The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf
•
0 likes•8 views
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and does not account for capital gain or loss. YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value: APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2 Where C=coupon value F=face value P=market price And n=years to maturity Solution The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and does not account for capital gain or loss. YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value: APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2 Where C=coupon value F=face value P=market price And n=years to maturity.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Capital Market Market Efficiency and Behavioral Challenges.pptx
1) Financing decisions can potentially create value by fooling investors, reducing costs/increasing subsidies, or creating new securities, though efficient markets limit opportunities to fool investors.
2) The efficient market hypothesis states that stock prices instantly reflect all available information, meaning investors cannot expect above-normal returns and firms receive fair value for securities.
3) Studies on event days and insider trading have found abnormal returns, questioning whether markets are truly semi-strong form efficient.
Financial Market Know How
This document provides an overview of financial markets and various asset classes including equity, fixed income securities, and money market instruments. The key points covered include:
1) It describes the different components of financial markets including stock exchanges, bond markets, money markets, derivatives markets, and commodity markets.
2) It explains equity or stock markets in more detail including common stock, preferred stock, equity terminology like P/E ratio, dividend yield, and market capitalization.
3) It covers fixed income securities or bonds in depth including features, risks, yields, and the Indian debt market structure.
The influence of debt ratio
This document discusses factors that influence stock prices of industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. It presents a literature review on debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, company size, and company value as independent variables that may predict stock price as the dependent variable. The document then describes the research methodology, which uses a quantitative multiple linear regression analysis of secondary data from 114 industrial companies to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the analysis show that all four independent variables (debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, size) have a significant influence on stock price both simultaneously and partially, with earnings per share having the strongest influence. Conclusions are that companies should manage these
Valuation bond
Bond values can be discussed in terms of dollar price or yield to maturity, which are equivalent. Bond yields include the coupon rate, current yield, yield to maturity, modified yield to maturity, yield to call, and realized yield. Duration is a measure of bond price volatility that accounts for time to maturity and coupon payments. It indicates the sensitivity of price to changes in yield. Modified duration adjusts for the holding period yield. Convexity measures the curvature of the price-yield relationship.
capital asset pricing model
In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset.
Columbia Business School - RBP Methodology
This paper describes a methodology called Required Business Performance (RBP) which uses current stock prices to imply expectations of future sales growth. Section 1 outlines the paper. Section 2 summarizes common approaches to estimating intrinsic firm value from dividends, free cash flows, book values or earnings. Section 3 explains how stock prices reflect both public and private information, and how expectations of key value drivers like future sales can be implied from current market prices.
CAPM
This document provides an overview of an upcoming presentation on asset pricing models. The presentation will cover capital market theory, the capital market line, security market line, capital asset pricing model, and diversification. It will discuss the assumptions and formulas for the capital market line and security market line. The capital market line shows expected returns based on portfolio risk, while the security market line shows expected individual asset returns based on systematic risk. The capital asset pricing model uses the concept of beta to calculate the expected return of an asset based on its risk relative to the market.
General Mathematics Group 8.pptx
Chapter 8: Basic Concepts of Stocks and Bonds
* Stocks and Bonds
* Market Indices for stock and bonds
* Theory of Efficient Markets
Grade 11
Recommended
Capital Market Market Efficiency and Behavioral Challenges.pptx
1) Financing decisions can potentially create value by fooling investors, reducing costs/increasing subsidies, or creating new securities, though efficient markets limit opportunities to fool investors.
2) The efficient market hypothesis states that stock prices instantly reflect all available information, meaning investors cannot expect above-normal returns and firms receive fair value for securities.
3) Studies on event days and insider trading have found abnormal returns, questioning whether markets are truly semi-strong form efficient.
Financial Market Know How
This document provides an overview of financial markets and various asset classes including equity, fixed income securities, and money market instruments. The key points covered include:
1) It describes the different components of financial markets including stock exchanges, bond markets, money markets, derivatives markets, and commodity markets.
2) It explains equity or stock markets in more detail including common stock, preferred stock, equity terminology like P/E ratio, dividend yield, and market capitalization.
3) It covers fixed income securities or bonds in depth including features, risks, yields, and the Indian debt market structure.
The influence of debt ratio
This document discusses factors that influence stock prices of industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. It presents a literature review on debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, company size, and company value as independent variables that may predict stock price as the dependent variable. The document then describes the research methodology, which uses a quantitative multiple linear regression analysis of secondary data from 114 industrial companies to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the analysis show that all four independent variables (debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, size) have a significant influence on stock price both simultaneously and partially, with earnings per share having the strongest influence. Conclusions are that companies should manage these
Valuation bond
Bond values can be discussed in terms of dollar price or yield to maturity, which are equivalent. Bond yields include the coupon rate, current yield, yield to maturity, modified yield to maturity, yield to call, and realized yield. Duration is a measure of bond price volatility that accounts for time to maturity and coupon payments. It indicates the sensitivity of price to changes in yield. Modified duration adjusts for the holding period yield. Convexity measures the curvature of the price-yield relationship.
capital asset pricing model
In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset.
Columbia Business School - RBP Methodology
This paper describes a methodology called Required Business Performance (RBP) which uses current stock prices to imply expectations of future sales growth. Section 1 outlines the paper. Section 2 summarizes common approaches to estimating intrinsic firm value from dividends, free cash flows, book values or earnings. Section 3 explains how stock prices reflect both public and private information, and how expectations of key value drivers like future sales can be implied from current market prices.
CAPM
This document provides an overview of an upcoming presentation on asset pricing models. The presentation will cover capital market theory, the capital market line, security market line, capital asset pricing model, and diversification. It will discuss the assumptions and formulas for the capital market line and security market line. The capital market line shows expected returns based on portfolio risk, while the security market line shows expected individual asset returns based on systematic risk. The capital asset pricing model uses the concept of beta to calculate the expected return of an asset based on its risk relative to the market.
General Mathematics Group 8.pptx
Chapter 8: Basic Concepts of Stocks and Bonds
* Stocks and Bonds
* Market Indices for stock and bonds
* Theory of Efficient Markets
Grade 11
Saltanat CuadraFarah Mohammad RasheedSabrina NaqviGloria the.docx
Saltanat Cuadra
Farah Mohammad Rasheed
Sabrina Naqvi
Gloria the Investor
1. Calculate the required rate of return using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
RCAPM = Rf + Beta of stock (Rm - Rf ) ,
where, Rf = Risk free rate of return, here treasury bond return is taken, Rf = 4.30%
Rm = return on market, here we taken as broad market return, Rm = 11.90%
(Rm - Rf ) = this can be said be Risk premium , = 0.119-0.043 = 0.076
Considering the above, stockwise RCAPM as below.
