This document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its Anglo-Saxon origins to modern times. It discusses the influences of invasions by Vikings, Normans, and others in contributing words and changing grammar and syntax. It also outlines ongoing additions to the vocabulary through borrowings from other languages, compounding, prefixing, suffixing, blending, and invented words. The English language has developed a large, diverse vocabulary through continual adoption and adaptation over many centuries.
Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Roots of Male NamesLegesse Allyn
The Not So Distant African Linguistic Roots of the Words In Your Name
Authored by Legesse Allyn
https://www.amazon.com/Amarigna-Tigrigna-Roots-Male-Names/dp/1533325081
List Price: $14.95
8" x 10" (20.32 x 25.4 cm)
Black & White on White paper
88 pages
ISBN-13: 978-1533325082
ISBN-10: 1533325081
BISAC: History / Ancient / Egypt
"The words in your name are rooted in the east African, ancient Egyptian dual languages of Amarigna and Tigrigna. This book provides a small sampling of the not so distant African linguistic roots of the words in your male name."
http://www.amazon.com/Amarigna-Tigrigna-Roots-Male-Names/dp/1533325081
Amarigna & Tigrigna Hieroglyphs for Beginners
by Legesse Allyn
ISBN: 1448656591
EAN-13: 9781448656592
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009908238
OCLC Number: 631241172
Get it from Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Amarigna-Tigrigna-Qal-Hieroglyphs-Beginners/dp/1448656591
Classroom presentation for English composition course. Following topics are covered:
Why we need punctuation?
12 Punctuation marks
Comma ,
Colon :
Semi-Colon ;
Exclamation mark !
Question mark ?
Quotation marks " "
Ellipses
Parentheses ( )
Period .
Hyphen -
Capitalization
Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Roots of Male NamesLegesse Allyn
The Not So Distant African Linguistic Roots of the Words In Your Name
Authored by Legesse Allyn
https://www.amazon.com/Amarigna-Tigrigna-Roots-Male-Names/dp/1533325081
List Price: $14.95
8" x 10" (20.32 x 25.4 cm)
Black & White on White paper
88 pages
ISBN-13: 978-1533325082
ISBN-10: 1533325081
BISAC: History / Ancient / Egypt
"The words in your name are rooted in the east African, ancient Egyptian dual languages of Amarigna and Tigrigna. This book provides a small sampling of the not so distant African linguistic roots of the words in your male name."
http://www.amazon.com/Amarigna-Tigrigna-Roots-Male-Names/dp/1533325081
Amarigna & Tigrigna Hieroglyphs for Beginners
by Legesse Allyn
ISBN: 1448656591
EAN-13: 9781448656592
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009908238
OCLC Number: 631241172
Get it from Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Amarigna-Tigrigna-Qal-Hieroglyphs-Beginners/dp/1448656591
Classroom presentation for English composition course. Following topics are covered:
Why we need punctuation?
12 Punctuation marks
Comma ,
Colon :
Semi-Colon ;
Exclamation mark !
Question mark ?
Quotation marks " "
Ellipses
Parentheses ( )
Period .
Hyphen -
Capitalization
Caribbean American is a leader in providing Cuba tour vacation packages for U.S Citizens. Whether you are looking for a "lone wolf" adventure or traveling with your family we cater to your needs. We believe in including all air fare, visa, activities and insurance as well as a dedicated travel team to guide you on your journey to Cuba professionally while always having fun. Now, since the ease of restrictions on Cuba it has never been easier to legally travel to Cuba! Immerse yourself in the Cuban culture and learn about its lucrative history which has brought many changes to the world we see today. Our travel packages are one of a kind and you will find it nowhere else at competitive pricing.
Legally travel to Cuba and obtain exclusive vacation packages to tour Cuba and all major destinations. Great deals and all inclusive packages.
