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This document discusses the history and properties of plastics. It outlines that the first synthetic rubber was created in 1910 by Sergei Lebedev. It then classifies plastics and discusses their advantages like durability and disadvantages like being non-biodegradable. The document also mentions recycling plastics and concludes with acknowledging those who helped with the project.
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The National Museum of Ireland in Dublin hosted an exhibition called "Fellowship of Freedom" about the United Irishmen and the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland, drawing from material in their collection and a 1998 publication. Meanwhile, the Ulster Museum in Belfast held an exhibition called "Up in Arms" on the same 1798 Rebellion topic, marking its bicentennial.
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The National Museum of Ireland in Dublin hosted an exhibition called "Fellowship of Freedom" about the United Irishmen and the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland, drawing from material in their collection and a 1998 publication. Meanwhile, the Ulster Museum in Belfast held an exhibition called "Up in Arms" on the same 1798 Rebellion topic, marking its bicentennial.
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This document appears to be a photo journal from a study abroad tour of Japan led by Craig C. Wieczorek of the University of Toledo in 2006. It contains over 40 photos from various locations in Japan that were visited on the tour, including major cities like Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Hiroshima as well as smaller cities like Toyohashi. The photos document cultural and historical sites, educational activities, homestays with host families, and traditional Japanese cultural experiences like tea ceremonies.
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Chemistry plays an important role in many everyday activities and products. Paints, varnishes, insect sprays, vehicles, alarm clocks, cleaners, and water purification all involve chemical processes and reactions. The human body itself relies on chemistry and is made up of water and elements like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, hydrogen, and phosphorus. Nearly every aspect of daily life, from eating, drinking, cooking, personal care products, fuels, and more, has an underlying basis in chemistry.
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This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, and acid rain. It outlines the causes and effects of each type of pollution as well as potential measures to address them. Water pollution refers to contamination of water bodies caused by human activities and can harm aquatic plants and organisms. Soil pollution occurs when chemicals enter the soil and alter its natural environment. Noise pollution increases the risk of health issues like headaches and heart problems. Acid rain was discovered in 1971 and forms when emissions from vehicles and industry combine with water vapor in the atmosphere. It damages ecosystems and releases toxic chemicals like aluminum into water and soil.
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Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has the potential to create many new materials and devices with applications in fields like medicine, electronics, and energy. While it offers advantages like more efficient solar cells and targeted drug delivery, it also raises health and environmental concerns due to the unknown impacts of nanoparticles. Further research is needed to better understand nanomaterials and their interactions before many potential applications can be realized.
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This document discusses the field of catalysis. It begins by noting that 24% of GDP comes from products that use catalysts in areas like food, fuels, chemicals and more. It then discusses the importance of catalysis in petroleum refining, chemical processes, and pollution control technologies. The document outlines the steps in a catalytic reaction and describes techniques for characterizing catalysts and testing their activity. It provides examples of applications of catalysis in industries like chemicals and environment. Recent trends discussed include catalysts for biodiesel and carbon nanotubes. The document concludes by anticipating future directions in catalysis related to alternative feedstocks, process control, and improvements in fuel cells.
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Fertilizers can be mineral or organic and their quality is assessed based on physical and chemical characteristics like moisture content and nutrients. Moisture content is determined by the method of water of crystallization using sulfuric acid. Gravimetric analysis uses an oven-drying method to estimate moisture and involves chemicals like ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate. Urea nitrogen content can be estimated along with total nitrogen through digestion with sulfuric acid.
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This document discusses the preparation and role of ice cream in daily life. It outlines the key ingredients used to make ice cream such as milk, skimmed milk powder, sugar, butter, stabilizers and emulsifiers. The document provides a flow diagram of the ice cream making process which involves receiving milk, standardization, pre-heating, addition of ingredients, pasteurization, homogenization, chilling, aging, freezing, packing and hardening. It also discusses FSSAI standards for ice cream and lists advantages of ice cream such as providing calcium, strengthening bones and providing nutrition.
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The document describes experiments conducted to qualitatively analyze the contents of different brands of cold drinks. Tests were performed to detect the presence of pH, carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all cold drinks contained these components, though the amounts varied between brands. Coca Cola had the lowest pH and highest acidity, while Fanta contained the most sucrose. Sprite had the maximum carbon dioxide content. The analysis concluded that while cold drinks provide energy, they can also be harmful in large quantities due to their sugar and acid content.
