea to stimulate discussion and further research among the scientific community.
Learning Objectives• Be able to conceptualize the information.docxmanningchassidy
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology, neurology, and psychopharmacology. This includes counselo.
CHAPTER ONEIntroductionLearning Objectives• Be able to concept.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE READER
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
A MANTRA
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology.
CHAPTER ONEIntroductionLearning Objectives• Be able to concept.docxspoonerneddy
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE READER
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
A MANTRA
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology.
Short Answer Assessment 2XXXXXXNURS 6630 PsychopMoseStaton39
Short Answer Assessment 2
XXXXXX
NURS 6630: Psychopharmalogical Approaches to Treat Psychopathology
XXXXXXXXX
Assignment: Short Answer Assessment
XXXXX
Short Answer Assessment
1. Axon consists of elongated fibers that extend from the cell body to the terminal endings and aids in transmitting signals. Some axons have a fatty substance called myelin, which acts as an insulator and can transmit signals much faster than other neurons. Axon elongated fibers connect with other cells in the body through the synapses (Stern, Fava, Wilens, & Rosenbaum, 2016)
2.The major components that make up the subcortical structures include the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, and brainstem.
The frontal lobe is involved in functions such as planning, attention, problem-solving, judgment, and initiative. The following components play a role in learning, memory, and addiction.
The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and learning. The ventral striatum plays a vital role in emotion and learning via connections with the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
The two critical neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that plays a significant role in motor control is Dopamine and GABAergic neurons (Sonne, 2020)
3.Glia cells are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and do not produce electrical impulses. Glia cells maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. Glia cells are divided into two groups, microglia cells and macroglia cells; Macroglia cells can be further divided into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Microglia cells act as a primary immune defense of the central nervous system, travel and remove damaged substances, pathogens, or other foreign substances. Glia cells also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections and the physiological processes of breathing. Astrocytes are star-shaped glia cells with many functions, including providing nutrient support to the neurons, helping repair damaged nervous system tissue, regulating communication between neurons, and maintaining blood-brain barriers. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axonal regulation and the generation and maintenance of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons (Hooper & Pocock, 2020)
4. A neuron, referred to as the pre-synaptic cell, releases a neurotransmitter or other neurochemical from special pouches clustered near the cell membrane called synaptic vesicles into space between cells. Those molecules will then be taken up by membrane receptors on the post-synaptic or neighboring, cell hence changing the cell's behavior. Chemicals from the pre-synaptic neuron may excite the post-synaptic cell, for example, telling it to slow down signaling or stop it altogether. Synapses offer the possibility of bi-directional communication; as such, post-synaptic cells can send back their messages to pre-synaptic cells, telling them to change how much or ...
Company Selection & Stock WatchCompany Selection and Stock WatchNo.docxdonnajames55
Company Selection & Stock WatchCompany Selection and Stock WatchNo.DateStock NameStock SymbolCurrent PriceExchange Traded OnFinancial Facts12345
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER
1
Paper Preparation Assignment
Student Name
University Name
Date
RESEARCH PAPER
2
Psychoanalysis and the Need for Neuroscience
Topic
The purpose of this paper is to show that in order to completely understand the workings of the mind through psychoanalysis there is a need for the understanding of neuroscience. By researching deeper into the subject of psychoanalysis combined with neuroscience, this paper will show that understanding neuroscience will benefit psychoanalysis when it comes to studying the inner workings of the mind, which will in turn aid in a more effective diagnosis of individual patients. Using the applied research method during the course of writing this paper will allow for the evaluation of multiple studies related to the subject of psychoanalysis and neuroscience in order to prove the necessity of having the two sciences work together in the study of the human mind, as well as for the diagnosis of individual patients. The interest in preparing this paper comes from the interest in the need for psychoanalysis to be intertwined with the understanding and advancements in neuroscience in order to continue to advance the knowledge gained about the human mind.
