Tets types
Language Aptitude Test
Proficiency Tests
Placement Tests
Diagnostic Tests
Achievement Tests
Language Aptitude Test
Is designed to measure capacity or general ability to learn a foreign language and ultimate success in that undertaking. Language aptitude tests are ostensibly designed to apply to the classroom learning of any language. Two standardized aptitude tests have been used in the USA: the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) (Carroll and Sapon, 1958) and the Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB) (Pimsleur, 1966). Both are English language tests and require students to perform a number of Language-related tasks.
Content based syllabus combines language and content learning by focusing on teaching subject matter in the target language rather than separately teaching the language itself. It exposes students to the target language environment through subjects like in language immersion programs. While research shows this helps students learn faster, teachers must ensure student comprehension and account for differences in student age. Content based syllabus is applicable for both children and adults but does not guarantee communication skills without extensive interactive activities.
The document discusses six types of syllabi used in language teaching: structural, functional/notional, situational, skill-based, task-based, and content-based. It provides details on structural and functional/notional syllabi. A structural syllabus prioritizes grammar and is organized by linguistic structures. A functional/notional syllabus is organized by the functions and notions performed in language use. Both approaches have benefits and limitations for developing students' communicative competence. The document also provides an example of a mini curriculum using a functional approach.
The direct method by beny i.n. nadeak, s.pdBeny Nadeak
The Direct Method
The Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed. In fact, the Direct Method receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language through the use of demonstration and visual aids, with no resource to the students’ native language (Diller 1978).
This document provides an overview of assessing listening skills. It discusses the nature of listening as an active process using linguistic and non-linguistic cues. Key concepts in language assessment like practicality, reliability, validity and authenticity are also covered. The document outlines observing performance through multiple tests, tasks and forms of assessment. It describes the importance of listening and basic types of listening like intensive, responsive, selective and extensive. Microskills and macroskills of listening are defined. The document provides examples of designing assessment tasks for intensive listening focusing on recognizing phonological/morphological elements and paraphrase recognition.
Chapter 3(designing classroom language tests)Kheang Sokheng
This document discusses key considerations for designing classroom language tests. It begins by outlining 5 critical questions to guide test design: 1) purpose of the test, 2) objectives, 3) how specifications reflect purpose and objectives, 4) task selection and arrangement, and 5) scoring and feedback. It then elaborates on each question, providing guidance on defining the test purpose and objectives, ensuring specifications align, selecting authentic and practical tasks, and determining appropriate feedback. The document also outlines common test types like proficiency, placement, and achievement tests and gives practical steps for test construction, including assessing clear objectives, developing specifications, devising tasks, and designing multiple-choice items.
This document discusses various methods for assessing speaking ability, including imitative, intensive, responsive, and interactive tasks. Imitative tasks involve repeating words or sentences to assess pronunciation. Intensive tasks elicit short stretches of oral production to demonstrate competence in narrow grammatical areas. Responsive tasks involve question-and-answer exchanges and instructions. Interactive tasks assess longer conversations and include job interviews with warm-up, level check, and wind-down stages. Proper task design and reliable scoring methods are important for valid speaking assessments.
Tets types
Language Aptitude Test
Proficiency Tests
Placement Tests
Diagnostic Tests
Achievement Tests
Language Aptitude Test
Is designed to measure capacity or general ability to learn a foreign language and ultimate success in that undertaking. Language aptitude tests are ostensibly designed to apply to the classroom learning of any language. Two standardized aptitude tests have been used in the USA: the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) (Carroll and Sapon, 1958) and the Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB) (Pimsleur, 1966). Both are English language tests and require students to perform a number of Language-related tasks.
Content based syllabus combines language and content learning by focusing on teaching subject matter in the target language rather than separately teaching the language itself. It exposes students to the target language environment through subjects like in language immersion programs. While research shows this helps students learn faster, teachers must ensure student comprehension and account for differences in student age. Content based syllabus is applicable for both children and adults but does not guarantee communication skills without extensive interactive activities.
The document discusses six types of syllabi used in language teaching: structural, functional/notional, situational, skill-based, task-based, and content-based. It provides details on structural and functional/notional syllabi. A structural syllabus prioritizes grammar and is organized by linguistic structures. A functional/notional syllabus is organized by the functions and notions performed in language use. Both approaches have benefits and limitations for developing students' communicative competence. The document also provides an example of a mini curriculum using a functional approach.
The direct method by beny i.n. nadeak, s.pdBeny Nadeak
The Direct Method
The Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed. In fact, the Direct Method receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language through the use of demonstration and visual aids, with no resource to the students’ native language (Diller 1978).
This document provides an overview of assessing listening skills. It discusses the nature of listening as an active process using linguistic and non-linguistic cues. Key concepts in language assessment like practicality, reliability, validity and authenticity are also covered. The document outlines observing performance through multiple tests, tasks and forms of assessment. It describes the importance of listening and basic types of listening like intensive, responsive, selective and extensive. Microskills and macroskills of listening are defined. The document provides examples of designing assessment tasks for intensive listening focusing on recognizing phonological/morphological elements and paraphrase recognition.
