Some "Energy & Global Environment issues" are discussed in it.

1. Made By:-
1. Parth Patel - 16EE055
2. Swapnil Patel - 16EE058
3. Vrushank Prajapati - 16EE061
4. Yashrajsingh Rathore - 16EE065
5. Stuti Solanki - 16EE074
6. Jimit Patel - 16EE076

2. • Defined as the capacity to do work.
• Though energy is present in number of forms like
mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological, which
differ basically from one another but together
constitute the physical reality of our universe.
• In India per capita consumption is only 221 kg of oil
equivalent/year, a very low rate compared to other
country.

3. 38%
23%
26%
6% 6%
1%
Worldwide Energy Sources Use (2004)

4. Energy
Resources
Commercial Fuels
Non Commercial
Energy Resources
Primary Energy
Resources
Secondary Energy
Resources
Conventional
Energy Resources
Non-Conventional
Energy Resources
Renewable Energy
Resources
Non Renewable
Energy Resources

5. • It is power used by commercial entities, as opposed to
residential, industrial, or transportation energy. E.g.
are retail stores or auto dealerships.
• It has a market as these are bought and sold.
• Largely used in industrial and commercial purposes.
• They are generally exhaustible.
• E.g. coal, lignite, petroleum products, natural gas
and electricity.

6. Non Commercial Energy Resources
 These sources do not have a market, these are
generally free, they are found in forest or nature.
 They do not command a price.
 It is used for domestic consumption.
 Theses sources are renewable.
 E.g. Firewood, agricultural waste, etc.

7. Commercial Energy
Non Commercial
Energy
 Has great economic value.
 Pollutes the environment
badly.
 Limited in nature.
 High capital investment is
required in the purification.
 It is used in urban as well as
rural areas.
 E.g. Coal, petroleum, natural
gas and nuclear energy.
 It is cheaper.
 Keeps the environment clean.
 Abundant in nature.
 Can be used in raw form.
 It is dominantly used in rural
areas.
 E.g. Cow dung, charcoal,
firewood and agricultural
waste.

8. Primary Energy Resources
 It is the energy form found in nature that has not
been subjected to any conversion or
transformation process.
 It is energy contained in raw fuels, and others form
of energy received as input to a system.
 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is a term
used to indicate the sum of production and import
subtracting exports and storage changes.
 E.g. Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, Solar etc.

9. World Total Primary Energy Supply
32%
29%
22%
10%
5%
2%
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Biofuels and waste
Nuclear
Hydro

10. • Are those which do not occur naturally but which are
obtained from one or more of the primary energy
resources.
• Example: Petrol, electrical energy from coal burning,
coal, raw oil, fuel oil, natural gas, wind, sun,
streaming water, nuclear power, gasoline, hydrogen
obtained by electrolysis of water etc.
• Also referred as energy carriers, because they move
energy in a useable form from one place to another.

11. Secondary Energy Used By Sector
37%
30%
17%
14%
2%
Sales
Industrial
Transportation
Residential
Commercial
Agicultural

12. • These includes fossil fuels e.g. coal, petroleum and
natural gas, and nuclear gas, and nuclear energy.
• It cannot be replaced once exhausted.
• Available in limited quantity and are of greatest
significance.
• These includes fossil fuels, nuclear energy and all of
which are mixtures of compounds containing
hydrogen and carbon.

13. Advantages Disadvantages
 Available in high
proportion.
 Storage is easy.
 Supply is reliable.
 Lower cost per unit
energy produced.
 Limited supply and one
day it will be
exhausted.
 Environmental
pollution is high.
 Running cost is high.
 Extraction of fossils
fuels causes various
pollution.

14. • These includes solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, biomass,
hydrogen energy and fuel cell.
• These are inexhaustible and can be used to produce
energy again and again.
• These are available in unlimited amount in nature and
develops in a relatively short period of time.

