The document summarizes key information about cells:
- Robert Hooke first discovered cells in 1665 when observing cork under a microscope.
- All living organisms are made of one or more cells, which are considered the fundamental unit of life.
- Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus) or eukaryotic (containing a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane).
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class - 9NehaRohtagi1
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to understand that How a Cell Divides and the Organization Of Nucleas and so on. This Slide Presentation will clear your doubts and help you to score good marks in the examinations.
Cell is the fundamental unit of life. It is the structural and functional unit that forms the basic unit of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler with no organelles while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles. The cell consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm are various organelles that perform specific functions to keep the cell alive.
Cell is the fundamental unit of life. It is the structural and functional unit that forms the basic unit of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler with no organelles while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles. The cell consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm are various organelles that perform specific functions like mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes.
Robert Hooke first discovered cells in 1665 while observing a thin slice of cork under his homemade microscope. He saw compartments resembling the structure of a honeycomb and coined the term "cell" to describe these structures. Later scientists like Leeuwenhoek, Brown, Purkinje, Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow contributed to the development of the cell theory, which states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
- Cells are the fundamental unit of life and all organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 while examining a slice of cork under a microscope.
- The cell theory established that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. He observed thin slices of cork that resembled a honeycomb structure consisting of boxes or compartments, which he termed "cells". A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and is made of organelles that each have a specialized purpose. Important organelles include the nucleus that contains DNA, mitochondria that generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus that synthesize proteins and lipids, and plastids in plant cells that perform photosynthesis.
The document discusses the key characteristics and components of cells. It states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life and is the structural and functional basic unit that makes up the whole body. Cells come in both unicellular and multicellular forms. The cell consists of various organelles that allow it to carry out its functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Cells can also be categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on their structure. The document further describes the roles and characteristics of various cell organelles and components like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also explains
The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class - 9NehaRohtagi1
This PowerPoint Presentation will help the students of Class - 9 to understand that How a Cell Divides and the Organization Of Nucleas and so on. This Slide Presentation will clear your doubts and help you to score good marks in the examinations.
Cell is the fundamental unit of life. It is the structural and functional unit that forms the basic unit of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler with no organelles while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles. The cell consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm are various organelles that perform specific functions to keep the cell alive.
Cell is the fundamental unit of life. It is the structural and functional unit that forms the basic unit of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler with no organelles while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles. The cell consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm are various organelles that perform specific functions like mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes.
Robert Hooke first discovered cells in 1665 while observing a thin slice of cork under his homemade microscope. He saw compartments resembling the structure of a honeycomb and coined the term "cell" to describe these structures. Later scientists like Leeuwenhoek, Brown, Purkinje, Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow contributed to the development of the cell theory, which states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
- Cells are the fundamental unit of life and all organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 while examining a slice of cork under a microscope.
- The cell theory established that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. He observed thin slices of cork that resembled a honeycomb structure consisting of boxes or compartments, which he termed "cells". A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and is made of organelles that each have a specialized purpose. Important organelles include the nucleus that contains DNA, mitochondria that generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus that synthesize proteins and lipids, and plastids in plant cells that perform photosynthesis.
The document discusses the key characteristics and components of cells. It states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life and is the structural and functional basic unit that makes up the whole body. Cells come in both unicellular and multicellular forms. The cell consists of various organelles that allow it to carry out its functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Cells can also be categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on their structure. The document further describes the roles and characteristics of various cell organelles and components like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also explains
The document provides information about cell structure and organelles. It discusses:
- Cells as the basic structural and functional units of organisms.
- The cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann stating that cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from preexisting cells, and organisms are made of cells.
- Key organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes and their functions.
The document discusses the cell, which is the fundamental unit of life. It describes key discoveries in cell history, such as Hooke discovering dead cells in 1665 and Leeuwenhoek discovering living cells in 1674. The document outlines the main parts of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and differences in plant and animal cells, such as plant cells containing a cell wall.
This document discusses cell membranes and transport mechanisms. It describes the four main mechanisms of transport through cell membranes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion utilizes membrane proteins to transport specific molecules. Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. Active transport requires energy and transports molecules against a concentration gradient using membrane proteins like pumps and channels.