Chapter 3(designing classroom language tests)Kheang Sokheng
This document discusses key considerations for designing classroom language tests. It begins by outlining 5 critical questions to guide test design: 1) purpose of the test, 2) objectives, 3) how specifications reflect purpose and objectives, 4) task selection and arrangement, and 5) scoring and feedback. It then elaborates on each question, providing guidance on defining the test purpose and objectives, ensuring specifications align, selecting authentic and practical tasks, and determining appropriate feedback. The document also outlines common test types like proficiency, placement, and achievement tests and gives practical steps for test construction, including assessing clear objectives, developing specifications, devising tasks, and designing multiple-choice items.
This document discusses various methods for assessing speaking ability, including imitative, intensive, responsive, and interactive tasks. Imitative tasks involve repeating words or sentences to assess pronunciation. Intensive tasks elicit short stretches of oral production to demonstrate competence in narrow grammatical areas. Responsive tasks involve question-and-answer exchanges and instructions. Interactive tasks assess longer conversations and include job interviews with warm-up, level check, and wind-down stages. Proper task design and reliable scoring methods are important for valid speaking assessments.
This document discusses various genres and skills of written language as well as methods for assessing writing abilities. It describes four levels of writing performance from imitative to extensive writing. It also outlines micro and macro writing skills. The document then provides examples of assessment tasks that can evaluate skills from imitative to responsive writing abilities. These include spelling tests, picture tasks, and paragraph construction. It discusses issues in assessing more advanced responsive and extensive writing and methods for scoring such as holistic, primary trait, and analytic scoring. Lastly, it discusses providing feedback during the writing process.
Language Learning Through Tasks & ActivitiesBishara Adam
The document discusses using tasks and activities to support language learning for children. It describes tasks as the environment for learning and should be used to check understanding and evaluate learners. Tasks engage active learners and help make sense of activities, though teachers need to ensure real understanding. Demands on learners and support provided are important to balance. Tasks should break activities into clear language learning goals and manageable steps. Stages of preparation, core activities, and follow up help structure effective tasks. Balancing demands with appropriate support produces optimal language learning.
A functional syllabus organizes language teaching content around communicative functions like inviting, requesting, agreeing, and apologizing. It focuses on the communicative purposes of language rather than just grammar. Functions are sequenced based on ideas like chronology, frequency, or usefulness. While a functional syllabus can increase language usefulness, its isolation of functions may limit interactional ability if not synthesized into discourse. It also lacks clear criteria for selecting functions and risks an atomistic or phrase-book approach.
The document discusses the key principles of language assessment: practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback. It defines each principle and provides examples. Practicality means a test is cost-effective, time-efficient and easy to administer. Reliability refers to a test producing consistent results. Validity concerns a test accurately measuring what it claims to measure. Authenticity refers to how well a test simulates real-world language tasks. Washback concerns a test's influence on teaching and learning. A test has positive washback if it encourages effective instruction and learning.
The document discusses the situational syllabus approach to language teaching. It defines the situational syllabus as organizing language content according to real-life situations where the language would be used. The approach is based on the theory that language is used in context. It includes selecting vocabulary, grammar, and skills for situations like "in the classroom" or "at the bank." The process involves listing situations, analyzing their relevance, and creating conversations. The goal is to improve communicative competence. Advantages include motivation and developing inductive ability. Disadvantages include not including all real-life situations and artificial dialogs not reflecting natural language. The conclusion states no single syllabus is appropriate for all contexts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Chapter 2(principles of language assessment)Kheang Sokheng
The document discusses five principles of language assessment: practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback. It describes each principle in detail. Practicality refers to a test being inexpensive, easy to administer within time constraints, and having a clear scoring procedure. Reliability means a test produces consistent results, regardless of who administers it or when it is taken. Validity refers to a test accurately measuring what it aims to assess as shown by content, criteria, and construct-related evidence. Authenticity means a test resembles real-world tasks. Washback refers to how a test impacts teaching and learning.
The document provides guidance on designing classroom language tests. It discusses the purpose and objectives that should guide the test design and selection of test tasks. It also describes different types of language tests, including language aptitude tests, proficiency tests, placement tests, diagnostic tests, and achievement tests. For achievement tests specifically, it notes they should assess objectives and classroom lessons over a particular time period, either short-term like quizzes or long-term over an entire course. Effective test construction involves clear objectives, test specifications, devising test tasks, and designing multiple-choice items. The specifications should outline the test, skills to be tested, and item formats.
This document discusses language testing and contrastive analysis. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of essay tests versus objective tests, and different types of language tests. It also discusses contrastive analysis, which is a branch of applied linguistics that examines the differences between a learner's native language and the target language. Contrastive analysis claims that language errors result from interference from the native tongue. The document provides examples of how differences in structures like articles, tenses and adjectives between Arabic and English could lead to errors for Arabic learners of English. Criticism of contrastive analysis is also mentioned.
