The document provides an overview of theological virtues (faith, hope, charity) and moral virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance). It then discusses theological virtues in more depth, describing what each virtue involves. For example, it states that faith is the virtue by which we believe in God and his revelations, hope is the virtue by which we desire heaven and trust in God's promises, and charity is the virtue by which we love God and our neighbor. The document also briefly outlines moral virtues and their symbolic representations.

1. Theological Virtues:
FAITH, HOPE, CHARITY

2. Theological virtues are the foundation of Christian moral activity;
they animate it and give it its special character.
Every person is infused by this theological virtues, which allows them
to act as God’s children.
Unlike the Cardinal Virtues (which can be practiced by anyone),
Theological Virtues are gifts of grace from God, and what the practice
of the virtues aim at, is God himself.
There are three theological virtues:
1. Faith
2. Hope
3. Charity

3. Faith
 Belief in God, and in the truth of His revelation as well as the
obedience in him
 The theological virtue by which we believe in God and believe in all
that he has said and revealed to us.
 The disciple of Christ must not only keep the faith and live on it, but
also profess it and confidently bear witness to it.

4. Hope
 Theological virtue by which we desire the kingdom of heaven and
eternal life as our happiness
 Also, with this virtue, we place our trust in Christ’s promises and rely
on not only our strength, but also on the help of the grace of the
Holy Spirit.
 Believe in the promises of God and desire to achieve the gifts and
promises.
 Hope is therefore, the want to attain the promise of God to those
who love him and do his will.

5. Charity
 Charity is the theological virtue by which we love God above all
things for his own sake, and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of
God.
 The practice of all the virtues is animated and inspired by charity,
which “binds everything together in perfect harmony”.
 By practicing Charity, we no longer stand before God as a slave,
but, a son “responding to the love of him who first loved us”.
 The fruits of charity are: joy, peace and mercy.

6. Symbolism of the Theological Virtues

7. Faith- cross, pointing upward, staff and chalice, lamp, candle
Hope - anchor, harp, flaming brand, palm
Charity/Love - flaming heart, with children, gathering fruit

8. Moral Virtues
 Virtues concerned with practical life
 The fruit and seed of morally good acts
 Moral Virtues are acquired through human effort
Four virtues are:
1. Prudence
2. Justice
3. Fortitude
4. Temperance

9. Prudence
 Ranked first cardinal virtue by St. Thomas Aquinas because it
concerns intellect. He defined it as “recta ratio agibilium”.
 The virtue that allows us to judge what is right and what is wrong in
any give situation.
 Because it is easy to fall into error, prudence requires us to ask the
opinion and counsel of others
 to take counsel carefully with oneself and from others
 to judge correctly on the basis of the evidence at hand
 to direct the rest of one's activity according to the norms determined
after a prudent judgment has been made

10. Justice
 Moral virtue that consists in the constant and firm will too give their
due to God and neighbor
 Justice toward men disposes one to respect the rights of each, and
to establish in human relationships the harmony that promotes
equity with regard to persons and to the common good
 In other words, it is the constant and permanent determination to
give everyone his or her rightful due.
 Justice respects the rights of others whether those rights are natural
or legal

11. Fortitude
 The moral virtue that ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in
the pursuit of the good.
 Strengthens the resolve to resist temptations and overcome
obstacles
 Fortitude is not foolhardiness or rashness; rushing in where angels
fear to tread

12. Temperance
 The virtue that attempts to keep us from excess
 Examples are abstinence and chastity
 Temperance is primarily concerned with the control of the desires of
the flesh, but when it manifests itself as modesty, it can also restrain
the desires of the spirit, such as pride.
 In all cases, the practice of temperance requires the balancing of
legitimate goods against an inordinate desire for them.

13. Occasion of sin
In Roman Catholic teaching, an occasion of sin is an external set of
circumstances—whether of things or persons—which either because of
their special nature or because of the frailty common to humanity or
peculiar to some individual, incite or entice one to sin

14. John A. Hardon, indispensable Modern
Catholic Dictionary
 “Any person, place, or thing that of its nature or because
of human frailty can lead one to do wrong, thereby
committing sin”

15. Types of Occasion of Sin
 Remote- An occasion of sin is remote if the danger it poses is very
slight.
 Near or Proximate- An occasion of sin where the danger is imminent
or certain

16. Abortion
 The medical process of ending a pregnancy so it does not result in
the birth of a baby.
 Also known as termination or termination of pregnancy
 Ended either by medication or by surgical procedure
 “Since it must be treated from conception as a person, the embryo
must be defended in its integrity, cared for, and healed, as far as
possible, like any other human being”

17. Types of Abortion
 Surgical Abortion- medical procedures done at a health care
provider’s office or clinic
 Medical Abortion- do not involve surgery or other invasive methods
but rely on medications to end pregnancy

18. Surgical Abortion
 Abortions performed prior to nine weeks from the last menstrual
period(seven weeks from conception) are performed either
surgically (a procedure) or medically (with drugs).
 From nine weeks until 14 weeks, an abortion is performed by a
dilatation and suction curettage procedure.
 After 14 weeks, surgical abortions are performed by a dilatation and
evacuation procedure.
 After 20 weeks of gestation, abortions can be performed by labor
induction, prostaglandin labor induction, saline infusion,
hysterotomy, or dilatation and extraction.

19. Surgical Abortion Procedures
 1. Manual Vacuum Aspiration: within 7 weeks after last menstrual
period
Dilators (metal rods) are used to stretch the cervical muscle until the
opening is wide enough for abortion instruments to pass through the
uterus. A hand-held syringe is attached to tubing, which is inserted into
the uterus. The fetus is suctioned out.