The document provides an overview of cells and their structures. It discusses that cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. He observed compartments in cork and honeycomb that he termed "cells". The document then explains that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes various cellular structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles and their functions. It compares plant and animal cells and summarizes cellular processes like diffusion, osmosis, and endocytosis.
The fundamental unit of life is cell. It is briefly explained about it in this ppt , actually you can read this for school exams too. Thank you please leave a like
This document provides information about cell biology and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It focuses on the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. The key points are:
1) Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
2) The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It exists in two forms - smooth and rough, characterized by the absence or presence of ribosomes.
3) Ribosomes are structures that synthesize proteins and exist freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They facilitate protein production through interactions with mRNA
Cell Anatomy and physiology ( structure and function for NEET asparients, Biology, MBBS, BPT, Allied, nursing , medical and paramedical students. This is the easiest form of slide share to understand the context better.
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
2. Cells contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions like protein production, energy generation, waste disposal, and more.
3. The plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cell's interior and its external environment, and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and describes its basic components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles. It explains the functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and others. It also summarizes the key events and phases of cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and how cells transport materials across the plasma membrane through both passive and active mechanisms.
cell biology.pptx structure and cells and cognitiveAmnajabbar13
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology, including the emergence and development of the cell theory. It describes the main contributors to cell theory from Anton van Leeuwenhoek to Rudolf Virchow. The two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic - are defined. Finally, the main organelles of plant and animal cells are described, including their structures and functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, and cell wall.
Structure and function of cell,Ribosomes,Endoplasmic raticulum,Golgi apparatu...ShamaDilbar
Cells are the basic building blocks of the body. They were first discovered in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. The cell theory states that cells are the smallest living units, all new cells come from preexisting cells, and cells contain specialized structures that allow them to carry out life processes. A typical cell contains a plasma membrane, cytoplasm with organelles, and a nucleus containing DNA. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell while organelles like the ER, Golgi, mitochondria, and lysosomes carry out specialized functions within the cell.
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that transports materials throughout the cell. It is classified into two types: smooth ER and rough ER. Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and transports products, while rough ER synthesizes proteins with attached ribosomes. Both play essential roles in functions like protein production, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage to support cell processes.
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that carry out specialized functions. The organelles include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and in plant cells, a cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole. The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and is selectively permeable. The nucleus houses DNA and controls the cell's activities. Mitochondria generate energy for the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus help synthesize and transport proteins and lipids. Lysosomes break down materials and recycle cell components. Ribosomes produce proteins using instructions from DNA. Plant cells have a cell wall for structure and
This presentation file contains all about cell discovery, cell theory, organelles which are present within the cell and cell comparison between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms.
The document discusses the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It provides details about the discovery of cells and outlines several key points of the cell theory. The main components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and various organelles, are described along with their structures and functions. The key differences between plant and animal cells as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are highlighted. Various cellular processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and the effects of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions are also explained.
Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke using his self-designed microscope. Upon observing a thin slice of cork under the microscope, Hooke saw it resembled the structure of a honeycomb consisting of many small compartments, which he called "cells". The cell is now recognized as the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells come in different shapes and sizes depending on their function, and contain various internal structures called organelles that allow cells to carry out life's processes.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the basic unit of life and distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main organelles of eukaryotic cells are then outlined, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm. Each organelle is briefly characterized by its structure and main functions in the cell.
The document discusses various types of transport through cell membranes. It begins by explaining the four main mechanisms of transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is described as the passive, random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion utilizes membrane proteins to transport specific molecules. Osmosis involves the diffusion of water across the semi-permeable cell membrane. Active transport transports molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy in the form of ATP.
Mitochondria can be found most in sperm cell because mitochondria produces ATP which provides energy for cell activities including cell motility. Sperm cells require a lot of energy for their movement and motility to fertilize the egg cell.