The document summarizes 6 proposals for classroom teaching of second languages: 1) Get it right from the beginning focuses on structure and accuracy; 2) Just listen...and read is based on comprehensible input through listening and reading; 3) Let's talk emphasizes meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning; 4) Two for one refers to content-based instruction where students learn a subject and language; 5) Teach what is teachable suggests some structures develop predictably while others depend on individual factors; 6) Get it right in the end emphasizes form-focused instruction and explicit error correction. Each proposal is accompanied by summaries of 2-3 research studies providing evidence for or against the approach.
The document discusses various types of language tests that teachers may design or utilize, including language aptitude tests, proficiency tests, placement tests, diagnostic tests, and achievement tests. It provides details on the purpose and objectives of each test type, as well as considerations for designing, administering, and scoring the tests. Specific examples discussed include the Modern Language Aptitude Test and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery, as well as components of sample language tests like their format, scoring criteria, and feedback approaches.
The document discusses second language acquisition and provides information about:
1) It introduces the class and syllabus, discussing what second language acquisition refers to and the basic questions researchers seek to answer about the process.
2) It defines key terms like first language, second language, and discusses diversity in how languages are learned through informal exposure, immersion, or formal instruction.
3) It outlines some class activities that ask students to reflect on their own language learning experiences and abilities.
Brown and Hudson discuss the benefits of alternative language assessments over traditional assessments. They provide a list of positive characteristics of alternative assessments, including that they require students to perform real-world tasks, assess higher-level thinking, and provide information on student strengths and weaknesses. They also discuss the importance of reliability, validity, and reducing bias in assessments. Three categories of language assessments are identified: selected response, constructed response, and personal response. The advantages and disadvantages of different assessment types within each category are outlined.
The document discusses assessing writing skills. It describes different types of writing like academic, job-related, and personal writing. It outlines micro skills like imitative and intensive writing, and macro skills like responsive and extensive writing. For micro skills, it provides examples of assessment tasks for imitative writing like spelling tests and dictation. For intensive writing, it discusses tasks like rewriting sentences and transforming grammar. For macro skills, it discusses designing assessment tasks for responsive and extensive writing like guided questions, paragraph construction, and scoring methods.
Origins of language curriculum developmentRhox Nicodemus
The document discusses key considerations in language curriculum development, including determining what content to teach (vocabulary, grammar structures), how to organize and sequence that content, and criteria for selecting which elements to prioritize. It provides examples of approaches for selecting vocabulary based on frequency of use, range of usage, and teachability. For grammar, suggestions include prioritizing simple structures, conversational elements, and patterns ordered by learnability based on learner interviews. The goal is to determine the most useful elements and an optimal progression for bringing about intended learning outcomes.
This document discusses task-based syllabus design. It defines a task-based syllabus as constructing lessons with various tasks as the basic building blocks, focusing on using the target language in real-world contexts rather than drilling isolated grammar items. It outlines aspects of task-based syllabus design like including authentic language data, providing information, and allowing practice. It also describes types of tasks and notes the advantages of task-based syllabi in goals, activities, and roles while the disadvantages include lack of guidance on combining grammar and skills.
This document contains a needs analysis questionnaire for an ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course for construction engineering. [1] It collects information about the participant's background, interest and priorities for language skills. [2] The participant is asked to rate their level of interest, how important ESP is compared to other subjects, and how useful different topic areas would be for an ESP course. [3] It also asks the participant to prioritize improving different language skills and the types of materials and situations they want to focus on for reading, speaking, writing and listening.
General English and English for Specific Purposes differ in their target learners and aims. General English is designed for high school students and aims to improve overall English competence, while ESP is designed for working adults and aims to meet their specific needs. ESP focuses on designing courses according to learner needs in specific fields like academics or occupations. There are traditionally two main types of ESP: English for Academic Purposes and English for Occupational Purposes. Carter later proposed three types: English as a Restricted Language for very specific environments, English for Academic and Occupational Purposes for professional uses, and English with Specific Topics which focuses on language for particular topics rather than purposes.
The document discusses assessing listening skills. It defines listening as an active process involving both linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge. Listening assessment is important because the act of listening cannot be observed. The document outlines different types of listening like intensive, extensive, selective, and responsive. It provides examples of assessment tasks that can measure various dimensions of listening including phonological recognition, paraphrasing, answering questions, note-taking, and retelling stories.
This thesis presents an observer-based method for parameter estimation and its application to model-based fault detection, isolation, and estimation. The method uses two coupled Luenberger observers with a delay to estimate states in finite time, allowing consistent parameter estimation from a single data point if the estimated states meet a full rank condition. The estimated parameters are then used in an Information Synthesis approach for one-step-ahead fault detection, isolation, and estimation. The thesis validates the observer-based parameter estimation method on a numerical example of a double mass-spring-damper system and experimental sensor fault diagnosis data from an engine.