The purpose of these studies is to show that a combined effort between psychoanalysis and neuroscience will lead to an increased knowledge of the human minds inner workings. One of the studies that will be presented in this paper states that psychoanalysis is at a standstill with advancement and by incorporating neuroscience, advancement may be achieved by allowing the possibility of testing psychoanalytic theory through the use of neuroimaging and other neuroscientific means (Kandel, 1999, p. 505). Another study that will be incorporated into this paper focuses on neuroplasticity
RESEARCH PAPER
3
and the effects of the environment on the human mind (Vaslamatzis, 2007, p. 479). This study shows that psychotherapy requires cognitive neuroscience for memory research, more specifically when learning about implicit and explicit memory. All of the studies that will be presented in this research paper in some way support the intertwining of psychoanalytic psychology and neuroscience as a benefit towards the advancement of knowledge of the mind that will allow for an improved form of treatment for patients.
Thesis
The purpose of this paper is to show that by combining psychoanalysis with the understanding of neuroscience there will be a benefit towards gaining more knowledge about the human mind as well as an advance towards patient diagnosis. By reviewing multiple studies, this paper will be able to show that neuroscience is able to aid psychoanalysis .
More advanced thinkers like Eleanor A. Maguire, a professor of Cognitive Neuroscience
at the University of London mentions in her study of taxi drivers that the hippocampus is
the seat of spatial reasoning, memory planning for the future and is located in
posterior hippocampus-the spatial processing center.
It is one of the primary technologies that neuroscientists rely on while doing research on the human brain (fMRI). The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach is a non-invasive imaging method that analyzes blood flow in the brain. Blood flow in the brain is an indication of neuronal activity. It is included in the Role of Neuroscience.
The Spiritual Brain: Selective Cortical Lesions Modulate Human Self-Transcend...Jonathan Dunnemann
The predisposition of human beings toward spiritual
feeling, thinking, and behaviors is measured by
a supposedly stable personality trait called self-transcendence
Learning Objectives• Be able to conceptualize the information.docxmanningchassidy
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology, neurology, and psychopharmacology. This includes counselo.
CHAPTER ONEIntroductionLearning Objectives• Be able to concept.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE READER
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
A MANTRA
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology.
CHAPTER ONEIntroductionLearning Objectives• Be able to concept.docxspoonerneddy
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE READER
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
A MANTRA
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology.
Short Answer Assessment 2XXXXXXNURS 6630 PsychopMoseStaton39
Short Answer Assessment 2
XXXXXX
NURS 6630: Psychopharmalogical Approaches to Treat Psychopathology
XXXXXXXXX
Assignment: Short Answer Assessment
XXXXX
Short Answer Assessment
1. Axon consists of elongated fibers that extend from the cell body to the terminal endings and aids in transmitting signals. Some axons have a fatty substance called myelin, which acts as an insulator and can transmit signals much faster than other neurons. Axon elongated fibers connect with other cells in the body through the synapses (Stern, Fava, Wilens, & Rosenbaum, 2016)
2.The major components that make up the subcortical structures include the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, and brainstem.
The frontal lobe is involved in functions such as planning, attention, problem-solving, judgment, and initiative. The following components play a role in learning, memory, and addiction.
The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and learning. The ventral striatum plays a vital role in emotion and learning via connections with the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
The two critical neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that plays a significant role in motor control is Dopamine and GABAergic neurons (Sonne, 2020)
3.Glia cells are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and do not produce electrical impulses. Glia cells maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. Glia cells are divided into two groups, microglia cells and macroglia cells; Macroglia cells can be further divided into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Microglia cells act as a primary immune defense of the central nervous system, travel and remove damaged substances, pathogens, or other foreign substances. Glia cells also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections and the physiological processes of breathing. Astrocytes are star-shaped glia cells with many functions, including providing nutrient support to the neurons, helping repair damaged nervous system tissue, regulating communication between neurons, and maintaining blood-brain barriers. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axonal regulation and the generation and maintenance of the myelin sheath that surrounds axons (Hooper & Pocock, 2020)
4. A neuron, referred to as the pre-synaptic cell, releases a neurotransmitter or other neurochemical from special pouches clustered near the cell membrane called synaptic vesicles into space between cells. Those molecules will then be taken up by membrane receptors on the post-synaptic or neighboring, cell hence changing the cell's behavior. Chemicals from the pre-synaptic neuron may excite the post-synaptic cell, for example, telling it to slow down signaling or stop it altogether. Synapses offer the possibility of bi-directional communication; as such, post-synaptic cells can send back their messages to pre-synaptic cells, telling them to change how much or ...