Caribbean American is a leader in providing Cuba tour vacation packages for U.S Citizens. Whether you are looking for a "lone wolf" adventure or traveling with your family we cater to your needs. We believe in including all air fare, visa, activities and insurance as well as a dedicated travel team to guide you on your journey to Cuba professionally while always having fun. Now, since the ease of restrictions on Cuba it has never been easier to legally travel to Cuba! Immerse yourself in the Cuban culture and learn about its lucrative history which has brought many changes to the world we see today. Our travel packages are one of a kind and you will find it nowhere else at competitive pricing.
Legally travel to Cuba and obtain exclusive vacation packages to tour Cuba and all major destinations. Great deals and all inclusive packages.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
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compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
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From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Experience the thrill of Progressive Puzzle Adventures, like Scavenger Hunt Games and Escape Room Activities combined Solve Treasure Hunt Puzzles online.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
2. BREXIT
A few weeks ago this was an unknown collection of
letters, now it’s a word on everyone’s lips and will
probably be in the next edition of the OED.
It’s also a pretty good example of what I want to talk
about. How the English language has acquired both
its variety of dialects and ever increasing vocabulary
11. The French Invasion
CO-EXSISTING WORDS
OLD ENGLISH FRENCH
Mansion House
Judgement Doom
Cordial Hearty
SUPPLANTED WORDS
OLD ENGLISH FRENCH
Leod People
Wlitig Beautiful
Stow Place
12. English
In 1362, with national fervour and antagonism towards France, the King’s
speech at the opening of Parliament was in English for the first time. In the
same year, the law courts also began to use English.
13. “There can be no doubt that pure dialect
speech is rapidly disappearing even in
country districts, owing to the spread of
education and to modern facilities of
intercommunication”
Joseph Wright circa 1900
14. MULTIETHNOLECTS
• SECOND GENERATION IMMIGRANTS
• Speak English but are very familiar with
their parents’ mother tongue and
expressions
• OLDER VERSION OF THIS – WENGLISH
• English spoken in the Welsh valleys in
18/19th
century, but through the medium of
Welsh speech patterns and grammar.
19. Vulgar Latin
Plante - plant
Win - wine
Weall – wall
Ceaster – city
Cetel – kettle
Catte – cat
Cyse - cheese
Old English words given
new Christian meanings
Heaven
Hell
God
Gospel
Easter
Celtic
Crag, cumb – deep valley
Dunn – grey
Brock - badger
Old English borrowings
20. Middle English
Borrowings from other languages
• Latin
• Arbitrator
• Conspiracy
• Homicide
• Prosecute
• Contradiction
• Discuss
• History
• Mechanical
• Immortal
• Magnificat
• Collision
• Expedition
• Solitary
• substitute
• Other sources
Netherlands
- bouse – drink deeply
- poll – head
Portuguese
- marmalade
Russian
- sable
Arabic
- saffron
- mattress
- algebra
Persian via French
- chess
- rook
- check
French
Mainly nouns to
do with law,
administration,
medicine, art,
fashion
Prefixes
- con
- trans
- pre
Suffixes
- ance
- tion
23. Compound Words
Joining two separate words
• Flower + pot = flowerpot
• Earth + quake = earthquake
• Scare + crow = scarecrow
Old English Compound words
• Bagpipe Birthday
• Blackberry Grandfather
• Craftsmen Highway
24. Compound word
• Joining a “non-word” to an existing word
• Micro + chip = microchip
• Agri + culture = agriculture
• Work + aholic = workaholic
• Swim + athon = swimathon
25. Word class
Nouns to verbs
beauty……..to beautify
farm………..farming
Adjective to verb
empty………to empty
Adjective to noun
natural food….a natural
final score……a final
Long noun to shorter new verb
television…..to televise
editor……….to edit
babysitter…..to babysit
26. Blended words
• Squishing” two words together to form a
new word
• Breath + analyser breathalyser
• Motor + hotel motel
• Oxford + Cambridge Oxbridge
28. Y O S
Y O S
Added to make mainly Informal words
Telly
Aunty
Aggro
Preggers
29. Reduplicates
• Two identical, or very, very similar word,
repeated to make a concept
• Ding-dong
• Ping-pong
• Dilly-dally