Rating of stock
Rf
Beta of stock
Market Prenium
RCAPM
1
0.043
+
0.65
x
0.076
0.0924
i.e.
9.24
%
2
0.043
+
2.3
x
0.076
0.2178
i.e.
21.78
%
3
0.043
+
1.89
x
0.076
0.18664
i.e.
18.66
%
4
0.043
+
1.2
x
0.076
0.1342
i.e.
13.42
%
5
0.043
+
1.35
x
0.076
0.1456
i.e.
14.56
%
6
0.043
+
0.67
x
0.076
0.09392
i.e.
9.392
%
7
0.043
+
1.78
x
0.076
0.17828
i.e.
17.83
%
8
0.043
+
0.95
x
0.076
0.1152
i.e.
11.52
%
9
0.043
+
0.92
x
0.076
0.11292
i.e.
11.29
%
10
0.043
+
1.5
x
0.076
0.157
i.e.
15.7
%
11
0.043
+
0.85
x
0.076
0.1076
i.e.
10.76
%
12
0.043
+
0.38
x
0.076
0.07188
i.e.
7.188
%
13
0.043
+
0.71
x
0.076
0.09696
i.e.
9.696
%
14
0.043
+
1
x
0.076
0.119
i.e.
11.9
%
15
0.043
+
0.73
x
0.076
0.09848
i.e.
9.848
%
2. Value of stock under constant dividend growth model,
P0 = D1 /(Ke-g) , D1 = D0 (1+g), D1 is the dividend receivable after 1 year
Rating of stock
D0 ($)
g
D1($)
Ke
P0 =
D0 x g
(D1/ke-g)
1
0.95
0.0065
0.956
0.0924
=
11.13
2
0
-1
0.000
0.2178
=
0.00
3
0
0
0.000
0.18664
=
0.00
4
1.3
0.0623
1.381
0.1342
=
19.21
5
0.75
0.0095
0.757
0.1456
=
5.56
6
6
0.05
6.300
0.09392
=
143.44
7
0
0
0.000
0.17828
=
0.00
8
0.75
0.0075
0.756
0.1152
=
7.02
9
0.38
0.0038
0.381
0.11292
=
3.50
10
0
-0.9
0.000
0.157
=
0.00
11
2
0.0225
2.045
0.1076
=
24.03
12
0
-0.01
0.000
0.07188
=
0.00
13
6
0.0525
6.315
0.09696
=
142.04
14
1
0.08
1.080
0.119
=
27.69
15
1.35
0.0885
1.469
0.09848
=
147.24
3. Comparison of market price of stock & stock value computed.
Rating of stock (given)
Market Price (given)
Market Value*
Stock value over market price ($)
1
12.05
11.13
-0.92
2
28.02
0.00
-28.02
3
17.75
0.00
-17.75
4
92.43
19.21
-73.22
5
63.79
5.56
-58.23
6
71.11
143.44
72.33
7
10.00
0.00
-10.00
8
49.51
7.02
-42.49
9
101.00
3.50
-97.50
10
39.78
0.00
-39.78
11
29.75
24.03
-5.72
12
73.09
0.00
-73.09
13
20.39
142.04
121.65
14
18.25
27.69
9.44
15
7.00
147.24
140.24
4. What do your results mean for Gloria?
Following shall be sequence while investing in these stocks on the basis of stock value computed.
Rating of stock (given)
Market Price (given)
Market Value*
Stock value over market price ($)
Sequence for investment
15
7.00
147.24
140.24
1
6
71.11
143.44
72.33
2
13
20.39
142.04
121.65
3
14
18.25
27.69
9.44
4
11
29.75
24.03
-5.72
5
4
92.43
19.21
-73.22
6
1
12.05
11.13
-0.92
7
8
49.51
7.02
-42.49
8
5
63.79
5.56
-58.23
9
9
101.00
3.50
-97.50
10
2
28.02
0.00
-28.02
11
3
17.75
0.00
-17.75
12
7
10.00
0.00
-10.00
13
10
39.78
0.00
-39.78
14
12
73.09
0.00
-73.09
15
Discussion Questions:
3. Compare the value.
Chapter 15.ppt
This chapter discusses bond valuation and investment strategies. It covers how to calculate the value of a bond using present value calculations. It also discusses yield calculations, interest rate risk measured by duration and convexity, and the characteristics of different types of bonds. The chapter concludes with various bond investment strategies such as laddering bonds of different maturities or using a barbell approach of both short and long term bonds.
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health, its management and competitive advantages, and its competitors and markets.
Question 1Risk & Return and the CAPM. Based on the following.docx
Question 1
Risk & Return and the CAPM.
Based on the following information, calculate the required return based on the CAPM:
Risk Free Rate = 3.5%
Market Return =10%
Beta = 1.08
Question 2
Risk and Return, Coefficient of Variation
Based on the following information, calculate the coefficient of variation and select the best investment based on the risk/reward relationship.
Std Dev.Exp. Return
Company A 7.4 13.2
Company B 11.6 18.9
Question 3
Risk and Return, Coefficient of Variation
Based on the following information, calculate the coefficient of variation and select the best investment based on the risk/reward relationship.
Std Dev.Exp. Return
Company A 10.4 15.2
· Company B 14.6 22.9
Question 4
Measures of Risk.
Address each source of risk that is measured and relate it to two models addressed in this unit.
· Your response should be at least 250 words in length.
BBA 3301, Financial Management 1
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Risk and Return
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Explain the risk-reward relationship.
2. Calculate holding period returns.
3. Calculate required returns using the Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM).
4. Calculate the coefficient of variation for varying investments.
5. Decompose sources of risk.
6. Contrast measures of risk.
7. Describe portfolio theory and diversification.
Written Lecture
Whenever a business or individual makes an investment decision, risk must be
considered. This unit focuses entirely on the risk-return relationship, providing
tools for measurement, analysis and decision making.
To begin, the term risk must be defined. From a practical or applied perspective,
risk is the probability of losing some or all of the money invested. In finance, risk
is often associated with volatility of variance in returns (around some average
return). Generally, it is assumed that investments that offer higher returns
involve greater risk. For purposes of this unit, risk is measured through two
primary measures:
Standard Deviation, and
The Beta Coefficient
The rate of return allows an investment's return to be compared with other
investments. For one-year investments, the return on a debt investment is:
k = interest paid / loan amount
The return on a stock investment is calculated by the following equation
k = [D1 + (P1 – P0)] / P0
Where:
D1 = Dividends for the “next” year (on a share of stock)
P1= Price of a share of stock, one period into the future
P0= Price of a share of stock today
The expected return on stock is the return investors feel is most likely to occur
based on current information. Return is influenced by the combination of stock
price (capita ...