Company Selection & Stock WatchCompany Selection and Stock WatchNo.docxdonnajames55
Company Selection & Stock WatchCompany Selection and Stock WatchNo.DateStock NameStock SymbolCurrent PriceExchange Traded OnFinancial Facts12345
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER
1
Paper Preparation Assignment
Student Name
University Name
Date
RESEARCH PAPER
2
Psychoanalysis and the Need for Neuroscience
Topic
The purpose of this paper is to show that in order to completely understand the workings of the mind through psychoanalysis there is a need for the understanding of neuroscience. By researching deeper into the subject of psychoanalysis combined with neuroscience, this paper will show that understanding neuroscience will benefit psychoanalysis when it comes to studying the inner workings of the mind, which will in turn aid in a more effective diagnosis of individual patients. Using the applied research method during the course of writing this paper will allow for the evaluation of multiple studies related to the subject of psychoanalysis and neuroscience in order to prove the necessity of having the two sciences work together in the study of the human mind, as well as for the diagnosis of individual patients. The interest in preparing this paper comes from the interest in the need for psychoanalysis to be intertwined with the understanding and advancements in neuroscience in order to continue to advance the knowledge gained about the human mind.
The purpose of these studies is to show that a combined effort between psychoanalysis and neuroscience will lead to an increased knowledge of the human minds inner workings. One of the studies that will be presented in this paper states that psychoanalysis is at a standstill with advancement and by incorporating neuroscience, advancement may be achieved by allowing the possibility of testing psychoanalytic theory through the use of neuroimaging and other neuroscientific means (Kandel, 1999, p. 505). Another study that will be incorporated into this paper focuses on neuroplasticity
RESEARCH PAPER
3
and the effects of the environment on the human mind (Vaslamatzis, 2007, p. 479). This study shows that psychotherapy requires cognitive neuroscience for memory research, more specifically when learning about implicit and explicit memory. All of the studies that will be presented in this research paper in some way support the intertwining of psychoanalytic psychology and neuroscience as a benefit towards the advancement of knowledge of the mind that will allow for an improved form of treatment for patients.
Thesis
The purpose of this paper is to show that by combining psychoanalysis with the understanding of neuroscience there will be a benefit towards gaining more knowledge about the human mind as well as an advance towards patient diagnosis. By reviewing multiple studies, this paper will be able to show that neuroscience is able to aid psychoanalysis .
More advanced thinkers like Eleanor A. Maguire, a professor of Cognitive Neuroscience
at the University of London mentions in her study of taxi drivers that the hippocampus is
the seat of spatial reasoning, memory planning for the future and is located in
posterior hippocampus-the spatial processing center.
It is one of the primary technologies that neuroscientists rely on while doing research on the human brain (fMRI). The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach is a non-invasive imaging method that analyzes blood flow in the brain. Blood flow in the brain is an indication of neuronal activity. It is included in the Role of Neuroscience.
The Spiritual Brain: Selective Cortical Lesions Modulate Human Self-Transcend...Jonathan Dunnemann
The predisposition of human beings toward spiritual
feeling, thinking, and behaviors is measured by
a supposedly stable personality trait called self-transcendence
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. How to cite this article: Luisetto M, Behzad N. A New Physio-Anantomic Brain Map. Theranostics Brain Disord. 2017; 2(4): 555594.002
Theranostics of Brain Disorders
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this evidence we can have an global new image of brain physio-
anantomy.
We have written this paper observing that in some brain
condition until today we don’t have registered drugs (in example
in field of emotional system) and with the scope to give a more
objective way in pharmacological molecule evaluation (effect
objectively verified by instrumental or physical-bio chemistry
methods).
Clarification
ThisShortCommunicationhasnotanydiagnosticortherapeutic
intent, only written in order to Produce research hypothesis.
References
1. Luisetto M, Farhan AK, Cabianca L, Mokbul MI, Yesvi Rafa A, et al.
(2016) Amygdale pharmacology and crime behavior, dysfunctions to
be considered as a disease? IABCR International Archives of Biomedical
and Clinical Research 2(2): 1-4.