• Wishy-washy
30. FIXES
And just because there was a whole chapter in a Linguistics book
I used – I thought I would more formally mention the many
additions to the English language using FIXES
32. prefixes
• Negate non, dis, un
• Reverse de
• Disparage mal, mis
• Size mega, super, vice
• Orientation auto, contra
• Location extra, fore
• Time post, pre
• Number bi, semi
34. Defunct fixes
SUFFIX
SHIP quite often replaced with
NESS (but not always)
Boldship – boldness
Kindship – kindness
Cleanship - cleanliness
WITH disappeared
Withspeak (contradict)
Withset (resist)
Withsay (renounce)
35. HALIDOM noun
ESCULENT noun
PUDENT noun
NOSOCOMIAL adjective
BEEK verb
NULLIBIETY noun
FILIBEG noun
ENCHIRIDION noun
DEGLUTE verb
DASYPYGAL adjecive
A holy or sacred place
Edible substance
Experience or show shame
Relating or belonging to a hospital
To make warm or comfortable
The state of being nowhere, absence
A kilt
A handbook or manual
To swallow
Having hairy buttocks
WORDS LONG GONE
36. INVENTED WORDS
• DEBUNK
• DOORMAT
• CHINZY
• FACTOIDS
• FEMINIST
• GREMLIN
• MICROCOMPUTER
• NERD
• PEDESTRIAN
• WORKAHOLIC
• CHORTLE
• SCIENTIST
• WILLIAM E WOODWARD 1923
• CHARLES DICKENS
• GEORGE ELIOT 1851
• NORMAN MAILER 1973
• ALEXANDRE DUMAS 1873
• ROALD DAHL 1943
• ISAAC ASIMOV 1956
• DR. SEUSS 1950
• WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
• DR WAYNE E OATES 1971
• LEWIS CARROLL
• WILLIAM WEREWELL 1840
37. Thank you!
• Thanks!
• Cheers!
• Ta!
• Much obliged
• Thanks a lot
• Thanks a bunch
• Much appreciated
• Diolch yn fawr!!
Editor's Notes
Doing this presenation has evoked long suppressed school memories.
Knowing you have a piece of work to complete but doing everthing else you can think of to avoid it. I have managed to complete quite a few jobs instead.
Then, when I actually got round to doing the work, finding I have loads of material, but not being able to put into any co=herent order.
Not sure I have actually succeeded in this latter point, so please feel free to fill in my gaps, and make things clearer as we go through.
YES folks, sorry about this. A few weeks ago this was an unknown collection of letters, now it’s a word on everyone’s lips and will probably be in the next edition of the OED.
It’s also a pretty good example of what I want to talk about. How the English language has acquired both its variety of dialects and ever increasing vocabulary
English has existed for 1500 years. It has evolved and grown and has now been spread throughout the world.
Over its lifetime it has come into contact with invaders and colonists of our islands and through its speakers’ colonial and commercial exploits has travelled to almost every corner of the world, forever accumulating new material along the way.
English was brought to Britain by Germanic invaders called Anglo-Saxons. The language spoken is referred to as Old English. A member of the west Germanic family of languages – spoken with many local variations over wide areas of North West Europe at the close of the Roman Period.
AS raids began aound AD410, before the Romans left GB , but when the Romans eventually left,, raids and settlements inevitably increased and became increasingly assertive from around AD450. The native Britons were called “wealas” by the AS, their word for foreigners. We foreigners, we either absorbed into the communities or driven west to Wales, or to Cornwall or Southern Scotland..
This encroachment of the Germanic invaders was neither rapid nor in large scale. Small war bands, invited or not (some had been invited as mercenaries to fight the Picts and Scots) came to fight, settled and sent word back home that the land was good. Bit like the later settlement of USA.
They were hindered by the likes of King Arthur, but eventually came to dominate the land we now call England, together with part of southern Scotland.
AD500 – AS communities in England were small groups of armed farming families, separated from similar settlements by many miles of forest of fenland. Each community would be drawn from parts of NW European seaboard. Linguistic and other social characteristic would be local and there would be no pressure to conform. Even when powerful leaders established themselves as kings, their territories were at first very small. There were at least 7 kingdoms and anything approaching a national identity only emerged in the 9th century.