This study examined the length of time required to complete the food stamp application process in four California counties - Sacramento, San Diego, Santa Cruz, and Tulare. The key findings were:
- It took an average of nearly three trips to the welfare office to complete the application process in three of the four counties.
- The average time spent per visit ranged from 37 minutes in Santa Cruz County to 1 hour and 40 minutes in another county.
- The total average time to complete the entire application process ranged from 1 hour and 45 minutes in Santa Cruz County to 4 hours and 45 minutes in San Diego County.
- There was wide variation in application times between counties, suggesting there may be opportunities to stream
This document discusses various genres and skills of written language as well as methods for assessing writing abilities. It describes four levels of writing performance from imitative to extensive writing. It also outlines micro and macro writing skills. The document then provides examples of assessment tasks that can evaluate skills from imitative to responsive writing abilities. These include spelling tests, picture tasks, and paragraph construction. It discusses issues in assessing more advanced responsive and extensive writing and methods for scoring such as holistic, primary trait, and analytic scoring. Lastly, it discusses providing feedback during the writing process.
Language Learning Through Tasks & ActivitiesBishara Adam
The document discusses using tasks and activities to support language learning for children. It describes tasks as the environment for learning and should be used to check understanding and evaluate learners. Tasks engage active learners and help make sense of activities, though teachers need to ensure real understanding. Demands on learners and support provided are important to balance. Tasks should break activities into clear language learning goals and manageable steps. Stages of preparation, core activities, and follow up help structure effective tasks. Balancing demands with appropriate support produces optimal language learning.
A functional syllabus organizes language teaching content around communicative functions like inviting, requesting, agreeing, and apologizing. It focuses on the communicative purposes of language rather than just grammar. Functions are sequenced based on ideas like chronology, frequency, or usefulness. While a functional syllabus can increase language usefulness, its isolation of functions may limit interactional ability if not synthesized into discourse. It also lacks clear criteria for selecting functions and risks an atomistic or phrase-book approach.
The document discusses the key principles of language assessment: practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback. It defines each principle and provides examples. Practicality means a test is cost-effective, time-efficient and easy to administer. Reliability refers to a test producing consistent results. Validity concerns a test accurately measuring what it claims to measure. Authenticity refers to how well a test simulates real-world language tasks. Washback concerns a test's influence on teaching and learning. A test has positive washback if it encourages effective instruction and learning.
The document discusses the situational syllabus approach to language teaching. It defines the situational syllabus as organizing language content according to real-life situations where the language would be used. The approach is based on the theory that language is used in context. It includes selecting vocabulary, grammar, and skills for situations like "in the classroom" or "at the bank." The process involves listing situations, analyzing their relevance, and creating conversations. The goal is to improve communicative competence. Advantages include motivation and developing inductive ability. Disadvantages include not including all real-life situations and artificial dialogs not reflecting natural language. The conclusion states no single syllabus is appropriate for all contexts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Chapter 2(principles of language assessment)Kheang Sokheng
The document discusses five principles of language assessment: practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback. It describes each principle in detail. Practicality refers to a test being inexpensive, easy to administer within time constraints, and having a clear scoring procedure. Reliability means a test produces consistent results, regardless of who administers it or when it is taken. Validity refers to a test accurately measuring what it aims to assess as shown by content, criteria, and construct-related evidence. Authenticity means a test resembles real-world tasks. Washback refers to how a test impacts teaching and learning.
The document provides guidance on designing classroom language tests. It discusses the purpose and objectives that should guide the test design and selection of test tasks. It also describes different types of language tests, including language aptitude tests, proficiency tests, placement tests, diagnostic tests, and achievement tests. For achievement tests specifically, it notes they should assess objectives and classroom lessons over a particular time period, either short-term like quizzes or long-term over an entire course. Effective test construction involves clear objectives, test specifications, devising test tasks, and designing multiple-choice items. The specifications should outline the test, skills to be tested, and item formats.
This document discusses language testing and contrastive analysis. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of essay tests versus objective tests, and different types of language tests. It also discusses contrastive analysis, which is a branch of applied linguistics that examines the differences between a learner's native language and the target language. Contrastive analysis claims that language errors result from interference from the native tongue. The document provides examples of how differences in structures like articles, tenses and adjectives between Arabic and English could lead to errors for Arabic learners of English. Criticism of contrastive analysis is also mentioned.
The document summarizes 6 proposals for classroom teaching of second languages: 1) Get it right from the beginning focuses on structure and accuracy; 2) Just listen...and read is based on comprehensible input through listening and reading; 3) Let's talk emphasizes meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning; 4) Two for one refers to content-based instruction where students learn a subject and language; 5) Teach what is teachable suggests some structures develop predictably while others depend on individual factors; 6) Get it right in the end emphasizes form-focused instruction and explicit error correction. Each proposal is accompanied by summaries of 2-3 research studies providing evidence for or against the approach.
