1. THE VARIETY OF RESOURCES
ON EARTH
By the end of this chapter, you should be
able to :
# know the different resources on earth
# understand elements, compounds and
mixture
# appreciate the importance of variety of
Earth’s resources

2. The various resources on earth
•
•
•
•
•
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Air
Water
Soil
Living organisms
Minerals
Fossil fuel

3. The various resources on earth
 we need and use.
Water, air , soil and living organisms are four
important basic resources.
 These sustain plant & animal (including
human) life.

4. water
70% of the Earth’s surface.
Water is very important basic resource.
 live & grow.
Living processes

5. The important of water to human beings &
animals
Dissolves & transports digested food to all parts
of the body.
Transport oxygen
Blood is made up mostly of water
Important in excretion – dissolves & gets rid of
waste material.
Controls body temperature

6. The bodies of most living organisms contain a high
percentage of water.
60% - 95% of body weight of living organisms is made
up of water
jellyfish
pineapple
Human being
fish
96%
85%
70%
68%

7. Keep the lungs moist- necessary for the exchange
of gases
Dilutes blood- flow to all parts of the body
Supports & maintains the body shape of
invertebrate & helps invertebrate to move.
(Amoeba, earthworm, leeches)
Daily activities- cooking, washing, mining,
transport
Without water a person will die of dehydration

8. Important of water to plants:
The germination of seeds
Helping plant cells to keep their shape
Cooling plants through the process of transpiration
Dissolving & transporting mineral salts from the root to
other parts of the plant
Photosynthesis
growth

9. AIR
Air is a mixture of gases- nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, rare gases & water vapour.
Oxygen is needed by all living things for
respiration.
During respiration oxygen is used to oxidise
food for release energy that are needed to carry
out all activities.

10. Oxygen also needed for combustion. Fuels
will not burn without oxygen. Burning produces
carbon dioxide, water vapour, heat energy &
light energy.
Carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis in
plants to make their own food .
Oxygen are release during photosynthesis.
Therefore, photosynthesis is important to
maintaining the oxygen & carbon dioxide
contents in air.

11. Carbon
dioxide
photosynthesis
combustion
oxygen
The gases used in photosynthesis,
respiration & combustion
respiration

12. SOIL
Made up of small bits of rock & decayed organisms.
Contains water, air, humus & mineral salts.
Habitat for many plants & animals.
All green plants are dependent on soil for their supply of
water & essential mineral salts, as well as the air needed for
the respiration of their roots.

13. Humus is among the richest & darkest of soils.
An organic substance that consist of dead
organic matter derived from plants & animals.
Necessary for the growth of healthy plants.
Mineral salts dissolve in soil water, these are
absorbed by plant roots.
Necessary for plants grow well.
Example : phosphates, nitrates, calcium,
magnesium & potassium.

14. Soil is needed for the formation of fuels such as petroleum,
natural gas & coal.
Human beings use soil for many purposes, such as:
(a) the construction of building
(b) agriculture
(c) making ceramics, glass, cement & bricks
(d) mining metals, mineral salts & chemical substances

15. Living things
 Plants & animals are basic resources for human beings. They
provide us with:
(a) Food
(b) Clothes
(c) Building materials
(d) fuel

16. Food
Human beings need food to obtain energy . This energy is
needed to do work, to grow & maintain health.
Plants / animals
Type of food
Cabbage, mustard
vegetable
Ginseng, quinine
Medicine
Oil palm tree
Margarine, oil
Fish
Meat, oil
Chicken
Meat, egg
Goat
Meat, milk

17. clothes
We need clothes to keep warm. Clothes protect us from cool weather
& rain.
Plants / animals
Type of clothes
Cotton
Shirts
Latex
Shoes, gloves
Pandanus (screw
pine)
Hat
Wool
Thick clothing
Silkworms
Blouses, shirts
Crocodile skin
Shoes, bags, belts

18. Building material
We need building materials for building & making tools & furniture
Plants / animals building
materials
product
Rattan
Furniture, baskets
Nipah palm
Roofs
Teak
Houses,bridges,furniture
Bamboo
Rafts
Buffalo & camel skin
Tents

19. FUEL
We need fuel for cooking, to keep warm, supply light, run our
vehicles & work machinery
Plants / animals
Fuel
Mangrove trees
Firewood, charcoal
Plant remains
Coal
Palm oil
Oil for lamp
Plant & animal remains
Petrol, kerosene, diesel,
natural gas
whale
Lamp oil

21. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS &
MIXTURE
M a tte r
E le m e n t
M e ta l
C om pound
N o n -m e ta l
M ix t u r e

22. Elements
An elements is the simplest form of matter.
It cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by
chemical or physical means.
An element can be made up of one type of similar atoms. A group
of similar atoms is known as a molecule.
Copper
molecule
Oxygen
molecule
Oxygen is the element that is found the most on earth.