2. Luisetto M (2017) Brain and transmission signal modulation.
Theranostics Brain Disord 1(1): 1.
3. Luisetto M (2017) Attitudes and skills in business working settings: A
HR management tool. Business and economics journal 8: 1.
4. Luisetto M (2017) The Economic costs of some preventable brain
disorder. Theranostics Brain Disord 1(4): 1.
![Short Communication
Volume 2 Issue 4 - November 2017
Theranostics Brain Disord
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Luisetto M
A New Physio-Anantomic Brain Map
Luisetto M1
* and Behzad Nili-Ahmadabadi2
1
Applied pharmacologist, European Specialist in Lab Medicine, Italy
2
Independent researcher, USA
Submission: September 27, 2017; Published: November 22, 2017
*Corresponding author: Luisetto M, Applied Pharmacologist, European Specialist in Lab Medicine, Italy, Email:
Theranostics Brain Disord 2(4): TBD.MS.ID.555594 (2017) 001
Introduction
We have see in last 2 centuries different way to have a brain
map using various strategies. Since from BROADMAN theories we
have see the introducing of technologies to support this working
methods. (old and new) as EEG,TC, PET, FMRI, MEG, NIRS ant other
with the scope to differentiates brain area in order to show their
specific activity .
This has make possible to produce an anatomic image and map
about the different brain area to be related with some different
functions or dysfunctions. But what we can think is to create a new
anatomic brain map using the drugs and substances that show high
activity level in neurology field [1].
In example a new pharmacology brain map can be obtained
using different molecules or physiopatological conditions:
A. BDZ GABA receptor, Barbiturate, Opioids, Neuroleptics,
Antiepileptics, Andidepressive, Ipnotics
B. Anti migraine, Anfetaminic, Anti Parkinson, Antidementia,
Antimuscarinics, Anticholinergics
C. Analgesics, Generalanaestetics, Antistaminics, Poisons and
Toxins, Antipiretics, Antipertensives
D. Addiction substantives, Ethanol, Nicotine, New smart drugs,
Heavy metals
E. Vegetals substances, Cannabinoids, Oxygen and Co2,Toxic
substances (as cyanide ), insulin
F. Food (involved in Leptin methabolsims), carbohydrates level,
metabolictoxicsubst.MABS and many other drugs and substantives
or physio-phatological conditions.
This map must be created adding the single signal in a complex
design in order to achieve a different point of view in neurosciences.
We can also see that some brain condition (as EMOTIONAL STATUS)
are not covered today by drugs registered for this indication (by
pharmaceutical industries) and this conditions need a deeply
research about the real reason [2].
In our opinion can be relevant is to verify the function of some
brain area and systems not covered by drugs other pharmacological
substances effect. Why many area and brain systems are interested
by pharmaceutical industry activity and other no? This approach
canbeusefulinsomefieldasforensicscience,jurisdictionalsettings,
HR management, and many other (Emotional Systems).
Discussion and Conclusion
Under the light of this consideration we submit to scientific
community a new method to create and anatomical brain map to be
associated to the existing methods [3].
Every subtantia or drugs (or condition) we have see interact
with a specific area or system and we can easily Coniugate with
radioactive or other molecular tracer to detect whit imaging the
specific area involved. The same using other physic or neuro active
molecule or physiologic –pathologic conditions. We can think to
add this approach with the other existing today to have a more
interesting brain phisio-anatomic schema.
Is not a new procedure but we think is innovative is to create
a complexive map using this information. (What cells involved and
related intensity of signal and objective able effect). Information
that come from directly from the cell or systems involved. We can
have a physiology and anatomic information complete related whit
the efficacy of some drugs or substances [4].
This approach start from observing some brain disease (or
systemic) and the effect due by some iatrogenic or toxic substanties
and the drugs (used in therapy). To a pathology is related a system
o neurons dysfunctions (or other noxa) and an efficacy drugs
link to this or modulate them. Observing in a complexive way all
Keywords: Brain maps; Neuroscience; Emotional systems](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theranosticofbraindisorderanewphysioanatomicbrainmapluisettomb-171122171803/85/Theranostic-of-brain-disorder-a-new-physio-anatomic-brain-map-luisetto-m-b-nili-a-2017-1-320.jpg)