Ipm
This document discusses several key economic and market analysis ratios and indicators. It defines dividend yield as annual dividend per share divided by market price per share. It also explains that price-earnings ratio is calculated as market price per share divided by earnings per share. The document notes that composite economic indexes like leading, coincident, and lagging indicators are used to determine turning points in the business cycle. It also discusses the relationship between stock markets and the overall business cycle.
How to pick best mutual fund | Things to be checked before buying any mutual ...
Understand this PPT : https://youtu.be/uMVI5r32WYQ
This presentation answers all the questions related to things to be checked before buying any mutual funds, what are the basic things you should learn befor investing in any mutual fund.
For detailed explanation on this slide you can also watch our video on that - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMVI5r32WYQ&list=PL74sgxQAJrUV4-vo8bzmtqiKWTkDusWeL&index=2
Financial management
1. The document provides financial information about a company including its capital structure, long-term debt instruments, preferred stock, and common stock.
2. Key figures given include annual revenues of $9 billion, a capital structure of 34% long-term debt, 3% preferred stock, and 63% common stock. Details are provided on two long-term debt instruments, the preferred stock, and the common stock.
3. The document poses 10 questions asking the reader to calculate various metrics like yield and required rate of return based on the information provided, and to evaluate whether investments in the company's bonds and stock would be recommended.
Fundamental Analysis by Vivek Srivastava
Fundamental Analysis is a study of factors (company specific and external environment) that affect the value of stock. This program will help you to understand the impact of factors on the valuation of the stock, analysis of the environment and interpretation of financial statement.
For more information visit : https://simplehai.axisdirect.in/learn/eclasses
L2 flash cards equity - SS 10
The document discusses various methods for valuing companies and estimating required returns. It covers sum-of-the-parts valuation, conglomerate discounts, characteristics of good valuation models, different return concepts such as holding period return and required returns, methods to estimate required returns including CAPM and multifactor models, and discount rates. It also discusses Porter's five forces framework and factors that influence industry competition and profitability.
9
This document analyzes the performance of selected mutual fund schemes in India between March 2011 and February 2012. Various risk-return models are used to evaluate the schemes, including Treynor ratio, Sharpe ratio, and Jensen's alpha. The analysis finds that most schemes outperformed the benchmark index based on the risk-return measures, with some public sector schemes demonstrating higher returns relative to their risk than private sector schemes. However, statistical testing did not show a significant difference in the average returns of public versus private growth schemes over the period studied.
Capital asset pricing Model (CAPM-Asif).pptx
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) measures the relationship between the expected return and the risk of investing in security.
This model is used to analyze securities and price them given the expected rate of return and cost of capital involved.
1Valuation ConceptsThe valuation of a financial asset is b.docx
1
Valuation Concepts
The valuation of a financial asset is based on determining the present value of future cash flows. Thus we need to know the value of future cash flows and the discount rate to be applied to the future cash flows to determine the current value.
The market-determined required rate of return, which is the discount rate, depends on the market’s perceived level of risk associated with the individual security. Also important is the idea that required rates of return are competitively determined among the many companies seeking financial capital. For example ExxonMobil, due to its low financial risk, relatively high return, and strong market position, is likely to raise debt capital at a significantly lower cost than can United Airlines, a financially troubled firm. This implies that investors are willing to accept low return for low risk, and vice versa. The market allocates capital to companies based on risk, efficiency, and expected returns—which are based to a large degree on past performance. The reward to the financial manager for efficient use of capital in the past is a lower required return for investors than that of competing companies that did not manage their financial resources as well.
Throughout this course, we apply concepts of valuation to corporate bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. For that purpose we have to be aware of the basic characteristics of each form of security as part of the valuation process. We have to consider the following:
· The valuation of a financial asset is based on the present value of future cash flows.
· The required rate of return in valuing an asset is based on the risk involved.
· Bond valuation is based on the process of determining the present value of interest payments plus the present value of the principal payment at maturity.
· Preferred stock valuation is based on the dividend paid.
· Stock valuation is based on determining the present value of the future benefits of equity ownership.
List of terms:
required rate of return
That rate of return that investors demand from an investment to compensate them for the amount of risk involved.
yield to maturity
The required rate of return on a bond issue. It is the discount rate used in present-valuing future interest payments and the principal payment at maturity. The term is used interchangeably with market rate of interest.
real rate of return
The rate of return that an investor demands for giving up the current use of his or her funds on a noninflation-adjusted basis. It is payment for forgoing current consumption. Historically, the real rate of return demanded by investors has been of the magnitude of 2 to 3 percent.
inflation premium
A premium to compensate the investor for the eroding effect of inflation on the value of the dollar.
risk-free rate of return
Rate of return on an asset that carries no risk. U.S. Treasury bills are often used to represent this measure, although longer-term government securities have al.
Stock Valuation
The document outlines topics related to stock valuation including: differentiating between debt and equity; features of common and preferred stock; the process of issuing common stock; market efficiency and basic stock valuation models; free cash flow valuation and other approaches like book value and P/E multiples; and the relationships between financial decisions, risk, return, and firm value. The document contains sections on these topics and will provide information to understand concepts of stock valuation.
Fm11 ch 01 overview of financial management and the financial environment
The document provides an overview of key concepts in corporate finance and financial markets. It discusses different forms of business organization a company may take, from a sole proprietorship to a public corporation. The primary objective of a firm is to maximize shareholder wealth by maximizing stock price over the long run. Stock price is determined by the expected cash flows of the firm, the timing of those cash flows, and the risk of the cash flows. Financial markets allow companies and individuals to exchange financial assets and capital.
Fm11 ch 01 show
This document provides an overview of key concepts in corporate finance and the financial environment. It discusses the objectives of firms, forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, and how companies evolve from startups to public corporations. It also defines important financial terms like free cash flows, weighted average cost of capital, and different types of financial markets and instruments.
Global bond
This document discusses global bond investing and the bond markets. It covers several topics: the size of the world bond market and different currency markets; the major types of bonds including domestic, foreign, and Eurobonds; characteristics of different bond markets; bond valuation; and exotic bond types like floating rate notes, dual currency bonds, and currency option bonds. The Eurobond market is described as the largest international bond market.