23. Elements can be classified as metals & nonmetals.
All metallic elements are solid states at
room temperature,except mercury.
Solid state- aluminium, tin, silver,
potassium, cooper, iron.
Liquid state- mercury

24. non-metallic elements exist in solid, liquid
& gaseous states at room temperature.
Carbon, iodine & sulphur – solid
Bromine – liquid
Oxygen, Chlorine, Hydrogen & Nitrogen gas

25. Differences in physical characteristics of metal & non-metal
Metal
Differences
Non-metal
Shiny
Surface property
Dull
Malleable
Malleability
Not malleable
Ductile
Ductility
Not ductile
High melting point
Ability to melt
Low melting point
Good conductor
Conductivity of
heat
Poor conductor
Good conductor
Conductivity of
electricity
Poor conductor
( except carbon &
silicon)

26. Properties of metals and their uses
Metals
Copper
Physical properties
•Good conductor of
electricity & heat
•Strong & does not
corrode easily
Aluminium •Good conductor of
heat
•Ductile & malleable
•Low density (light) &
strong
Uses
•Making electrical
wires and cooking
utensil
•Making cooking
utensil
•Making cables,
aluminium foil,
construction frames
& aircraft

27. Metals
Iron
Physical properties
•hard, strong, does not
melt easily
Mercury •Shiny liquid & good
conductor of heat
Gold /
silver
•shiny, ductile,
malleable & does not
corrode
Uses
•Making steel,
machinery, bridges,
, machines & engine
•Liquid in
thermometer
* Making jewellery
& ornaments

28. Uses of non-metals
Non-metal
Uses
Carbon
•Charcoal is a type of carbon that can
be used as fuel
•Black lead is made of carbon
Sulphur
•Sulphuric acid ( a chemical) is
produced using sulphur
•Sulphur is an important component
in fertilisers

29. Non-metal
Uses
Chlorine
* Chlorine is added to drinking
water & swimming pools as a
steriliser to kill microorganisms.
Helium
*Light & not explosive , suitable
fill in balloons and lamp
advertising
Diamond
* hard, cutting glass & stones, in
jewellery

31. Compounds
A compound is formed when two or more different
elements combine chemically.
Compounds are formed through chemical reactions.
The properties of a compound are different from
those of their constituent elements
A compound becomes an entirely new substance.

32. Examples of compounds are iron rust (iron oxide),
magnesium oxide, carbon dioxide and copper sulphate.
The smallest possible particle of a compound is a
molecule.
A compound may be separated into its elements by
using electricity ( a chemical process). The process in
which this occurs is called electrolysis.

33. Water
Hydrogen chloride
1 atom oxygen & 2
atoms hydrogen
1 atom hydrogen & 1
atom chlorine
Ammonia
Methane
1 atom nitrogen & 3
atoms hydrogen
1 atom carbon & 4 atoms
hydrogen

34. Common compounds
Compound
Element present
State at room
temperature
Carbon dioxide
Carbon, oxygen
Gaseous
Ammonia
Nitrogen, hydrogen
Gaseous
Water
Hydrogen, oxygen
Liquid
Sulphuric acid
Hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen
Liquid
Rust
Iron ,oxygen
Solid
Sand
Silicon, oxygen
Solid

37. Mixture
A mixture is a substance that consists of two or more
substances which are not joined together chemically.
There is no chemical reaction in the formation of
mixtures.
A mixture of metals is known as an alloy.
The constituents of a mixture keep their own original
properties which are unchanged.
A mixture may consist of elements, compounds or both.

38. Mixture
+
Element P
=
Element Q
Mixture P and Q

39. Differences between compounds and mixture
Compound
Differences
Mixture
Through chemical
reaction
Formation
Through physical
methods
Heat is absorbed or
released
Energy
change
No heat change
New substance
formed
Formation of No new substance
new substance

40. New properties Properties of
are formed
components
Properties of
components
remain
Ratio of
components is
fixed
Composition
Ratio of
components is
not fixed
Chemical
processes
Separation
methods
Physical
processes

41. Separation of mixture
Components of a mixture can be separated using these
physical methods;
Distillation
Using a magnet
Filtration
Sublimation
Evaporation
Sieving
Using separating
funnel

48. ELEMENT / UNSUR
+
1 ATOM
=
1 ATOM
MOLECULE
Sangat kecil dan tidak boleh dipecahkan lagi kepada saiz yang lebih
kecil.
Terdapat dalam 2 kategori : logam dan bukan logam

49. Compounds / sebatian
+
1 ATOM BIRU
=
2 ATOM MERAH
+
COMPOUND
=

50. 2 atau lebih atom yang berlainan jenis
bergabung secara kimia dan membentuk
bahan baru.
Dapat diasingkan balik kepada bentuk
asal secara elektrolisis sahaja.
Elektrolisis proses

51. Mixture / campuran
+
=
2 atau lebih atom yang berlainan jenis
bergabung secara fizikal dan tidak
membentuk bahan baru.
Ia mempuyai sifat asal bahan tersebut.
Dapat diasingkan balik kepada bentuk
asal secara proses fizikal.

52. Preservation and conservation of resources on
earth
The resources on Earth must be preserved and
conserved from change and destruction.
The way to preserve and conserve earth”s resources :
# Recycling resources – old mining land can be used
for housing and agriculture
# controlling air pollution – avoid open burning of
rubbish
# Recycling substances – glass, tin, plastic containers &
old newspaper

53. # Use of substitutes – replacing the use of substances
like metals with other materials like plastic
# Keeping forest reserves – using up unfinished
exercise books as note books and recycling paper are
ways to reduce the felling of trees
# Conserving water – not wasting water to prevent
water shortage
# using resources efficiently and intelligently

55. • I hope all of you
understand and please
read all your note and
other references book
for more information.
• From : your science
teacher “ Pn. Ainun
Zuraiha bt. Alias.