The document discusses various types of language tests that teachers may design or utilize, including language aptitude tests, proficiency tests, placement tests, diagnostic tests, and achievement tests. It provides details on the purpose and objectives of each test type, as well as considerations for designing, administering, and scoring the tests. Specific examples discussed include the Modern Language Aptitude Test and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery, as well as components of sample language tests like their format, scoring criteria, and feedback approaches.
The document discusses second language acquisition and provides information about:
1) It introduces the class and syllabus, discussing what second language acquisition refers to and the basic questions researchers seek to answer about the process.
2) It defines key terms like first language, second language, and discusses diversity in how languages are learned through informal exposure, immersion, or formal instruction.
3) It outlines some class activities that ask students to reflect on their own language learning experiences and abilities.
Brown and Hudson discuss the benefits of alternative language assessments over traditional assessments. They provide a list of positive characteristics of alternative assessments, including that they require students to perform real-world tasks, assess higher-level thinking, and provide information on student strengths and weaknesses. They also discuss the importance of reliability, validity, and reducing bias in assessments. Three categories of language assessments are identified: selected response, constructed response, and personal response. The advantages and disadvantages of different assessment types within each category are outlined.
The document discusses assessing writing skills. It describes different types of writing like academic, job-related, and personal writing. It outlines micro skills like imitative and intensive writing, and macro skills like responsive and extensive writing. For micro skills, it provides examples of assessment tasks for imitative writing like spelling tests and dictation. For intensive writing, it discusses tasks like rewriting sentences and transforming grammar. For macro skills, it discusses designing assessment tasks for responsive and extensive writing like guided questions, paragraph construction, and scoring methods.
Origins of language curriculum developmentRhox Nicodemus
The document discusses key considerations in language curriculum development, including determining what content to teach (vocabulary, grammar structures), how to organize and sequence that content, and criteria for selecting which elements to prioritize. It provides examples of approaches for selecting vocabulary based on frequency of use, range of usage, and teachability. For grammar, suggestions include prioritizing simple structures, conversational elements, and patterns ordered by learnability based on learner interviews. The goal is to determine the most useful elements and an optimal progression for bringing about intended learning outcomes.
This document discusses task-based syllabus design. It defines a task-based syllabus as constructing lessons with various tasks as the basic building blocks, focusing on using the target language in real-world contexts rather than drilling isolated grammar items. It outlines aspects of task-based syllabus design like including authentic language data, providing information, and allowing practice. It also describes types of tasks and notes the advantages of task-based syllabi in goals, activities, and roles while the disadvantages include lack of guidance on combining grammar and skills.
This document contains a needs analysis questionnaire for an ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course for construction engineering. [1] It collects information about the participant's background, interest and priorities for language skills. [2] The participant is asked to rate their level of interest, how important ESP is compared to other subjects, and how useful different topic areas would be for an ESP course. [3] It also asks the participant to prioritize improving different language skills and the types of materials and situations they want to focus on for reading, speaking, writing and listening.
General English and English for Specific Purposes differ in their target learners and aims. General English is designed for high school students and aims to improve overall English competence, while ESP is designed for working adults and aims to meet their specific needs. ESP focuses on designing courses according to learner needs in specific fields like academics or occupations. There are traditionally two main types of ESP: English for Academic Purposes and English for Occupational Purposes. Carter later proposed three types: English as a Restricted Language for very specific environments, English for Academic and Occupational Purposes for professional uses, and English with Specific Topics which focuses on language for particular topics rather than purposes.
The document discusses assessing listening skills. It defines listening as an active process involving both linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge. Listening assessment is important because the act of listening cannot be observed. The document outlines different types of listening like intensive, extensive, selective, and responsive. It provides examples of assessment tasks that can measure various dimensions of listening including phonological recognition, paraphrasing, answering questions, note-taking, and retelling stories.
This thesis presents an observer-based method for parameter estimation and its application to model-based fault detection, isolation, and estimation. The method uses two coupled Luenberger observers with a delay to estimate states in finite time, allowing consistent parameter estimation from a single data point if the estimated states meet a full rank condition. The estimated parameters are then used in an Information Synthesis approach for one-step-ahead fault detection, isolation, and estimation. The thesis validates the observer-based parameter estimation method on a numerical example of a double mass-spring-damper system and experimental sensor fault diagnosis data from an engine.
This study examined the length of time required to complete the food stamp application process in four California counties - Sacramento, San Diego, Santa Cruz, and Tulare. The key findings were:
- It took an average of nearly three trips to the welfare office to complete the application process in three of the four counties.
- The average time spent per visit ranged from 37 minutes in Santa Cruz County to 1 hour and 40 minutes in another county.
- The total average time to complete the entire application process ranged from 1 hour and 45 minutes in Santa Cruz County to 4 hours and 45 minutes in San Diego County.