Global bond
This document provides an overview of global bond investing and the bond markets. It discusses several topics:
1) The size and composition of the global bond market, including domestic, foreign, and Eurobond markets.
2) Key characteristics and differences among major bond markets like the US, Europe, and Asia in terms of conventions, legal/regulatory structures, and instruments.
3) Concepts important for bond valuation and portfolio management like yields, duration, credit spreads, and currency hedging strategies.
4) The Eurobond market in more depth, covering its history, issuance process, and major instruments like Brady bonds and floating rate notes.
ch14.pptx
This document provides an overview and learning objectives for a chapter on non-current liabilities. It discusses issuing long-term debt through bonds, including the formal procedures, types of bond issues, and accounting valuation of bonds at issuance. Examples are provided to illustrate accounting for bonds issued at par, a discount, and a premium. The chapter also covers accounting for long-term notes payable and the effective interest method for amortizing bond discounts and premiums over time.
Financial theory of investment
The financial theory of investment proposes that a firm's cost of capital, and thus its investment decisions, depends on the source of funds. A firm has three sources of funds: retained earnings, which are the cheapest; borrowed funds, whose cost rises with the amount borrowed; and new equity, which is most expensive. The marginal cost of funds curve depicts how a firm's cost of capital rises as it uses more funds from each source. In recessions, investment depends on retained earnings as firms cut costs, but in booms, when demand is high, firms borrow more and interest rates influence investment. The theory is criticized for ignoring capacity expansion and long-term investment decisions, as well as the greater effectiveness of fiscal versus monetary
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
#!/bin/bash
# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDone
let offs=40
declare -i ws
declare -i end
declare -i rmndr
declare -i byteval
declare -i bitws
NetworkOrder16Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
NetworkOrder32Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
echo
echo
end=$offs+74
#Start with the destination MAC address
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Dest: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Then the source
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Src: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Next is the packet type, but its in network byte order so we can\'t
# use \'1/2 \"%04x\"\' - we may be run on a system with another byte order and you\'ll
# get different output
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Ether Type: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# IP header
# Get the version/len value into a variable we can do arithmetic with
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# The most significant 4 bits are the IP version
((bitws=byteval&0xF0))
((bitws/=16))
echo \"IP Version: $bitws\"
# Least significant 4 bits are the header length
((bitws=byteval&0x0F))
((bitws*=4))
echo \"Header Length: $bitws\"
# Type of service
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# Precedence
((bitws=byteval&0xE0))
((bitws/=32))
echo \"Precedence: $bitws\"
# Delay
((bitws=byteval&0x10))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize delay\"
fi
# Throughput
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High throughput\"
fi
# Reliability
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High reliability\"
fi
# Cost
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize cost\"
fi
# Message length - in network byte order
NetworkOrder16Bit
echo \"Message Length: $ws\"
# ID
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"ID: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# Flags
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# DF
((bitws=byteval&0x40))
if (( bitws != 0))
then
echo \"Don\'t fragment\"
else
# More fragments
((bitws=byteval&0x20))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"More fragments\"
fi
# Fragment number
((ws=bitws&0x1F))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((ws+=byteval))
echo \"Fragment number: $ws\"
fi
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"TTL: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"Protocol: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Header checksum: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs.
Youd only need SOCl2 So d then na .pdf
This short document discusses the need for sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and sodium (Na) to complete some chemical process or reaction. Sodium is mentioned after "then na" which likely refers to adding sodium after the sulfuryl chloride. The document provides minimal context and it is difficult to determine the overall purpose or goal based on the limited information.
More Related Content
Similar to The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf
Saltanat CuadraFarah Mohammad RasheedSabrina NaqviGloria the.docx
Saltanat Cuadra
Farah Mohammad Rasheed
Sabrina Naqvi
Gloria the Investor
1. Calculate the required rate of return using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
RCAPM = Rf + Beta of stock (Rm - Rf ) ,
where, Rf = Risk free rate of return, here treasury bond return is taken, Rf = 4.30%
Rm = return on market, here we taken as broad market return, Rm = 11.90%
(Rm - Rf ) = this can be said be Risk premium , = 0.119-0.043 = 0.076
Considering the above, stockwise RCAPM as below.
Rating of stock
Rf
Beta of stock
Market Prenium
RCAPM
1
0.043
+
0.65
x
0.076
0.0924
i.e.
9.24
%
2
0.043
+
2.3
x
0.076
0.2178
i.e.
21.78
%
3
0.043
+
1.89
x
0.076
0.18664
i.e.
18.66
%
4
0.043
+
1.2
x
0.076
0.1342
i.e.
13.42
%
5
0.043
+
1.35
x
0.076
0.1456
i.e.
14.56
%
6
0.043
+
0.67
x
0.076
0.09392
i.e.
9.392
%
7
0.043
+
1.78
x
0.076
0.17828
i.e.
17.83
%
8
0.043
+
0.95
x
0.076
0.1152
i.e.
11.52
%
9
0.043
+
0.92
x
0.076
0.11292
i.e.
11.29
%
10
0.043
+
1.5
x
0.076
0.157
i.e.
15.7
%
11
0.043
+
0.85
x
0.076
0.1076
i.e.
10.76
%
12
0.043
+
0.38
x
0.076
0.07188
i.e.
7.188
%
13
0.043
+
0.71
x
0.076
0.09696
i.e.
9.696
%
14
0.043
+
1
x
0.076
0.119
i.e.
11.9
%
15
0.043
+
0.73
x
0.076
0.09848
i.e.
9.848
%
2. Value of stock under constant dividend growth model,
P0 = D1 /(Ke-g) , D1 = D0 (1+g), D1 is the dividend receivable after 1 year
Rating of stock
D0 ($)
g
D1($)
Ke
P0 =
D0 x g
(D1/ke-g)