15. Advantages Disadvantages
 Wide availability.
 Decentralized power
production.
 Available for the
foreseeable future.
 Lower running cost.
 Low pollution.
 Unreliable supply.
 Very difficult to store.
 Usually produce in
small quantities.
 Currently per unit cost
of energy is more as
compared to other
types.

16. • Generally defined as energy that is collected
from resources which are naturally replenished on a
human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat.
• Based on REN21's 2016 report, renewables contributed
19.2% to humans' global energy consumption and 23.7%
to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015,
respectively.
• This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming
from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy, 3.9%
hydro electricity and 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar,
geothermal, and biomass.

17. Amount of Energy Production in
India
As per Renewable Sources As per Non renewable Sources
0
10
20
30
40
37.74
20.29
2.20 1.2 0.99
Total Energy Consumption in
Gw
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
67.94
20.28
4.7 1.19
Total Energy consumption in Gw

18. • Resources that exist in a fixed quantity in Earth’s crust
and thus theoretically can be completely used up are
called Non Renewable Energy Resources.
• Coal, oil and natural gas, can’t be recycled or reused,
once burned.
• The useful energy in these fossil fuel is gone, leaving
behind, waste heat and polluting exhaust gases.

19. A. Non Renewable Resources that can be Recycled.
• Includes all non-energy minerals resources which occurs in
the earth crust.
• Ores of copper, aluminum, mercury and other metals.
• Recycling involves collecting and reprocessing a resources
into a new product.
• For e.g. glass bottles can be crushed and melted to make new
bottles or other glass items.
• Reuse involves using a resources over and over in the same
form.
• However, a mineral resources becomes economically
depleted when the cost of finding, extracting, transporting,
and processing what is left exceeds the amount earned from
them.

20. B. Non Renewable Resources that cannot be
Recycled.
• It exist in a fixed quantity in earth’s crust and thus
theoretically can be completely used up are called Non
renewable resources.
• On a time scale of millions to billions of years such
resources can be renewed by geological processes.
• However, on the much shorter human time scale of
hundreds to thousands of years, these resources can be
depleted much faster than they are formed.

21. 1. Extinction of resources: It has been predicated that
many of the non renewable resources like coal, crude oil
etc. will be completely depleted in the next 30-40 years
as they are in limited quantity and takes centuries to get
replenished.
2. Excessive mining of minerals: Over use of minerals
more and more explorations and mining of minerals is
taking place.
• Causes a lot of noise pollution.
• Cause large scale deforestation.
• Causes displacement of the people in that area.

22. 3. Pollution: Over use of energy resources results in lot of
emission of CO2.SO2, NOx, particulate matter (fly ash,
smoke etc.) which causes air pollution and related
problem like acid rains, global warming.
4. Economical Effects: As these resources will be
depleted, cost will increase which will seriously effects
the economy.
5. Need for development of new technology for the use
of alternative fuels: New technologies has to be
developed using which alternative fuel can be use for
running of vehicles and equipment's.

23. Environmental Effects Of Coal
Based Power Plant
 Combustion of fuels emits various gases like CO2,
NOx, fly ash and traces of radio active element.
 Cola contain Sulphur and its emits large amount SO2
largely responsible for acid rain.
 Thermal power plants utilizes 1/3rd of energy provided
by fossil fuel for there operations. Remaining 2/3rd is
lost in form of heat.
 Mining of coal causes large scale air, water, land and
noise pollution.

24. Environmental Effects Of Nuclear
Based Power Plants
 The waste generated by nuclear power plants is
highly radio active. High level waste remain active
for roughly 240000 years.
 All living organisms are affected by radio active
rays.
 The effect may be somatic or genetic.
 In absence of proper care of nuclear energy it can
be disasters.
 Nuclear waste causes thermal pollution which
causes damage to aquatic life.

25. Global Environmental Problems
 The man made forces disrupting the global ecosystem
can be listed as under:
1. Population Explosion
2. Rapid Industrialization
3. Urbanization
4. Modern life style.
 All these factor are collectively cause,
I. Acid Rain
II. Global warming due to green house gases
III. Ozone depletion.