Bede wrote that the Germanic invaders were drawn from three distinct peoples, the Angles, Saxons, Jutes.
Jutes, were the early settlers in Kent where they also colonized IOW and part of Hampshire
Angles probably came largely from southern Denmark and area know as Angeln and settled in the eastern parts of the country as far north as SE Scotland and through out the English Midlands. These were probably at their core a tribal unit. For a different view on the Angles – read How Wales Created England and the English language by TD Brown
The Saxons were a more loosely knit group. They took or were given their name from SEAX – a single bladed long knife that was one of their favourite weapons. These raiders came from anywhere along the costal lands from what is now N Germany to N France. Saxons settled in the largest numbers in the S and SW of Britain. This loose confederation of war bands would have brought with them a multitude of customs, traditions and dialects. They would have banded together only as long as needed against a common enemy and once established, broke away into their local groups.
A final important factor working against any tendency towards uniformity of language, at least for the first 2 centuries of AS settlement was that most people from the king downward – were illiterate.
The Christian missionary Augustine arrived in Southern England in AD597 with the influence of Columba reaching the north a little later. With Christianity came education, those who could read and write put forward some pressure for conformity to a standard form of language, at least within individual kingdoms.
But then, as now, the experience of most of us is that we write in a much more conformist way than we speak. So this conformity had little effect on the spoken word and its variety of dialects continued.
English was well established in the country in its wealth of spoken forms and most people had little cause or opportunity to write it anyway.
The legacy of these early raiders bequeathed to English was one of variety.
There was little need to the AS to invent or conform to a widespread standard language and no doubt for many people there was every inclination to promote their own tongue.
Then came the Vikings. Beginning about AD800 raids increased in size, intensity and duration. By 860s Viking armies were staying in England for several years at a time.
By the late 9th century, Scandinavian settlements were being established in the N and E and Vikings were transformed from raiders into conquerors controlling about half the land of England.
Most of the northern kingdom of Northumbria was overrun and so too was the eastern part of the Midland kingdom of Mercia. Only in Alfred’s kingdom of Wessex were there sufficient resistance and the survival of English tradition and language.
With Alfred’s victory over Futhrum in AD878, the relationship between the two peoples stabilized. Danelaw was established for the Viking north and east with the rest of the county under Alfred’s control.
The culture and language of Wessex became synonymous with English culture and language - for those for whom learning was significant.
The of Viking settlements in England introduced further variety.
The language spoken by the Vikings, today called Old Norse, and like English a Germanic language. Limited communication may have taken place between the Anglo Saxons and Vikings using their own languages, especially if the AS used an Anglian form of English. At first, pure Norse would have been spoken in the Scandinavian settlements in England, no doubt with Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and more localised variations.
Their language assumed an increasingly English character whilst retaining strong Norse feature, elements which can be clearly identified in the dialects and place names of these areas today.
Many of the borrowings from Viking Old Norse have given English its most common words
The most remarkable invasion of all is the Old Norse verb TO BE.
The replacement of Old English SINDON was almost certainly the result of the Scandinavian influence as is the spread of the 3rd person singular S ending in the present tense of other verbs
He comes she believes it stays
Hardly had the upheaval of the Viking period subsided, than a new invasion occurred. The Norman Conquest of 1066.. The Normans who, despite being just 4or 5 generations removed from their Scandanavian ancestry, spoke
Cultures in Normandy and England were not entirely dissimilar and at court level there was considerable contact. But the language they brought had a profound effect on English. French. – a Romantic rather than a Germanic language
French was far more foreign to English than Old Norse had been. It there was to be contact between the English and the Normans, then they would have to speak each others language.
But the Normans were the rulers, they did not mingle with the native Britons and for many generations had little interest in learning the native English language. Only a few gifted or privileged English men and women acquired Norman French. French was the language of the ruling elite. English continued in all its variety of dialects to be used by the ordinary and largely illiterate people. As it was just the spoken language, used within restricted areas for everyday use, there was little need to change. In fact its local usage and regional diversity may have helped to obscure it and inhibit is mastery by aliens.