1
0.95
0.0065
0.956
0.0924
=
11.13
2
0
-1
0.000
0.2178
=
0.00
3
0
0
0.000
0.18664
=
0.00
4
1.3
0.0623
1.381
0.1342
=
19.21
5
0.75
0.0095
0.757
0.1456
=
5.56
6
6
0.05
6.300
0.09392
=
143.44
7
0
0
0.000
0.17828
=
0.00
8
0.75
0.0075
0.756
0.1152
=
7.02
9
0.38
0.0038
0.381
0.11292
=
3.50
10
0
-0.9
0.000
0.157
=
0.00
11
2
0.0225
2.045
0.1076
=
24.03
12
0
-0.01
0.000
0.07188
=
0.00
13
6
0.0525
6.315
0.09696
=
142.04
14
1
0.08
1.080
0.119
=
27.69
15
1.35
0.0885
1.469
0.09848
=
147.24
3. Comparison of market price of stock & stock value computed.
Rating of stock (given)
Market Price (given)
Market Value*
Stock value over market price ($)
1
12.05
11.13
-0.92
2
28.02
0.00
-28.02
3
17.75
0.00
-17.75
4
92.43
19.21
-73.22
5
63.79
5.56
-58.23
6
71.11
143.44
72.33
7
10.00
0.00
-10.00
8
49.51
7.02
-42.49
9
101.00
3.50
-97.50
10
39.78
0.00
-39.78
11
29.75
24.03
-5.72
12
73.09
0.00
-73.09
13
20.39
142.04
121.65
14
18.25
27.69
9.44
15
7.00
147.24
140.24
4. What do your results mean for Gloria?
Following shall be sequence while investing in these stocks on the basis of stock value computed.
Rating of stock (given)
Market Price (given)
Market Value*
Stock value over market price ($)
Sequence for investment
15
7.00
147.24
140.24
1
6
71.11
143.44
72.33
2
13
20.39
142.04
121.65
3
14
18.25
27.69
9.44
4
11
29.75
24.03
-5.72
5
4
92.43
19.21
-73.22
6
1
12.05
11.13
-0.92
7
8
49.51
7.02
-42.49
8
5
63.79
5.56
-58.23
9
9
101.00
3.50
-97.50
10
2
28.02
0.00
-28.02
11
3
17.75
0.00
-17.75
12
7
10.00
0.00
-10.00
13
10
39.78
0.00
-39.78
14
12
73.09
0.00
-73.09
15
Discussion Questions:
3. Compare the value.
Chapter 15.ppt
This chapter discusses bond valuation and investment strategies. It covers how to calculate the value of a bond using present value calculations. It also discusses yield calculations, interest rate risk measured by duration and convexity, and the characteristics of different types of bonds. The chapter concludes with various bond investment strategies such as laddering bonds of different maturities or using a barbell approach of both short and long term bonds.
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health, its management and competitive advantages, and its competitors and markets.
Question 1Risk & Return and the CAPM. Based on the following.docx
Question 1
Risk & Return and the CAPM.
Based on the following information, calculate the required return based on the CAPM:
Risk Free Rate = 3.5%
Market Return =10%
Beta = 1.08
Question 2
Risk and Return, Coefficient of Variation
Based on the following information, calculate the coefficient of variation and select the best investment based on the risk/reward relationship.
Std Dev.Exp. Return
Company A 7.4 13.2
Company B 11.6 18.9
Question 3
Risk and Return, Coefficient of Variation
Based on the following information, calculate the coefficient of variation and select the best investment based on the risk/reward relationship.
Std Dev.Exp. Return
Company A 10.4 15.2
· Company B 14.6 22.9
Question 4
Measures of Risk.
Address each source of risk that is measured and relate it to two models addressed in this unit.
· Your response should be at least 250 words in length.
BBA 3301, Financial Management 1
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Risk and Return
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Explain the risk-reward relationship.
2. Calculate holding period returns.
3. Calculate required returns using the Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM).
4. Calculate the coefficient of variation for varying investments.
5. Decompose sources of risk.
6. Contrast measures of risk.
7. Describe portfolio theory and diversification.
Written Lecture
Whenever a business or individual makes an investment decision, risk must be
considered. This unit focuses entirely on the risk-return relationship, providing
tools for measurement, analysis and decision making.
To begin, the term risk must be defined. From a practical or applied perspective,
risk is the probability of losing some or all of the money invested. In finance, risk
is often associated with volatility of variance in returns (around some average
return). Generally, it is assumed that investments that offer higher returns
involve greater risk. For purposes of this unit, risk is measured through two
primary measures:
Standard Deviation, and
The Beta Coefficient
The rate of return allows an investment's return to be compared with other
investments. For one-year investments, the return on a debt investment is:
k = interest paid / loan amount
The return on a stock investment is calculated by the following equation
k = [D1 + (P1 – P0)] / P0
Where:
D1 = Dividends for the “next” year (on a share of stock)
P1= Price of a share of stock, one period into the future
P0= Price of a share of stock today
The expected return on stock is the return investors feel is most likely to occur
based on current information. Return is influenced by the combination of stock
price (capita ...
Ipm
This document discusses several key economic and market analysis ratios and indicators. It defines dividend yield as annual dividend per share divided by market price per share. It also explains that price-earnings ratio is calculated as market price per share divided by earnings per share. The document notes that composite economic indexes like leading, coincident, and lagging indicators are used to determine turning points in the business cycle. It also discusses the relationship between stock markets and the overall business cycle.
How to pick best mutual fund | Things to be checked before buying any mutual ...
Understand this PPT : https://youtu.be/uMVI5r32WYQ
This presentation answers all the questions related to things to be checked before buying any mutual funds, what are the basic things you should learn befor investing in any mutual fund.
For detailed explanation on this slide you can also watch our video on that - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMVI5r32WYQ&list=PL74sgxQAJrUV4-vo8bzmtqiKWTkDusWeL&index=2
Financial management
1. The document provides financial information about a company including its capital structure, long-term debt instruments, preferred stock, and common stock.
2. Key figures given include annual revenues of $9 billion, a capital structure of 34% long-term debt, 3% preferred stock, and 63% common stock. Details are provided on two long-term debt instruments, the preferred stock, and the common stock.
3. The document poses 10 questions asking the reader to calculate various metrics like yield and required rate of return based on the information provided, and to evaluate whether investments in the company's bonds and stock would be recommended.
Fundamental Analysis by Vivek Srivastava
Fundamental Analysis is a study of factors (company specific and external environment) that affect the value of stock. This program will help you to understand the impact of factors on the valuation of the stock, analysis of the environment and interpretation of financial statement.
For more information visit : https://simplehai.axisdirect.in/learn/eclasses
L2 flash cards equity - SS 10
The document discusses various methods for valuing companies and estimating required returns. It covers sum-of-the-parts valuation, conglomerate discounts, characteristics of good valuation models, different return concepts such as holding period return and required returns, methods to estimate required returns including CAPM and multifactor models, and discount rates. It also discusses Porter's five forces framework and factors that influence industry competition and profitability.