26. Acid Rain
 When the pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called
as Acid Rain.
 Major causes are oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
originating from industrial operations.
 Sulphuric acid and Nitric acid are the major acid
found in the rain water in proportion of 60 to 70% and
30 to 40% respectively.
 In absence of rain, dry, deposition of acid may occur.
Acid forming gases like oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
and acid aerosols get deposited on the surface of water
bodies, vegetation, soil and other materials.

27. Causes of Acid Rain Environmental Effects
of Acid Rain
 SO2 and NOx are mainly
responsible for forming of
acid rain.
 Main sources of Pollutant are:
I. Fossil fuel based power
plants
II. Smelting of sulfide ore
III. Automobiles exhaust
IV. Industrial plant using
sulphuric and nitric acid.
 Effects on building Materials.
 Effects on Aquatic life.
 Effects on fertility of soil.
 It damages foliage and
weakens trees.
 It also makes atmosphere
hazy.
 It makes trees more
susceptible to stresses like
cold temperature, drought,
etc.

28. Ozone
 A layer of ozone (O3) is present in the stratosphere
20-25 km above the surface of earth.
 It filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the
sunlight.
 Protects various life from on the earth.
 Acts like a natural sunscreen for the earth.

29. Formation Of Ozone
 In the stratosphere ozone is continuously created by the
following reaction.
O2 + hv → O + O
 Ultraviolet rays decomposes oxygen in to atomic oxygen by
photolytic decomposition.
 The atomic oxygen thus farmed rapidly reacts with molecular
oxygen to form ozone.
O + O2 + M → O3 + M
 Ozone thus formed distributes itself in the stratosphere and
absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation (200-320 nm) and it
continuously converted back to molecular oxygen.
O3 + hv → O2 + O
 The net result of above reactions is an equilibrium
concentration of ozone.

30. Effects of Ozone Depletion
 Affects DNA and photosynthetic chemicals. Any change
in DNA can result in mutation and cancer of skin.
 Affects the lens and cornea of eye and result in cataract.
 Yield of vital crops like, corn, wheat, rice, cotton will
decrease.
 Degradation of paints, plastics and other polymer will
result in economic loss due to effects of UV radiation
resulting from ozone depletion.
 Decrease in population of zooplankton, fish, marine
animals, infact the whole aquatic cycle.

31. Green House Effect & Global
Warming
 A house of glass is used for raising delicate plants and in cold
countries. This is called Green House.
 A green house has higher temperature inside than outside
which is due to,
1) Glass walls
2) High carbon dioxide content and
3) High water vapour content of the air in the green house.
 They let short wave radiation to pass through them but
prevent the escape of infrared radiation emitted by the earth
surface. This make inside house warmer than outside.
 This effect is called Green House Effect.

32. Impact of Global Warming
1. Global temperature increases:
2. Rise in sea level:
3. Effects on human health:
4. Effect on food production:

33. Approach to Control Global
Warming
1) Reduction in green house gas emission.
2) Reduction in N2O emission.
3) Increase of the vegetation cover, particularly
forest as it is sink for CO2 absorption.
4) Phasing out CFC and developing its substitute.
5) Trapping and use of methane as fuel.
6) Stabilize population growth.
7) Using energy resources judiciously.

34. International Steps for Mitigating
Global Change
1. Montreal Protocol: In 1987, 27 industrialized countries signed
an international agreement to protect the ozone layer in
stratosphere.
 To limit the production and use of ozone depleting substances.
 Helping the developing countries to implement use of alternative
of CFCs.
2. Kyoto Protocol: This protocol requires countries to take
appropriate measures to reduce their overall green house
emission to a level at least 5% below the 1990 level by the
commitment period 2008-2012.
3. Earth Summit: The United Nation Conference on Environment
and Development, the Earth-Summit, established the principles
for reducing green house gas emission