- There was wide variation in application times between counties, suggesting there may be opportunities to stream
This document contains code for calculating surge and swab pressures in an oil well. It takes inputs like pipe dimensions, fluid properties, flow rates, and calculates parameters like pressure losses and optimal flow rate. The code contains sections for calculating pressures at different flow rates, plotting the well dynamics, and determining the optimum hydraulic path and flow rate that balances maximum pump pressure with nozzle area and bit pressure loss.
The author took a plane from Bogotá to Cartagena, Colombia and found the weather very hot upon arrival. They visited family, going to the beach and swimming in the sea. At night, the author went to the historic center with friends, visiting a coffee shop and club. On the last day, the author visited the charming Isla del Encanto island and toured popular tourist sites like San Felipe Castle, the walls, India Catalina, and Santo Domingo Square before having dinner at a beer house due to the nice weather.
The document discusses the effects of technology use on children's social, behavioral, and neurological development. It notes that children now have extensive access to technologies like TVs, computers, and mobile devices, and spend on average 6.5 hours per day engaged with screens. Excessive screen time is linked to poorer social skills, more aggressive behaviors, lower academic performance, and reduced activity in brain regions involved in decision-making. However, educational TV and some video games have shown benefits if used in moderation. The document provides recommendations to limit screen time and increase parental supervision of technology use to promote healthy development.
On the occasion of the Forum Trade and Invest in France held on 23rd September 2015 by the French Embassy and the Franco-Thai Chamber of Commerce at Alliance Française in Bangkok, Stephane Lambert (CEO of Wishtrend Thailand and Foreign trade advisor to French Governement and Axel Baratte, Digital Economy Expert at Business France) have been invited to introduced the french Tech Thailande
Genesis 1 was modeled after the older Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish. However, whereas Enuma Elish depicted violent gods, Genesis 1 describes a singular, loving God who brings order from chaos by creating a good world over six days. Genesis 1 was written during the Jewish exile in Babylon to promote a revolutionary theology of one God, in contrast to other Near Eastern beliefs in multiple gods. It presents an optimistic view that the world progresses from chaos to order under God's guidance.
This document provides a timeline and overview of the history and evolution of music videos from 1929 to the present. It outlines some of the earliest music videos that were shown in theaters in the 1920s and 1930s. It then discusses pivotal moments like Tony Bennett's 1956 video being one of the first shown on TV, the Beatles influencing the genre in the 1960s, and Michael Jackson's "Thriller" in 1982 being a pioneering story-driven video. The introduction of MTV in 1981 is highlighted as a major breakthrough that centralized music videos and marketing. The timeline shows how music videos advanced from early promotional films to high-budget mini-movies and their role in promoting artists over time.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan draft buku pelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan untuk siswa SMA/MA/SMK kelas X edisi revisi 2015. Buku ini disusun oleh Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dan memuat materi mengenai nilai-nilai Pancasila, ketentuan UUD NRI 1945, lembaga-lembaga negara, hubungan pemerintah pusat dan daerah, integrasi nasional, dan ancaman terhadap negara.
Buku pegangan guru pp kn sma kelas 10 kurikulum 2013 edisi revisi 2014 (matem...eli priyatna laidan
Buku ini memberikan petunjuk bagi guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan di kelas X SMA/MA. Buku ini menjelaskan konsep mata pelajaran PPKn, struktur kurikulum, model pembelajaran, dan penilaian yang sesuai dengan Kurikulum 2013. Selain itu, buku ini juga berisi petunjuk khusus pembelajaran per bab dan contoh kegiatan pembelajaran.
1) Digital learning objects range from simple individual lessons and media to complex professionally developed courseware. It is important for educators to evaluate the level of sophistication, completeness, and rigor of digital resources.
2) There are tens of millions of digital learning objects available both freely and commercially. Evaluating these resources thoroughly requires understanding their design, content coverage, and ability to promote learning.
3) A framework is proposed for evaluating digital learning objects based on their technical design, instructional completeness, and ability to promote rigorous learning. Educators can use this framework at different levels of depth depending on their evaluation needs and time constraints.
The document discusses pedagogical concerns for using computers in the classroom. It addresses the role of computers as virtual teachers to promote autonomous learning. Teachers see computers as complementary tools rather than replacements. Software programs have been created to help guide teachers and provide comprehensive language teaching without human intervention, however computers are still limited and cannot fully replace teachers. The level of student trust depends on the instructional model used in software.
Computer assisted task- Petita Ramìrez.Connie Blue
This document discusses challenges and considerations for computer-assisted language learning (CALL) software and environments. It notes that software can be promoted as a virtual teacher, instrument, or learning/teaching tool, but effectiveness depends on factors like the instruction model, learning styles, and environment. The document also discusses accommodating different learning styles, increasing learner involvement, adapting materials as needed, adding layers of tasks to materials, determining collaborative working processes, and providing privacy for individual students while allowing group collaboration.