9
This document analyzes the performance of selected mutual fund schemes in India between March 2011 and February 2012. Various risk-return models are used to evaluate the schemes, including Treynor ratio, Sharpe ratio, and Jensen's alpha. The analysis finds that most schemes outperformed the benchmark index based on the risk-return measures, with some public sector schemes demonstrating higher returns relative to their risk than private sector schemes. However, statistical testing did not show a significant difference in the average returns of public versus private growth schemes over the period studied.
Capital asset pricing Model (CAPM-Asif).pptx
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) measures the relationship between the expected return and the risk of investing in security.
This model is used to analyze securities and price them given the expected rate of return and cost of capital involved.
1Valuation ConceptsThe valuation of a financial asset is b.docx
1
Valuation Concepts
The valuation of a financial asset is based on determining the present value of future cash flows. Thus we need to know the value of future cash flows and the discount rate to be applied to the future cash flows to determine the current value.
The market-determined required rate of return, which is the discount rate, depends on the market’s perceived level of risk associated with the individual security. Also important is the idea that required rates of return are competitively determined among the many companies seeking financial capital. For example ExxonMobil, due to its low financial risk, relatively high return, and strong market position, is likely to raise debt capital at a significantly lower cost than can United Airlines, a financially troubled firm. This implies that investors are willing to accept low return for low risk, and vice versa. The market allocates capital to companies based on risk, efficiency, and expected returns—which are based to a large degree on past performance. The reward to the financial manager for efficient use of capital in the past is a lower required return for investors than that of competing companies that did not manage their financial resources as well.
Throughout this course, we apply concepts of valuation to corporate bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. For that purpose we have to be aware of the basic characteristics of each form of security as part of the valuation process. We have to consider the following:
· The valuation of a financial asset is based on the present value of future cash flows.
· The required rate of return in valuing an asset is based on the risk involved.
· Bond valuation is based on the process of determining the present value of interest payments plus the present value of the principal payment at maturity.
· Preferred stock valuation is based on the dividend paid.
· Stock valuation is based on determining the present value of the future benefits of equity ownership.
List of terms:
required rate of return
That rate of return that investors demand from an investment to compensate them for the amount of risk involved.
yield to maturity
The required rate of return on a bond issue. It is the discount rate used in present-valuing future interest payments and the principal payment at maturity. The term is used interchangeably with market rate of interest.
real rate of return
The rate of return that an investor demands for giving up the current use of his or her funds on a noninflation-adjusted basis. It is payment for forgoing current consumption. Historically, the real rate of return demanded by investors has been of the magnitude of 2 to 3 percent.
inflation premium
A premium to compensate the investor for the eroding effect of inflation on the value of the dollar.
risk-free rate of return
Rate of return on an asset that carries no risk. U.S. Treasury bills are often used to represent this measure, although longer-term government securities have al.
Stock Valuation
The document outlines topics related to stock valuation including: differentiating between debt and equity; features of common and preferred stock; the process of issuing common stock; market efficiency and basic stock valuation models; free cash flow valuation and other approaches like book value and P/E multiples; and the relationships between financial decisions, risk, return, and firm value. The document contains sections on these topics and will provide information to understand concepts of stock valuation.
Fm11 ch 01 overview of financial management and the financial environment
The document provides an overview of key concepts in corporate finance and financial markets. It discusses different forms of business organization a company may take, from a sole proprietorship to a public corporation. The primary objective of a firm is to maximize shareholder wealth by maximizing stock price over the long run. Stock price is determined by the expected cash flows of the firm, the timing of those cash flows, and the risk of the cash flows. Financial markets allow companies and individuals to exchange financial assets and capital.
Fm11 ch 01 show
This document provides an overview of key concepts in corporate finance and the financial environment. It discusses the objectives of firms, forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, and how companies evolve from startups to public corporations. It also defines important financial terms like free cash flows, weighted average cost of capital, and different types of financial markets and instruments.
Global bond
This document discusses global bond investing and the bond markets. It covers several topics: the size of the world bond market and different currency markets; the major types of bonds including domestic, foreign, and Eurobonds; characteristics of different bond markets; bond valuation; and exotic bond types like floating rate notes, dual currency bonds, and currency option bonds. The Eurobond market is described as the largest international bond market.
Global bond
This document provides an overview of global bond investing and the bond markets. It discusses several topics:
1) The size and composition of the global bond market, including domestic, foreign, and Eurobond markets.
2) Key characteristics and differences among major bond markets like the US, Europe, and Asia in terms of conventions, legal/regulatory structures, and instruments.
3) Concepts important for bond valuation and portfolio management like yields, duration, credit spreads, and currency hedging strategies.
4) The Eurobond market in more depth, covering its history, issuance process, and major instruments like Brady bonds and floating rate notes.
ch14.pptx
This document provides an overview and learning objectives for a chapter on non-current liabilities. It discusses issuing long-term debt through bonds, including the formal procedures, types of bond issues, and accounting valuation of bonds at issuance. Examples are provided to illustrate accounting for bonds issued at par, a discount, and a premium. The chapter also covers accounting for long-term notes payable and the effective interest method for amortizing bond discounts and premiums over time.
Financial theory of investment
The financial theory of investment proposes that a firm's cost of capital, and thus its investment decisions, depends on the source of funds. A firm has three sources of funds: retained earnings, which are the cheapest; borrowed funds, whose cost rises with the amount borrowed; and new equity, which is most expensive. The marginal cost of funds curve depicts how a firm's cost of capital rises as it uses more funds from each source. In recessions, investment depends on retained earnings as firms cut costs, but in booms, when demand is high, firms borrow more and interest rates influence investment. The theory is criticized for ignoring capacity expansion and long-term investment decisions, as well as the greater effectiveness of fiscal versus monetary
Similar to The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf (20)
Saltanat CuadraFarah Mohammad RasheedSabrina NaqviGloria the.docx
Saltanat CuadraFarah Mohammad RasheedSabrina NaqviGloria the.docx
Question 1Risk & Return and the CAPM. Based on the following.docx
Question 1Risk & Return and the CAPM. Based on the following.docx
How to pick best mutual fund | Things to be checked before buying any mutual ...
How to pick best mutual fund | Things to be checked before buying any mutual ...