This document summarizes key concepts related to work, energy, and their transformations. It defines work as the product of force and displacement. It describes different types of work including positive, zero, and negative work. It then defines energy as the ability to do work and describes different forms of energy including potential, kinetic, chemical, and others. Potential energy is defined as energy due to position or shape, and kinetic energy as energy due to motion. The law of conservation of energy is introduced, stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. Examples of various energy transformations in devices like a swinging pendulum or electric generator are provided.
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The document provides information about cell structure and organelles. It discusses:
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- The cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann stating that cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from preexisting cells, and organisms are made of cells.
- Key organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes and their functions.
The document discusses the cell, which is the fundamental unit of life. It describes key discoveries in cell history, such as Hooke discovering dead cells in 1665 and Leeuwenhoek discovering living cells in 1674. The document outlines the main parts of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and differences in plant and animal cells, such as plant cells containing a cell wall.
This document discusses cell membranes and transport mechanisms. It describes the four main mechanisms of transport through cell membranes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion utilizes membrane proteins to transport specific molecules. Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. Active transport requires energy and transports molecules against a concentration gradient using membrane proteins like pumps and channels.
The document provides an overview of cells and their structures. It discusses that cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. He observed compartments in cork and honeycomb that he termed "cells". The document then explains that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes various cellular structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles and their functions. It compares plant and animal cells and summarizes cellular processes like diffusion, osmosis, and endocytosis.
The fundamental unit of life is cell. It is briefly explained about it in this ppt , actually you can read this for school exams too. Thank you please leave a like
This document provides information about cell biology and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It focuses on the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. The key points are:
1) Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
2) The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It exists in two forms - smooth and rough, characterized by the absence or presence of ribosomes.
3) Ribosomes are structures that synthesize proteins and exist freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They facilitate protein production through interactions with mRNA
Cell Anatomy and physiology ( structure and function for NEET asparients, Biology, MBBS, BPT, Allied, nursing , medical and paramedical students. This is the easiest form of slide share to understand the context better.
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
2. Cells contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions like protein production, energy generation, waste disposal, and more.
3. The plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cell's interior and its external environment, and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and describes its basic components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles. It explains the functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and others. It also summarizes the key events and phases of cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and how cells transport materials across the plasma membrane through both passive and active mechanisms.
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology, including the emergence and development of the cell theory. It describes the main contributors to cell theory from Anton van Leeuwenhoek to Rudolf Virchow. The two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic - are defined. Finally, the main organelles of plant and animal cells are described, including their structures and functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, and cell wall.
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that transports materials throughout the cell. It is classified into two types: smooth ER and rough ER. Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and transports products, while rough ER synthesizes proteins with attached ribosomes. Both play essential roles in functions like protein production, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage to support cell processes.
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Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke using his self-designed microscope. Upon observing a thin slice of cork under the microscope, Hooke saw it resembled the structure of a honeycomb consisting of many small compartments, which he called "cells". The cell is now recognized as the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells come in different shapes and sizes depending on their function, and contain various internal structures called organelles that allow cells to carry out life's processes.
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The document summarizes key information about cells:
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- The cell theory, developed by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1839, states that all living things are made of cells. Rudolf Virchow further contributed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which were the first on Earth and lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and contain many membrane-bound organelles.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
3. WHAT ARE LIVING BEINGS MADE UP
OF ?
• All living organisms aremadeupof oneor more
cells,whichareconsideredthefundamentalunitsof
life.
• Evenunicellular organismsarecomplex! Inside each
cell, atomsmakeupmolecules, whichmakeupcell
organelles andstructures.
• Inmulticellular organisms,similar cells formTissues.
4. IMPORTANT BIOLOGIST IN CELL
DISCOVERY
• RobertHooke–Thecell was1st discovered byhimin 1665.
Heobserved thecorkslice with aprimitivemicroscope.
• Leeuwenhoek–Withthehelp of theimprovedmicroscope,
hediscovered thefreeliving cells in pondwater in 1674.
• RobertBrown–In1831, hediscovered thenucleus in the
cell.
• Purkinjee–In1839, hecoined theterm‘protoplasm’for the
fluidsubstance of thecell.
5. CELL THEORY
• Thecell theorysaysthat all plantsandanimals are
composed of cells.
• Thecell is thebasic structuralandthefunctional unit of
life.