A Practical Approach Of Teaching Software EngineeringAmy Cernava
This 3-month university course aimed to provide students with practical software engineering experience through a real-world project. 12 students developed a tool called APE in teams over 5 phases. The initial plan proved overly optimistic and delays in analysis and design meant cutting functionality. Students gained experience in communication, technical challenges, and the software process through this project. Both students and supervisors learned important lessons about project planning and management.
The document discusses different types of computer-based education including computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CAI refers to instruction or remediation presented on a computer using educational software. The summary discusses the main types of CAI software:
1. Drill-and-practice software focuses on memorization through repetition of questions and feedback.
2. Tutorial software introduces new concepts through interactive multimedia presentations while assessing student understanding.
3. Simulation software allows students to experience realistic situations through role-playing and exploring the consequences of decisions.
4. CAI has advantages like individualized instruction and tracking student progress, but also disadvantages like potential equipment issues.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of instructional software: drill and practice, tutorial, simulation, instructional games, and problem-solving. Drill and practice software allows users to repeatedly practice and receive feedback on problems. Tutorial software provides complete self-contained lessons. Simulation software represents real systems. Instructional games combine education and entertainment. Problem-solving software fosters skills for solving various problems. Each type of software has benefits like increased engagement and retention when used appropriately in education. The document also provides example websites for each category.
IIHT’s Integrated Learning Program for engineering students is a blend of technical skills and academic knowledge put into practice via live projects, workplace & analytical skills. The program prepares students to successfully carry out tasks and effective relationships at modern workplaces. Meant for 3rd to 7th-semester students, learners successfully completing the program becomes eligible for placement assistance by IIHT. Register as an institution.
This document describes six digital learning role profiles identified by the e-Virtue project: 1) Architecting a digital learning strategy, which involves developing an organization's strategy for using learning technologies; 2) Designing blended learning solutions, which involves designing learning interventions that may include digital elements; 3) Developing digital learning content (specialist), which focuses on creating sophisticated interactive content; 4) Developing digital learning content (non-specialist), which involves creating simpler content to support teaching; 5) Facilitating virtual classroom sessions, which delivers real-time online sessions; and 6) Online tutoring, which provides support for extended online programs. The roles can be combined in various ways depending on the context.
This document outlines 10 steps for implementing a virtual classroom: 1) Assess need and infrastructure; 2) Estimate costs and requirements; 3) Plan pedagogical approach; 4) Design structure and navigation; 5) Prepare and distribute content; 6) Enable communication tools; 7) Implement assessments; 8) Set up management procedures; 9) Install and configure systems; 10) Maintain and update regularly. Key considerations include educational goals, technical requirements, instructor workload, and ensuring effective student-teacher interaction in the online environment.
Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) uses computer technology to aid in the presentation, reinforcement, and assessment of language material. Early CALL focused on programmed instruction, while more recent terms like technology-enhanced language learning emerged. Typical CALL programs present a stimulus for the learner to respond to, and provide feedback. While early CALL focused mainly on technology, pedagogical considerations are now important to effectively integrate computers into language learning. Common CALL tools include commercial software, the world wide web, presentation software, and authoring software to create exercises.
Technology can help teachers track and assess student performance in the classroom. It allows for continual evaluation of lessons and facilitates communication between students and teachers. Rubrics are used to evaluate educational technology and assess its appropriateness and effectiveness. Rubrics provide a framework with criteria and achievement levels to gauge how well a technology enhances teaching and learning. Criteria that can be considered in rubrics include content match to curriculum, documentation and technical support, ability level match for assessment, and technical quality and ease of use.
Computer-based instruction can take several forms including computer-assisted instruction (CAI), computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-enriched instruction (CEI). CAI refers to using educational software or drill-and-practice, tutorials, or simulations to supplement traditional teaching. CAI software evaluates student performance, guides students to appropriate resources, and tracks their progress. Common types of CAI software include drill-and-practice, tutorials, simulations, games, and problem-solving programs. CAI provides individualized learning opportunities and immediate feedback to students.
The document discusses the use of authoring software in English language teaching. It describes how authoring software allows teachers to create interactive exercises and assessments without needing programming knowledge. Teachers can incorporate multimedia like audio and video. While authoring software provides benefits like motivating students and accommodating different learning styles, it also has limitations such as a lack of interaction between students and teachers. When implemented appropriately with the right content and motivated students, authoring software can support second language acquisition.
The document discusses theoretical and pedagogical concerns regarding the use of computers and CALL (computer-assisted language learning) in education. It notes that computers can serve as virtual teachers to reinforce learning but not replace actual teachers. CALL allows learners to be more autonomous but software needs to be designed for both teachers and learners. Effective CALL software has specific tasks for learners and teachers, programs to improve the four main skills, and materials for learners to reflect on their learning through interaction. A challenge is for teachers and learners to adapt CALL programs into their daily teaching and learning.
