Classroom presentation for English composition course. Following topics are covered: Why we need punctuation? 12 Punctuation marks Comma , Colon : Semi-Colon ; Exclamation mark ! Question mark ? Quotation marks " " Ellipses Parentheses ( ) Period . Hyphen - Capitalization

1. THE USE OF
PUNCTUATION
By Group IV

2. WHY WE NEED PUNCTUATION
By Muhammad Kashif

3. A WOMAN WITHOUT HER MAN IS NOTHING
Punctuate this sentence.

4. A WOMAN, WITHOUT HER MAN IS NOTHING.
A WOMAN: WITHOUT HER MAN, IS NOTHING.
With the usage of commas and colon, the sentence gives the opposite meaning to the statement.

5. “
”
[…] IF A MAN DO LEVY WAR AGAINST OUR LORD THE KING IN HIS
REALM OR BE ADHERENT TO THE KING’S ENEMIES IN HIS REALM GIVING
TO THEM AID AND COMFORT IN THE REALM OR ELSEWHERE […]
IF A MAN DO LEVY WAR AGAINST OUR LORD THE KING IN HIS REALM,
OR BE ADHERENT TO THE KING’S ENEMIES IN HIS REALM, GIVING TO
THEM AID AND COMFORT IN THE REALM, OR ELSEWHERE […]
The most famous comma in Irish history led to Roger Casement being hanged for treason.

6. 12 PUNCTUATION MARKS
• Comma ,
• Colon :
• Semi-Colon ;
• Apostrophe ‘
• Exclamation Mark !
• Question Mark ?
• Quotation Marks “ ”
• Ellipses …
• Parentheses ( )
• Period .
• Hyphen -
• Capitalization ABC

7. THE COMMA ,
By Muhammad Kashif & Syed Muhammad Irtesam

8. THE COMMA
• While a period ends a sentence, a comma indicates a smaller break.
• It is a punctuation mark that separates words, clauses, or ideas within a sentence.
• A comma indicates a soft pause.
• A comma is primarily used in:
• Lists
• Direct speech
• Separation of clauses
• Mark off parts of a sentence
• Transitional

9. COMPARISON
• Most of the time, travellers worry about
their luggage.
• She found inspiration in cooking, her
family, and her dog.
• Let's eat, Grandma!
• Most of the time travellers worry about
their luggage.
• She found inspiration in cooking her
family and her dog.
• Let's eat Grandma!

10. USAGE IN LISTS
• Comma is used to separate items in a list.
• The final comma used in a list is referred to as the ‘Oxford comma’.
• Saturday morning started with a hearty breakfast of scrambled eggs, bacon,
sausage, and French toast.
• My favorite sandwiches are chicken, bacon and ham, and cheese.

11. USAGE OF THE OXFORD COMMA IN
LISTS
• An oxford comma is the final comma in a run-on list of items; it goes before the
‘and’.
• Scarce in use.
• Used to avoid ambiguity and make clearer sentences.
• Not compulsory in usage.
• In the following example, the oxford comma removes any and all ambiguity and
conjoins pecan with the preceding items in the list.
• Her favorite pies were lemon meringue, mulberry, apple and pecan.
• Her favorite pies were lemon meringue, mulberry, apple, and pecan.

12. USAGE IN DIRECT SPEECH
• A comma is handy in differentiating between the direct speech which is quoted and
information about speaker.
• Steve replied, ‘No problem.’
• “I don’t agree,” I replied.
• “Here we are,” they said.
• You also need to use a comma at the end of a piece of direct speech, if the speech
comes before the information about who is speaking.

13. USAGE IN SEPARATION OF CLAUSES
• Only applicable in complex sentences or compound-complex sentences.
• In such a case, a comma is used to distinguish between main clause and sub-
ordinate clause.
• Having had lunch, we went back to work.
• Passengers, who have young children, may board the aircraft first.

14. USAGE TO ISOLATE PARTS OF A
SENTENCE
• Commas are used to separate a part of a sentence that is an optional ‘aside’ and not
part of the main statement.
• His latest film, Calypso Dreams, opens next month.
• Cynthia’s daughter, Sarah, is a midwife.