Moneymarkettobelearnedhowsbprunthemoneymarket.pptx
Moneymarkettobelearnedhowsbprunthemoneymarket.pptx
1Valuation ConceptsThe valuation of a financial asset is b.docx
1Valuation ConceptsThe valuation of a financial asset is b.docx
Fm11 ch 01 overview of financial management and the financial environment
Fm11 ch 01 overview of financial management and the financial environment
More from aesalem06
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
#!/bin/bash
# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDone
let offs=40
declare -i ws
declare -i end
declare -i rmndr
declare -i byteval
declare -i bitws
NetworkOrder16Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
NetworkOrder32Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
echo
echo
end=$offs+74
#Start with the destination MAC address
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Dest: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Then the source
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Src: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Next is the packet type, but its in network byte order so we can\'t
# use \'1/2 \"%04x\"\' - we may be run on a system with another byte order and you\'ll
# get different output
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Ether Type: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# IP header
# Get the version/len value into a variable we can do arithmetic with
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# The most significant 4 bits are the IP version
((bitws=byteval&0xF0))
((bitws/=16))
echo \"IP Version: $bitws\"
# Least significant 4 bits are the header length
((bitws=byteval&0x0F))
((bitws*=4))
echo \"Header Length: $bitws\"
# Type of service
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# Precedence
((bitws=byteval&0xE0))
((bitws/=32))
echo \"Precedence: $bitws\"
# Delay
((bitws=byteval&0x10))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize delay\"
fi
# Throughput
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High throughput\"
fi
# Reliability
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High reliability\"
fi
# Cost
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize cost\"
fi
# Message length - in network byte order
NetworkOrder16Bit
echo \"Message Length: $ws\"
# ID
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"ID: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# Flags
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# DF
((bitws=byteval&0x40))
if (( bitws != 0))
then
echo \"Don\'t fragment\"
else
# More fragments
((bitws=byteval&0x20))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"More fragments\"
fi
# Fragment number
((ws=bitws&0x1F))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((ws+=byteval))
echo \"Fragment number: $ws\"
fi
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"TTL: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"Protocol: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Header checksum: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs.
Youd only need SOCl2 So d then na .pdf
This short document discusses the need for sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and sodium (Na) to complete some chemical process or reaction. Sodium is mentioned after "then na" which likely refers to adding sodium after the sulfuryl chloride. The document provides minimal context and it is difficult to determine the overall purpose or goal based on the limited information.
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdf
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3
Solution
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3.
they have the same vapour pressure .pdf
This document states that two substances have the same vapour pressure. It provides no other context or details about the substances.
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdf
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons.
Solution
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons..
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdf
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr
Solution
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr.
PH3 Phosphine H3N ammonia H3PO2 Hypophosphorus.pdf
PH3: Phosphine H3N: ammonia H3PO2: Hypophosphorus Acid CuSO4: Copper
Sulphate P2O2: Phosphorus Dioxide H2SO5:Peroxymonosulfuric acid Titanium(IV) Oxide:
TiO2
Solution
PH3: Phosphine H3N: ammonia H3PO2: Hypophosphorus Acid CuSO4: Copper
Sulphate P2O2: Phosphorus Dioxide H2SO5:Peroxymonosulfuric acid Titanium(IV) Oxide:
TiO2.
order is 3 and it is a linear .pdf
The document discusses an order that is 3 and linear. It states that the order is 3 and describes it as being linear. No other information is provided.
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdf
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up.
Solution
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up..
L2^12 .pdf
This mathematical expression involves taking the length L and dividing it by the square root of 2. The expression is evaluating the square root of 2 applied to the length L. This can be used to calculate the diagonal length of a square with side length L.
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) - H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) +.pdf
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) -> H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) + 12NaOH(aq) -> 10NaCl (aq) +
2NaCIO3(aq) + 6H2O(l) MgCO3(aq) +2HCI (aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
Solution
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) -> H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) + 12NaOH(aq) -> 10NaCl (aq) +
2NaCIO3(aq) + 6H2O(l) MgCO3(aq) +2HCI (aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g).
In Atmospehere Pressure = 105760 = 0.138 Atmo.pdf
In Atmospehere : Pressure = 105/760 = 0.138 Atmosphere In Pascals: Pressure =
0.138 x 1.013 x 10^5 = 13995.4Pa
Solution
In Atmospehere : Pressure = 105/760 = 0.138 Atmosphere In Pascals: Pressure =
0.138 x 1.013 x 10^5 = 13995.4Pa.
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdf
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely.
Solution
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely..
DE is positive in exothermic reactions .pdf
DE is positive in exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, so the system's energy decreases. Therefore, the change in energy (DE) for exothermic reactions is positive as energy is lost from the system.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdf
Total dissolved solids is a measure of inorganic and organic substances in a liquid. The most accurate method to determine TDS involves evaporating the liquid and measuring the mass of residues, which in this case was found to be 22g. Total suspended solids refer to suspended or colloidal particles, which were calculated to be 25g.
magnesium oxide + water = magnesium hydroxideMgO (s) + H2O (l) =.pdf
magnesium oxide + water => magnesium hydroxide
MgO (s) + H2O (l) => Mg(OH)2 (s)
Solution
magnesium oxide + water => magnesium hydroxide
MgO (s) + H2O (l) => Mg(OH)2 (s).
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdf
Meiosis, inheritance and variation:
The uniqueness and similarities within the closely related family members occurs because of
inherit traits in the form of genes are passing from one generation to another generation.
This gene passing from our ancestral parents to our parents is called as heredity. Replication is a
process of duplication of DNA. That occurs during the S phase of Eukaryotic cell cycle.
In identical small organisms these genes pass from one generation to next by duplication of their
genetic information and then splitting into two identical organisms. In complex organisms
specialized sex cells called gametes carry half of the genetic information. These gametes from
both male and female organisms combine each other and produce new organisms. The gametes
produced process is termed as meiosis.
Meiosis:
During this process 1 diploid cell which contains 46 chromosomes undergoes cell division into 2
cycles. In which only once DNA replication is takes place. it results 4 haploid daughter cells.
The zygote is formed from the combination of both an egg and a sperm cells. Zygotes have same
number of chromosomes it is due to the halving nature of the number of chromosomes in sexual
reproduction. This critical character stabilize chromosome numbers from one generation to next
generation.
Phases of meiosis:
Interphase: In this the DNA is prepared for replication. After completion of replication process
the structure of each chromosomes compressed into 2 identical chromatids.
Prophase I : In this chromosomes structure appeared as in X - Shaped. The homologous
chromosomes are pair up each other and crossing over takes placed. In this the DNA was
exchanged. the nuclear membrane was completely dissolved at end of this stage. The
Microtubules can attach to the chromosomes.
Metaphase I: The synopsized chromosomes are aliened at equator of the cell. The chromosomes
are aliened randomly in which different combinations each time meiosis occurs.
Anaphase I: During this phase the molecules of chromosomes separates and migrates towards to
2 poles of cell.