For a decade, SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) has been an industry standard for computer-based learning and online education. It's been a universal language between computer systems, which is typically referred to as the Learning Management System (LMS). The SCORM standard enables all eLearning content and LMSs to work with each other. Also, it lets content authors distribute their content to a variety of LMSs. But over time, SCORM reached its limit. It’s true that SCORM can work okay as long as the learners sit in front of a computer and take a ready-made course. Yet in today's world, learning has grown beyond the computers. Learners have different ways to learn such as watching a video, reading content on websites, writing an article, searching through the knowledge base, posting a thread and discussing it on a forum, building personal projects, and so on. Learning can happen anytime and anywhere—via learners’ phones and tablets, via Youtube, Linkedin, or any potential technologies that may emerge along their learning paths in the future. This paper discusses the evolution of eLearning standards and explores the future trends of the learning ecosystem.
The document discusses the evolution of eLearning standards from SCORM to Experience API (xAPI), which allows for more detailed tracking of learning activities beyond just course completions. It describes how xAPI works with a Learning Record Store (LRS) to record all learning activities and contexts in a centralized location. This enables the creation of Learning Experience Platforms (LXP) that provide personalized, engaging learning experiences through recommendations, achievements, and a 360-degree view of learners' progress. LXPs aim to go beyond traditional LMSs by aggregating learning from any source and keeping content constantly updated.
This document discusses models for integrating technology into teaching and learning: SAMR and TPACK.
SAMR is a model that categorizes ways technology can be used in education from substitution to redefinition. TPACK is a framework for lesson planning that considers the context, content, pedagogy, and appropriate technologies.
The document provides examples of how learning tasks can move up the SAMR levels from substitution to redefinition. It also outlines the steps to use TPACK for technology integrated lesson planning including reflecting on technological pedagogical content knowledge. Educators are encouraged to use these models to redesign learning activities.
The document discusses several pedagogical concerns for using CALL (computer-assisted language learning) in the classroom. It notes that CALL software can offer different combinations and interfaces to adapt to various learner skills and abilities. The software objectives also indicate learners' advancement levels and allow teachers some control over the information students receive. Additionally, many CALL programs can be adapted to fit teachers' and learners' needs, allowing instructors to add or modify tasks. The document stresses the importance of establishing an interactive environment where learners have computer and internet access to facilitate collaborative work and discussions to develop group skills. It describes the computer as a virtual mediator that can effectively teach language without human intervention.
Similar to Theorical and pedagogical concerns (20)
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. CONCERNS FOR SOFWARE
DEVELOPMENT
Traditionational material tend to follow a set scope
and secuence that lay down the paths and principles
of learning and this is the general route followed by
most computer-based learning materials that are
some cases, adaptations of existing texbooks.
This hability to choose the path of learning means
that defferent learners are nort all constrained to
learn the same materials in the same way but may
instead find new answers and solutions to questions.
3. PEDAGOGICAL CONCERNS FOR
CLASSROOM PRACTICE
Here considers the role of the computer as a kind of
virtual teacher or at least taking the place of the
teacher for some functions at some times as learners
increasingly engage in autonomous learning.
SOFTWARE OBJECTIVES
Explaining what skills each software package
attempts to improve is an important task for teachers
and learners.
4. Evaluation software
If CALL software package are to be properly
evaluated and matched with learning needs, they
need to be classified by teachers, one way for
teachers to do so is by collecting reviews of software
from professional publications such as CALL.
5. LEARNING AND WORKING STYLES
Learners should examine how they prefer to learn,
but they should also consider on an ongoing basis
wheter their current learning style(s) is efficient and,
if not, where it is in need of some improvement,
learners need to develop multiple learning styles.
6. Evolving technology
The cost of technology can be barrier both to getting
involved in CALL and maintaining the latest
technology, materials created only a few years ago on
one version of an operating system may not function
properly or at all on the latest versions ; other
problems centre around developing new CALL
programs, including a lack of founds, expertise and
authoring programs.
7. COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE
Some cases the creation of interactive educational
software means that it is often designed on the basis of
what engineers decide is possible and what marketing
executives decide can be sold. For larger projects,
currently, software programmers, engineers and
marketing executives, ratehr than educational
academics and teachers, make many of the critical
decisions on the creation of popular educational
software.
8. Copyright and Plagiarism
All computer-based information, whether text, graphics, music or
software programs, is essentially digital in nature, digital means that the
core date can be broken down into strings of binary numbers: ones and
zeros. This can be copied and manipulated. This is especially true of text
and images found on the WWW. Student projects often features text
and images borrowed from existing websites. In many countries, a fair
use provision eithin copyright law allows for learners to use some
materials for in-class projects.
However, it does not give learners the right to repost images and text
onto the WWW. Plagiarism using materials from the WWW is also
common but tools such as those found at www. Plagiarism.org can be
of some help to teachers who suspect their students of failing to
acknowledge what they have borrowed.