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Bleaching powder is used to sterilize and disinfect water by killing harmful germs and bacteria that can cause diseases. It works by releasing chlorine when mixed with water, following the chemical reaction of CaOCl2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2+Cl2. Bleaching powder sterilizes water through maximum utilization of released chlorine, leaving no impurities and being harmless in minimum amounts, and is a convenient method to kill germs in water.
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This document discusses the role of chemistry in everyday life. It notes that chemistry is important in areas like food, medicine, diseases, and daily activities. The human body itself is largely composed of chemical compounds - roughly 96% of the human body's mass is made up of just four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Chemistry helps in understanding vitamins, supplements, and how drugs can help or harm the body. It also plays a role in medical research to understand diseases on a molecular level.
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Fermentation is the slow decomposition of organic compounds into simpler substances by enzymes. It involves the conversion of sugars and carbohydrates into carbon dioxide, alcohol, or organic acids. Common examples are the souring of wine during winemaking and the production of beer through grain fermentation. The primary uses of fermentation are to convert juices into wine, grains into beer, and carbohydrates into carbon dioxide to leaven bread or turn sugars in vegetables into preservative organic acids.
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This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as solutions with an excess of H+ ions, noting that they have sour tastes, can corrode substances, and turn litmus paper red. Common acids include acetic acid in vinegar and citric acid in fruits. Bases are defined as solutions with an excess of OH- ions, noting they have bitter tastes and turn litmus paper blue. Common bases are found in soaps, ammonia, and cleaning products. The document also explains the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity and how acid-base reactions result in neutralization and salt formation.
Radhika
Antacids are medications used to treat heartburn and acid indigestion by coating the esophagus with a protective barrier against stomach acid and producing a gel on the stomach surface to prevent acid from entering the esophagus. While antacids can prevent ulcer perforation and provide relief from heartburn and indigestion, too much calcium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate can cause rebound acidity by raising the pH too much or disrupting blood chemistry. Synthetic antacids are the most effective at changing pH but also risk raising it too high.
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Nuclear power works by initiating and controlling nuclear chain reactions to generate heat from nuclear fission. Uranium is the most common nuclear fuel used, as its isotope U-235 can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. In a nuclear reactor, neutrons from fission split uranium atoms, releasing more neutrons and heat energy. Control rods absorb neutrons to control the rate of the chain reaction. The heat is used to generate steam to turn turbines and produce electricity. Spent fuel, control rods, and coolant must be safely managed as they are radioactive.
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This document discusses different types of drugs: stimulants like amphetamines and cocaine that speed up the brain and nervous system, depressants like alcohol and heroin that slow them down, and hallucinogens like ecstasy and marijuana that alter consciousness. Nicotine from cigarettes is highly addictive and causes long-term health problems. Heroin is processed from morphine and taken as a powder or liquid, often by injection, and causes flushing, dry mouth, liver disease and collapsed veins. Marijuana is extracted from cannabis plants and leads to anxiety, lung cancer, breathing problems and damage to cells when consumed. The document also lists some protective factors against substance abuse.
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Karl Landsteiner discovered the four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O. The presence of antigens (proteins) and antibodies determines blood type. Group O blood lacks antigens and contains antibodies, making it the universal donor type. Group AB has both antigens but no antibodies, so it can receive blood from any group but can only donate to other AB types. A person's Rh factor is also important, as Rh negative blood can only be received by other Rh negative recipients. Different animals have blood that ranges in color from red to green, yellow, white, and blue due to varying respiratory pigments and compounds like hemoglobin, vanadium, and copper.
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Likitha
Chemistry plays an important role in many everyday activities and products. Paints, varnishes, insect sprays, vehicles, alarm clocks, cleaners, and water purification all involve chemical processes and reactions. The human body itself relies on chemistry and is made up of water and elements like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, hydrogen, and phosphorus. Nearly every aspect of daily life, from eating, drinking, cooking, personal care products, fuels, and more, has an underlying basis in chemistry.