15. USING COMMA WITH HOWEVER
• You should use a comma after 'however' when however means 'by contrast' or 'on
the other hand’:
• However, a good deal of discretion is left in the hands of area managers.
• Don't use a comma after however when it means 'in whatever way':
• However you look at it, existing investors are likely to lose out.

16. EXERCISE
• The school has a vegetable garden in which the children grow cabbages onions
potatoes and carrots.
• The school has a vegetable garden in which the children grow cabbages, onions,
potatoes, and carrots.
• Yes he said and I always keep my promises.
• “Yes,” he said, “and I always keep my promises.”
• I saw her in Paris where I lived in the early nineties.
• I saw her in Paris, where I lived in the early nineties.
• Gunpowder, a destructive entity, is not a chemical compound.
• Gunpowder, a destructive entity, is not a chemical compound.
• However there is little value in investing in silver.
• However, there is little value in investing in silver.

17. APOSTROPHE, COLON, EXCLAMATION MARK
By Ujala Sultan

18. THE APOSTROPHE
The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, it is use to show
• possession
• Singular nouns
• Condensation helping verb with noun

19. POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE
•

20. POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE
IN MOST CASES YOU SIMPLY NEED TO ADD `S TO A
NOUN TO SHOW POSSESSION.
EXAMPLE
THE CAT

21. SEMI-COLON
By Ramish Chaudhary & Syed Muhammad Irtesam

22. DEFINITION OF A SEMI-COLON
• Literally a period stacked on top of a comma
• Different usage from a period. Is not used at the end of a
sentence.
• Different usage from a comma. Used on a case-by-case basis.
• It is a soft pause. Helps the readers to articulate.

23. USED TO LINK INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES
• They are used to link two independent clauses.
• A conjunction is used in sentences with commas however
conjunctions are not used in sentences with semi-colons.
• For example:
Some people write with a word processor; others write
with a pen or pencil.

24. USED IN LISTS
• Used in lists to distinguish list items
• Used to divide list items with internal punctuation like commas.
• Helps in readability
• For example:
There are basically two ways to write: with a pen or pencil, which is
inexpensive and easily accessible; or by computer and printer,
which is more expensive but quick and neat.

25. USED WITH CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
• Conjunctive adverbs are also known as transitionals e.g moreover,
nevertheless, however, otherwise, therefore, then, finally, likewise,
and consequently.
• When a transitional links two independent clauses, a semi-colon is
used.
• For example:
I’m not all that fond of the colors of tiger lilies; moreover, they don’t
smell very good.

26. COMPARISON BETWEEN COMMA
AND SEMI-COLON
Comma
• I am going home, and I intend to stay
there.
• It rained heavily during the afternoon,
but we managed to have our picnic
anyway.
• They couldn't make it to the summit
and back before dark, so they decided
to camp for the night.
Semi-Colon
• I am going home; I intend to stay there.
• It rained heavily during the afternoon;
we managed to have our picnic anyway.
• They couldn't make it to the summit
and back before dark; they decided to
camp for the night.

27. EXERCISE
• We can go to the museum to do some research__Mondays are
pretty quiet there. But however they choose to write__ people are
allowed to make their own decisions__ as a result, many people
swear by their writing methods. There are basically two ways to
write: with a pen or pencil, which is inexpensive and easily
accessible__ or by computer and printer__ which is more
expensive but quick and neat. Some people write with a word
processor__ typewriter__ or a computer__ but others__ for different
reasons__ choose to write with a pen or pencil.

28. SOLVED EXERCISE
• We can go to the museum to do some research; Mondays are
pretty quiet there. But however they choose to write, people are
allowed to make their own decisions; as a result, many people
swear by their writing methods. There are basically two ways to
write: with a pen or pencil, which is inexpensive and easily
accessible; or by computer and printer, which is more expensive
but quick and neat. Some people write with a word processor,
typewriter, or a computer; but others, for different reasons,
choose to write with a pen or pencil.

29. PARENTHESES, PERIOD, QUESTION MARK &
QUOTATION MARK
By Niha Rehan

30. CAPITALIZATION
By Muhammad Muneeb Ahmad & Mutahhar Bin Muzaffar

31. CONCLUSION & EXERCISE