Telophase I or Cytokinesis: In this the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Prophase II : Same as Prophase I. But the DNA does not replicate again.
Metaphase II: The chromosomes aliened at equator, again the alignment is random.
Anaphase II: The chromosomes separates and migrates towards to 2 poles of cell.
Telophase II: The nucleoplasm is reformed and the cytoplasm is divides into 2 haploid daughter
cells and finally 4 new haploid daughter cells is formed.
Genetic variation is increased by meiosis due to the independent assortment nature in meiosis.
The reshuffling process of genes in meiosis is increasing the genetic variation in a population.
Solution
Meiosis, inheritance and variation:
The uniqueness and similarities within the closely related family members occurs because of
inherit traits in the form of genes are passing from one generation to another generation.
This gene passing from our an.
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdf
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provided by the kernel to allow
processes to communicate with each other.
The types of inter process communication on Linux OS are:
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Windows:
1. Clipboard - The clipboard acts as a central depository for data sharing among applications.
When a user performs a cut or copy operation in an application, the application puts the selected
data on the clipboard in one or more standard or application-defined formats. Any other
application can then retrieve the data from the clipboard, choosing from the available formats
that it understands.
2. File Mapping - File mapping enables a process to treat the contents of a file as if they were a
block of memory in the process\'s address space. The process can use simple pointer operations
to examine and modify the contents of the file. When two or more processes access the same file
mapping, each process receives a pointer to memory in its own address space that it can use to
read or modify the contents of the file.
3. Mailslot - Mailslots provide one-way communication. Any process that creates a mailslot is a
mailslot server. Other processes, called mailslot clients, send messages to the mailslot server by
writing a message to its mailslot.
4. RPC - RPC enables applications to call functions remotely. Therefore, RPC makes IPC as easy
as calling a function. RPC operates between processes on a single computer or on different
computers on a network.
5. Windows Socket - Windows Sockets is a protocol-independent interface capable of supporting
current and emerging networking capabilities.
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Mac OS:
1. Mach Ports : Mach 3.0 is capable of running as a stand-alone kernel, with other traditional OS-
services like IO, file systems and networking stack running as user mode.It is much faster to
make a direct call between linked components than it is to send messages or do RPC between
separate tasks.
2. Apple Events : Universally supported by GUI applications on Mac OS for remote
control.Operations like opening or telling an application to open a file or quit etc can be done
using these.
3. Pasteboard - Copy Paste , Drag and drop done between applications is performed using this
technique.
4. Distributed Objects - Remote messaging feature of Cocoa to call an object in different Cocoa
applicaton.
Windows server uses the best technique to manage IPC because
a) It provides an efficient way for two or more processes on the same computer to share data.
b) It is capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities, such as quality of
service monitoring, robust asynchronous communication, I/O completion ports for superior
performance, and protocol-specific network
features.
=> Multiprocessing : refers to the use of two or morecentral processing units (CPU) within a
single computer system.All the operating systems provide support for multiprocessing.
Windows manages.
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdf
B)120.0° note: So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts a trigonal planar geometry.
Solution
B)120.0° note: So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts a trigonal planar geometry..
imple cellular phones that do very little over voice and text line o.pdf
imple cellular phones that do very little over voice and text line of work generally include one
process unit that handles everything - computer programme (keyboard, display), RF process,
battery management, etc.
These ar SoC - Systems on Chip and ar nearer to microcontrollers than microprocessors as a
result of they decide to do everything - from process, to device interfacing, to memory, to
program and knowledge storage, etc - on one chip.
Smartphones have multiple microprocessors and microcontrollers in them. the most processor
could be a chip with a bus to speak with memory on separate chips (though usually contained
within the same IC package), and busses to speak with the remainder of the devices. they
typically contain a number of the controllers, like the show controller, so that they have a number
of the options of microcontrollers, however they\'re still additional chip than microcontroller.
The cellular chipset typically includes a microprocessor/microcontroller that basically blurs the
lines. the newest generation of smartphones usually tend additional toward microprocessors for
the RF chipset, thus on provide the manufacturer flexibility by mistreatment software package
style instead of hardware style for a few options, however they are doing have additional items
of the hardware interface (rf, etc) on the chip itself.
The rest of the phone has many microcontrollers. These management the touchscreen, audio,
sensors, cameras, etc.
So it depends on the kind of phone you are thinking of. an easy phone uses a microcontroller. a
posh phone uses each.
Solution
imple cellular phones that do very little over voice and text line of work generally include one
process unit that handles everything - computer programme (keyboard, display), RF process,
battery management, etc.
These ar SoC - Systems on Chip and ar nearer to microcontrollers than microprocessors as a
result of they decide to do everything - from process, to device interfacing, to memory, to
program and knowledge storage, etc - on one chip.
Smartphones have multiple microprocessors and microcontrollers in them. the most processor
could be a chip with a bus to speak with memory on separate chips (though usually contained
within the same IC package), and busses to speak with the remainder of the devices. they
typically contain a number of the controllers, like the show controller, so that they have a number
of the options of microcontrollers, however they\'re still additional chip than microcontroller.
The cellular chipset typically includes a microprocessor/microcontroller that basically blurs the
lines. the newest generation of smartphones usually tend additional toward microprocessors for
the RF chipset, thus on provide the manufacturer flexibility by mistreatment software package
style instead of hardware style for a few options, however they are doing have additional items
of the hardware interface (rf, etc) on the chip itself.
The rest of the phone has many microcontrollers..
More from aesalem06 (20)
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdf
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdf
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdf
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdf
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdf
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdf
PH3 Phosphine H3N ammonia H3PO2 Hypophosphorus.pdf
PH3 Phosphine H3N ammonia H3PO2 Hypophosphorus.pdf
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdf
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdf
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) - H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) +.pdf
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) - H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) +.pdf
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdf
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdf
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdf
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdf
magnesium oxide + water = magnesium hydroxideMgO (s) + H2O (l) =.pdf
magnesium oxide + water = magnesium hydroxideMgO (s) + H2O (l) =.pdf
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdf
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdf
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdf
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdf
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdf
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdf
imple cellular phones that do very little over voice and text line o.pdf
imple cellular phones that do very little over voice and text line o.pdf
Recently uploaded
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaNatural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcAzure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdChapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Recently uploaded (20)
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf
- 1. The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and does not account for capital gain or loss. YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value: APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2 Where C=coupon value F=face value P=market price And n=years to maturity Solution The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and does not account for capital gain or loss. YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value: APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2 Where C=coupon value F=face value
- 2. P=market price And n=years to maturity