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This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, and acid rain. It outlines the causes and effects of each type of pollution as well as potential measures to address them. Water pollution refers to contamination of water bodies caused by human activities and can harm aquatic plants and organisms. Soil pollution occurs when chemicals enter the soil and alter its natural environment. Noise pollution increases the risk of health issues like headaches and heart problems. Acid rain was discovered in 1971 and forms when emissions from vehicles and industry combine with water vapor in the atmosphere. It damages ecosystems and releases toxic chemicals like aluminum into water and soil.
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Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has the potential to create many new materials and devices with applications in fields like medicine, electronics, and energy. While it offers advantages like more efficient solar cells and targeted drug delivery, it also raises health and environmental concerns due to the unknown impacts of nanoparticles. Further research is needed to better understand nanomaterials and their interactions before many potential applications can be realized.
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This document discusses the field of catalysis. It begins by noting that 24% of GDP comes from products that use catalysts in areas like food, fuels, chemicals and more. It then discusses the importance of catalysis in petroleum refining, chemical processes, and pollution control technologies. The document outlines the steps in a catalytic reaction and describes techniques for characterizing catalysts and testing their activity. It provides examples of applications of catalysis in industries like chemicals and environment. Recent trends discussed include catalysts for biodiesel and carbon nanotubes. The document concludes by anticipating future directions in catalysis related to alternative feedstocks, process control, and improvements in fuel cells.
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Fertilizers can be mineral or organic and their quality is assessed based on physical and chemical characteristics like moisture content and nutrients. Moisture content is determined by the method of water of crystallization using sulfuric acid. Gravimetric analysis uses an oven-drying method to estimate moisture and involves chemicals like ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate. Urea nitrogen content can be estimated along with total nitrogen through digestion with sulfuric acid.
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This document provides an introduction to parapsychology. It defines parapsychology as the study of psychological phenomena that go beyond normal sensory perception. It discusses ESP (extrasensory perception) and different types of ESP, including precognition, psychokinesis, telepathy, and clairvoyance. It also discusses experiments that have been conducted to test for ESP, as well as criticisms from skeptics who argue that evidence for ESP is inconclusive or can be explained by deception, bias, or poor methodology.
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This document discusses the preparation and role of ice cream in daily life. It outlines the key ingredients used to make ice cream such as milk, skimmed milk powder, sugar, butter, stabilizers and emulsifiers. The document provides a flow diagram of the ice cream making process which involves receiving milk, standardization, pre-heating, addition of ingredients, pasteurization, homogenization, chilling, aging, freezing, packing and hardening. It also discusses FSSAI standards for ice cream and lists advantages of ice cream such as providing calcium, strengthening bones and providing nutrition.
Sandhya
The document describes experiments conducted to qualitatively analyze the contents of different brands of cold drinks. Tests were performed to detect the presence of pH, carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all cold drinks contained these components, though the amounts varied between brands. Coca Cola had the lowest pH and highest acidity, while Fanta contained the most sucrose. Sprite had the maximum carbon dioxide content. The analysis concluded that while cold drinks provide energy, they can also be harmful in large quantities due to their sugar and acid content.
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Bleaching powder is used to sterilize and disinfect water by killing harmful germs and bacteria that can cause diseases. It works by releasing chlorine when mixed with water, following the chemical reaction of CaOCl2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2+Cl2. Bleaching powder sterilizes water through maximum utilization of released chlorine, leaving no impurities and being harmless in minimum amounts, and is a convenient method to kill germs in water.
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This document discusses the role of chemistry in everyday life. It notes that chemistry is important in areas like food, medicine, diseases, and daily activities. The human body itself is largely composed of chemical compounds - roughly 96% of the human body's mass is made up of just four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Chemistry helps in understanding vitamins, supplements, and how drugs can help or harm the body. It also plays a role in medical research to understand diseases on a molecular level.
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Fermentation is the slow decomposition of organic compounds into simpler substances by enzymes. It involves the conversion of sugars and carbohydrates into carbon dioxide, alcohol, or organic acids. Common examples are the souring of wine during winemaking and the production of beer through grain fermentation. The primary uses of fermentation are to convert juices into wine, grains into beer, and carbohydrates into carbon dioxide to leaven bread or turn sugars in vegetables into preservative organic acids.
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This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as solutions with an excess of H+ ions, noting that they have sour tastes, can corrode substances, and turn litmus paper red. Common acids include acetic acid in vinegar and citric acid in fruits. Bases are defined as solutions with an excess of OH- ions, noting they have bitter tastes and turn litmus paper blue. Common bases are found in soaps, ammonia, and cleaning products. The document also explains the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity and how acid-base reactions result in neutralization and salt formation.