• This wasexplained bySchlieden (1838) andSchwann
(1839).
• It wasfurtherexpanded byVirchow (1855) that all cells
arisefromthepre–existing cells.
6. LABOUR DIVISION IN CELLS
MulticellularOrganismsalsoshowsdivisionoflabour,
whichmeansthat different partsof humanbody do
differentfunctions.Thehumanbodyhasheart topump
blood, astomachtodigest foodandsoon.
Division oflabour is also seenwithin asingle cell. Each
cell hasaspecific component called Cell Organelles.
Eachcell organelle performsaspecific functionlike
digestion, excretionandsoon.
7. PROKARYOTIC CELLS
ProkaryoticCellsaresingle-celledMicro–Organisms known to
betheearliest onearth.Theyconsists of asingle membraneand
therefore, all thereactions occurwithin thecytoplasm.Theycan
befree-living orparasites. Fore.g.: Bacteria andArchea.
Characteristicsof aProkaryotic Cell :
• It lackaNuclear Membrane.
• OnlyCell Organelle present init isRibosome.
• Thegenetic material is present onasingle chromosome.
• TheHistone Proteins arealsoabsent.
• Their sizeisgenerally small.
8. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Eukaryoticcells haveanucleusenclosedwithinthenuclear membrane
andformlargeandcomplex organisms.Protozoa,fungi,plants,and
animalsall haveeukaryoticcells.They canperformdifferent activitiesina
singlecell whichallowsthemto carryoutvariousmetabolic reactions.
Characteristicsof aeukaryoticcell :
• It has the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane.AnEukaryote
hasmostof the cell organelle present in it andtheoutermostlayer is the
cell wall.
• Thecell dividebyaprocesscalledmitosis. Thenucleuscontainsa
single, linear DNA,whichcarries thegenetic functions,information.
• Theirsizeis generally large(biggerthanaProkaryote).
9. THE STURUCTRAL ORGANISATION OF
CELL
Everycell consists of :
• PlasmaMembrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
All chemicalactivities inside thecell arepossible
duetothesefeatures.
10. PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Thisistheoutermost covering of thecell that
separatesthecontents of thecell fromits external
environment.
• ThePlasmaMembraneallowstheentryandexitof
somematerials inandout of thecell. Thecell
membraneistherefore, called theSemi –Permeable
Membrane.
• ThePlasmaMembraneis flexible andmadeupof fat
molecules called Lipids.
11.
12. ENDOCYTOSIS
The flexibility ofthecellmembrane alsoenables thecell
toengulf in foodandothermaterial fromits external
environment. Suchprocesses areknownasEndocytosis.
Amoebaacquires itsfoodthroughsuchprocesses.
Amoebaengulfs foodparticleswiththehelpof
pseudopodia whicharetheprojections of cell
membranes.Afoodvacuole isthenformedaroundthe
foodparticle.Amoebathensecretsdigestiveenzymes
that break downthefoodparticleanddigest it.
13. DIFFUSION
• Substances like CarbonDioxide andOxygencan
moveacrosstheplasmamembranethroughthe
processcalled Diffusion.
• Diffusion isthespontaneous movement of a
substance fromaregionof highconcentrationtoa
regionof lower concentration.
• Thus,diffusion plays animportantrole in exchange of
gasesbetween thecells aswell asthecell andits
external environment.
14. OSMOSIS
• Wateralso obeys the lawof diffusion.Themovement
ofwatermoleculesthroughthesemi–permeable
membraneiscalled Osmosis.
• Osmosisis thepassage ofwater fromaregion of
higher waterconcentration toaregion of lowwater
concentration till theequilibrium isreached.
• Osmosiscanbeofthree types : Hypotonic Solution,
Isotonic SolutionandHypertonic Solution.
• Unicellular organismsandmostoftheplant cells tend
togainwaterthroughosmosis.
• Absorption of waterbytherootsof theplants is also
anexample of osmosis.
15. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
If themediumsurrounding thecell hasahigher water
concentration thanthecell, meaningthat theoutside solution
is verydilute, thecell will gain waterbyosmosis.Sucha
solutionisknownasaHypotonicSolution.Water molecules
arefreeto passacrossthecell membranein bothdirections,
but morewater will comeintothecell thanwill leave. Thenet
(overall) result is thatwater entersthecell.Thecell is likely to
swell up.
19. CELL WALL
Cell Wallis foundin plant cells outside theplasmamembrane.
It isarigidcovering madeupof cellulose whichacomplex
substance is providing structuralsupport totheplants.
Functions of Cell W
all inPlants:
• Renders mechanical strength.
• Serveasfoodreservoir.
• It maintains theshapeof thecell.
• It regulates theintercellular transport.
• It regulates theexpansion of cells.
• Provides protectionagainst pathogens
20. PLASMOLYSIS
Whenaliving plant cell loses water through osmosis there is
shrinkageorcontractionofthe contents ofthe cellaway
fromthecell wall. Thisphenomenon isknownas
Plasmolysis.
21.
22. CYTOPLASM
TheCytoplasmisthefluidcontent inside the
plasmamembrane.It alsocontainsmany
specialized cell organelles. Eachof these
organelles performsaspecific functionfor the
cell. Cell Organelles areenclosed by
membranes. Inprokaryotes, besidetheabsence
ofadefined nuclear region, the membrane-
boundcell organelles arealsoabsent. Onthe
otherhand, theeukaryotic cells havenuclear
membraneaswell asmembrane-enclosed
organelles.
23. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
TheEndoplasmic Reticulum(ER)is alargenetworkof membrane-bound
tubesandsheets.It lookslike longtubulesorroundoroblongbags
(vesicles).TheERmembraneis similar in structuretotheplasma
membrane.TherearetwotypesofER–RoughEndoplasmicReticulum
(RER)and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER).RER looksrough
underamicroscopebecauseit hasparticlescalled Ribosomesattached to
its surface.Theribosomes, whicharepresent in all activecells, arethe
sitesof Proteinmanufacture.Themanufacturedproteinsarethensentto
variousplacesinthecelldepending on need, usingtheER.The SER
helps in themanufactureof Lipids, importantfor cell function. Proteins and
lipidshelpinbuildingthecell membrane. This processisknownas
MembraneBiogenesis. Someother proteinsandlipidsfunctionas
enzymesandhormones.
24. FUNCTIONS OF (ER)
• Thus, onefunction of the ERis to serveaschannels for the
transport of materials (especially proteins) between various
regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the
nucleus.
• TheERalsofunctions asacytoplasmic frameworkproviding a
surface for someof thebiochemical activities of thecell.
• Intheliver cells of thegroupof animals called vertebrates, SER
plays acrucial role in detoxifying manypoisons anddrugs.
25. GOLGI APPARATUS
TheGolgiApparatus, first described byCamillo Golgi, consists
ofasystemofmembrane-boundvesicles(flattenedsacs)
arranged approximately parallel toeachother in stacks called
Cisterns.Thesemembranesoftenhaveconnectionswiththe
membranesofERandthereforeconstituteanotherportionofa
complexcellularmembranesystem.Thematerialsynthesized
near theERispackaged anddispatched tovarioustargets
inside andoutside thecell through theGolgi apparatus. Its
functions include thestorage, modification andpackaging of
productsinvesicles.Insomecases,complexsugarsmaybe
madefromsimple sugarsin theGolgi apparatus.TheGolgi
apparatus isalsoinvolved intheformationof Lysosomes.
26. LYSOSOMES
Structurally,Lysosomesaremembrane-boundsacsfilled
withDigestiveEnzymes,madebyRER.Lysosomesarea
kindof wastedisposal systemof thecell. Thesehelpto
keep thecellclean by digesting any foreignmaterialas
well asworn-out cell organelles. Lysosomesbreak complex
substances intosimpler substances andareabletodothis
becausetheycontainpowerfuldigestiveenzymes.During
thedisturbance in cellular metabolism,whenthecell gets
damaged,lysosomesmayburstandtheenzymes digest
their owncell. Therefore, lysosomes arealsoknownasthe
‘Suicide Bags’of acell.
27. MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are known as the Powerhouses of the Cell.
Mitochondria have two membrane coverings. The Outer
Membrane is porous while the Inner Membrane is deeply folded.
These folds increase surface area for A
TP generating chemical
reactions. The energy required for various chemical activities
needed for life is released by mitochondria in the form of A
TP
(Adenosine Triphosphates) molecules. A
TP is known as the
Energy Currency of the Cell. The body uses energy stored in A
TP
for making new chemical compounds and for mechanical work.
Mitochondria are Strange Organelles in the sense that they have
their own DNA and Ribosomes. Therefore, mitochondria are able
tomakesomeof their ownproteins.
28. PLASTIDS
Plastids arepresent only in plant cells.Therearetwotypesof
plastids–Chromoplasts(ColouredPlastids)andLeucoplasts
(WhiteorColourlessPlastids).Chromoplastscontainingthe
pigment chlorophyll areknownaschloroplasts. Chloroplasts are
importantforphotosynthesisinplants.Chloroplastsalsocontain
variousyellowor orangepigmentsinaddition tochlorophyll.
Leucoplasts areprimarilyorganelles inwhichmaterialssuchas
starch,oilsandproteingranulesarestored.Theinternal
organizationoftheChloroplastconsistsofnumerousmembrane
layersembeddedinamaterialcalledtheStroma.Theseare
similar tomitochondria in external structure.Like the
mitochondria, plastids also havetheir ownDNAandRibosomes.
29. VACOULES
Vacuoles arestorage sacsfor solid orliquid contents.
Vacuoles aresmall sized in animalcells while plant cells
haveverylarge vacuoles.Thecentral vacuole of someplant
cellsmayoccupy50-90%ofthecellvolume.Inplantcells
vacuolesarefull ofcellsapand provideturgidity and rigidity
tothecell. Manysubstances of importanceinthelifeof the
plant cell arestoredin vacuoles.Theseinclude aminoacids,
sugars, various organic acids andsomeproteins. Insingle-
celled organisms likeAmoeba,thefoodvacuolecontains the
fooditemsthat theAmoebahasconsumed. Insome
unicellular organisms,specialized vacuoles also play
importantrolesinexpellingexcesswaterandsomewastes
fromthecell.
30. NUCLEUS
TheNucleushasadoublelayeredcoveringcalled
NuclearMembrane.Thenuclearmembranehaspores
which allow thetransfer ofmaterial frominside the
nucleus toitsoutside. Thenucleus contains
Chromosomes, whicharevisible asrod–like
structures.ThenucleusplaysacentralroleinCellular
Reproduction –theprocessbywhichasingle cell
divides andformstwonewcells. It also plays acrucial
part, along with theenvironment, in determining theway
thecell will develop andwhat formit will exhibit at
maturity,bydirecting thechemicalactivities of thecell.
31. ORGANIZATION OF
NUCLEUS
TheNucleus contains Chromosomes,which arevisible asrod-
shapedstructuresonly whenthecell is aboutto divide.
Chromosomes contain information for inheritance ofcharacters
fromparents tonext generation in theformof DNA(Deoxyribo
NucleicAcid)molecules.ChromosomesarecomposedofDNA
andProtein.DNAmoleculescontaintheinformationnecessary
for constructing andorganizing cells. Functional segmentsof
DNAarecalled Genes.In acell which is not dividing, this DNA
is present aspart of chromatinmaterial. Chromatin Material is
visibleasentangledmass ofthreadlikestructures.Whenever
thecell is about todivide, thechromatin material gets organized
intochromosomes.
33. MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
• Mitosis – The process of cell division bywhich most
of thecells divide for growthiscalled Mitosis. Inthis
process, eachcell called mother cell divides toform
twoidentical daughter cells. Thedaughter cells have
thesamenumberofchromosomesasmothercell.It
helps in growthandrepairof tissues in organisms.
• Meiosis–Specific cells of reproductive organsor
tissuesinanimalsandplantsdividetoformgametes,
whichafter fertilizationgiverise tooffspring. This
process is called Meiosis it involves twoconsecutive
divisions. Whenacell divides bymeiosis it produces
four newcells andhavehalf thenumber of
chromosomesthanthat of themother cells.