20.  Suction Curettage: after 14 weeks from the last menstrual period
The abortionist uses a dilator or laminaria to open the cervix.
Laminaria are thin sticks from a kelp species that are inserted hours
before the procedure and allowed to slowly absorb water and
expand, thereby dilating the cervix. Once the cervix is dilated, the
abortionist inserts tubing into the uterus and attaches the tubing to a
suction machine. Suction pulls apart the fetus’ body and out the
uterus. After suction, the doctor and nurses must reassemble the fetus’
dismembered parts to ensure they have all the pieces.

21.  D & C (Dilation and Curettage): within first 12 weeks
The cervix is dilated. A suction device is placed in the uterine cavity
to remove the fetus and placenta. Then the abortionist inserts a
curette (a loop-shaped knife) into the uterus. The abortionist uses the
curette to scrape any remaining fetal parts and the placenta out of
the uterus.

22.  D & E (Dilation and Evacuation): within 13-24 weeks after last
menstrual period
The fetus literally doubles in size between the 11th and 12th weeks
of pregnancy. Soft cartilage hardens into bone at 16 weeks, making
the fetus too large and strong to pass through a suction tube. The D & E
procedure begins by inserting laminaria a day or two before the
abortion, opening the cervix wide to accommodate the larger fetal
size. The abortionist then both tears and cuts the fetus and uses the
vacuum machine to extract its remains. Because the skull is too large
to be suctioned through the tube, it must be crushed by forceps for
removal. Pieces must be extracted very carefully because the jagged,
sharp pieces of the broken skull could easily cut the cervix.

23.  Saline: after 15 weeks of pregnancy
This procedure is conducted in the same manner as amniocentesis (a
prenatal test used to diagnose a fetus’ potential chromosomal
abnormalities). A long needle is inserted into the woman’s abdomen,
directly into the amniotic sac. It is at this point that a saline abortion and
amniocentesis differ. In a saline abortion, amniotic fluid is removed from
the woman and replaced by a strong saline (salt) solution. As the fetus’
lungs absorb the salt solution, it begins to suffocate. It may struggle and
may even have convulsions. The saline also burns off the fetus’ outer layer
of skin. Saline abortion can take one to six hours before the fetus is no
longer viable. The woman begins labor after approximately 12 hours, and
she may take up to 24 hours to deliver. Because the procedure is often
quite long, many times the woman is left to labor alone.

24.  Prostaglandin: after 15 weeks of pregnancy
This procedure is conducted in the same manner as a saline
abortion, except prostaglandin (a hormone that causes the woman to
start labor) replaces saline. Prostaglandin activates contractions. It can
cause overly painful or intense labor; there have been cases in which
the violence of the contractions ruptured the mother’s uterus.1 This
type of abortion is not preferred by abortionists because there is a 40%
higher chance of a live birth.

25.  Hysterotomy: after 18 weeks
This procedure is the same as a cesarean section (in which the
doctor cuts through the abdomen and uterus to deliver the baby),
except that in a hysterotomy, no medical attention is given to the
baby upon delivery to help it survive. Most often, a wet towel is placed
over the baby’s face so it can’t breathe. Sometimes the baby placed
in a bucket of water. The goal is to have a baby that won’t survive.

26.  D & X (Dilation and Extraction): from 20 weeks after last menstrual
period to full term. Also called “partial birth abortion.”
This procedure takes three days. During the first two days, the
woman’s cervix is dilated. She is given medication for cramping. On
the third day, she receives medication to induce labor. As the woman
labors, the abortionist uses an ultrasound to locate the baby’s legs. The
abortionist then grasps a leg with forceps and delivers the baby up to
its head. Next, using a scissors, the abortionist creates an opening in
the base of the baby’s skull. A suction catheter is inserted into the skull
opening, and the baby’s brains are suctioned out. The skull collapses,
and the rest of the baby’s body is delivered through the birth canal.

27. Chemical Abortion
 Abortion brought about by medication
 Can be accomplished by a variety of medication given either as a
single pill or a series of pills.
 79-95% success rate
 Women tend to favor medical abortion since it is generally safer
than surgical abortion because it avoids the risk of unnecessary
injuries to the cervix or uterus.

28. Chemical Abortion Options
 RU-486 (Mifepristone): within 4-7 weeks of the last menstrual period.
Also called “the abortion pill.”
This drug interferes with levels of progesterone, a hormone that
keeps the fetus implanted in the wall of the uterus. The woman is
prescribed progesterone and then returns to the clinic two days later
to receive a prostaglandin drug that induces labor and expels the
dead fetus. A third visit may be required if the baby is not expelled, at
which time a woman has a 5-8% likelihood of needing a surgical
abortion to complete the process. RU-486 is documented to be unsafe
for women.2

29.  Methotrexate and Misoprostol
Methotrexate is used for treatment of cancer, and Misoprostol is
used for ulcer treatment. In a chemical abortion, these two drugs are
used in combination. Methotrexate causes cells in the placenta (the
organ that nourishes the fetus) to die. Misoprostol empties the fetus
from the uterus by causing the uterus to contract and push the fetus
out. Methotrexate is a drug used in chemotherapy and has the
potential for serious liver toxicity.

30.  “Morning After” Pill: sometimes used in rape cases
Up to 72 hours after intercourse, a woman is administered large
doses of birth control pills (or levonorgestrel, also known as Plan B) to
prevent the embryo from implanting in the uterus wall. Twelve hours
after the first dose, a second dose is given. Large doses of birth control
pills work to prevent ovulation and hinder sperm motility.

31. End of Report!
Thank you!
1. Roger Floyd Dela Rosa
2. Itsei Nishida
3. Earl Kevin Aguja
4. Jules Cajayon
5.Ernel Estolano