Radhika
Antacids are medications used to treat heartburn and acid indigestion by coating the esophagus with a protective barrier against stomach acid and producing a gel on the stomach surface to prevent acid from entering the esophagus. While antacids can prevent ulcer perforation and provide relief from heartburn and indigestion, too much calcium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate can cause rebound acidity by raising the pH too much or disrupting blood chemistry. Synthetic antacids are the most effective at changing pH but also risk raising it too high.
Prasannakumar
Nuclear power works by initiating and controlling nuclear chain reactions to generate heat from nuclear fission. Uranium is the most common nuclear fuel used, as its isotope U-235 can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. In a nuclear reactor, neutrons from fission split uranium atoms, releasing more neutrons and heat energy. Control rods absorb neutrons to control the rate of the chain reaction. The heat is used to generate steam to turn turbines and produce electricity. Spent fuel, control rods, and coolant must be safely managed as they are radioactive.
Nasreen
This document discusses different types of drugs: stimulants like amphetamines and cocaine that speed up the brain and nervous system, depressants like alcohol and heroin that slow them down, and hallucinogens like ecstasy and marijuana that alter consciousness. Nicotine from cigarettes is highly addictive and causes long-term health problems. Heroin is processed from morphine and taken as a powder or liquid, often by injection, and causes flushing, dry mouth, liver disease and collapsed veins. Marijuana is extracted from cannabis plants and leads to anxiety, lung cancer, breathing problems and damage to cells when consumed. The document also lists some protective factors against substance abuse.
Mounika
Karl Landsteiner discovered the four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O. The presence of antigens (proteins) and antibodies determines blood type. Group O blood lacks antigens and contains antibodies, making it the universal donor type. Group AB has both antigens but no antibodies, so it can receive blood from any group but can only donate to other AB types. A person's Rh factor is also important, as Rh negative blood can only be received by other Rh negative recipients. Different animals have blood that ranges in color from red to green, yellow, white, and blue due to varying respiratory pigments and compounds like hemoglobin, vanadium, and copper.
Manusha
This document discusses ozone, including its formation, types, effects on humans and plants, and causes. Ozone is formed in the stratosphere, where it protects life from UV rays, but is also found as a pollutant in the troposphere. Ground-level ozone can cause respiratory issues for humans and foliar injury in plants. It discusses optimal weather conditions for high ozone levels, human health impacts like asthma, and plant impacts like reduced growth. Causes of ozone pollution and measures to reduce it are also mentioned.
Likitha
Chemistry plays an important role in many everyday activities and products. Paints, varnishes, insect sprays, vehicles, alarm clocks, cleaners, and water purification all involve chemical processes and reactions. The human body itself relies on chemistry and is made up of water and elements like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, hydrogen, and phosphorus. Nearly every aspect of daily life, from eating, drinking, cooking, personal care products, fuels, and more, has an underlying basis in chemistry.
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This document outlines the principles of green chemistry. It begins with an introduction stating that green chemistry aims to safeguard the environment by preventing pollution at its source and eliminating hazardous substances. It then lists 12 principles proposed by Paul Anastas and John Warner, including preventing waste generation, designing safer chemicals and products, and using safer solvents and reaction conditions. Examples provided of green chemistry innovations include the use of carbon dioxide as a blowing agent for polystyrene foam and the production of polylactic acid polymers and carpet tiles. In closing, it acknowledges the support of Vijayam Degree College faculty.
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- 2. CONTENTS: History Definition Classification Advantages Disadvantages Recycling Conclusion
- 3. HISTORY: The first fully synthetic rubber was synthesized by Sergei Lebedev in 1910. In 1941, annual production of synthetic rubber in the U.S. was only 231 tonnes which increased to 840,000 tonnes in 1945. The plastic material parkesine was patented by Alexander Parkes, In Birmingham, UK in 1856.[13] It was unveiled at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London. Sergei lebedev
- 16. RECYCLING:
- 17. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank : - Our Correspondent Thejomurthy sir. My special thanks to our Chemistry Faculties: - Prasad sir, Nalini mam who encourages me. Am also thankful to My Friends: - R.Vishnu Priya, M.Asha who helped me to do this project.