But many new words arrived and they often duplicated words which already existed from Anglo Saxon times.
There could be two outcomes – one would supplant the other or both would co-exist but develop slightly different meanings.
First outcome was very common with mainly French words replacing the Old English words, but hundreds of Old English words were lost that way.
Where Old English and French words both survived, they often ended up with different senses of connotations. Quite often French word being the more educated or cultured, with the Old English word describing the more commonplace.
Slowly, with the weakening of ties with Normandy and France, English came to be rehabilitated as the national language. In 1362, with national fervour and antagonism towards France, the King’s speech at the opening of Parliament was in English for the first time. In the same year, law courts began to use English
With the influences of Chaucer, Oxford and Cambridge and London with its court and large population, the East Midland variety of English came to be regarded as the written standard.
Later many influential intellectuals such as Swift, Dryen and Johnson argued for imposing a fixing of a standard language and grammar. However spoken English retained its variety, but from this point onwards, non standard English speech was on a downward trend in fashion.. Restoration squires were ridiculed from their local speech. Progress in education, in the professions and in society became linked with the possession of an acceptable accent and grasp of correct grammar and vocabulary. The link between Speech and social class was established..
Although improved communication spread the influence of a need to a standard form of the language, it also began the slow process of exposing everyone to the variety of spoken English dialects.
Preface to “The English Dialect Grammar”, part of his six volume English Dialect Dictionary published between 1898 and 1905
Wright made an important point. Improved communications and increasing social mobility were causing acceleration in the pace of dialect change at the time he was writing. Many ancient speech forms and words were disappearing even from the most conservative and isolated rural areas.
However as we all know, there are still many dialects of English. There are city dialects, ethnic minorities, and occupational dialects and as we have said there is relationship between dialect and social class.
British English has always been and continues to be a language of dialects. Wherever one goes in Britain there are very obvious differences between the ways in which people speak.
This can be differences in words, with grammar, the way in which words are organized and of course with pronunciation or accent.
We are all aware of this variety to some extent and most of us that this for granted.
A new term. With increased migrations of people around the world, there has been an increase in new dialects.. Immigrants to an English speaking country either do not speak English or are learning the language.. The second generation - their children have been grow up with English, but speak or be very familiar with their parents’ mother tongues. This has given rise to English with different speech patterns and borrowings.
Multiethnolects are not pidgin or creole languages, in which people take vocabulary from a colonial language, and grammar from their native languages, and fashion first a makeshift lingo to get by (a pidgin) and then expand that into a new language entirely (a creole)
. One would need no Rosetta Stone to master a multiethnolect version of one’s own language. Still, multiethnolects are the most fertile source of linguistic innovation in our times.
Nor, as generations of Black English–speakers can attest, are multiethnolects mere youth slang destined to pass away. Slang is but decoration upon language, ever-changing and leaving the foundation—the neutral vocabulary and the grammatical structures—intact.
Plausibly, in 50 years there will be gray-haired Europeans of immigrant ancestry using multiethnolect varieties as their casual speech
But this is not a new phenomena. I come from the South Wales valleys. When the Iron, Steel and Coal industries were at their height in the 18/19th century, English took over as the dominant language.
However, this English used English words, but with Welsh speech patterns and grammar. It was also peppered with Welsh and anglizised Welsh words. This way of speaking, was christened Wenglish by John Edwards, who made a good living as an after-dinner speaker talking about this subject. He published a few books on the way of speaking English, through Welsh and I would like to read you his Wenglish version of the story of Little Red Riding Hood.
By way of contrast, would anyone like to read this poem, written in one of the Derbyshire dialects, spoken around the Ilkeston area
Before the Anglo Saxons, the languages of the British Isles belonged to the Celtic family, introduced by a people who had come to the islands around the middle of that Millennium BC
Many were eventually subjugated by Romans by 436BC. There was little Celtic influence probably due to the savage way communities were destroyed or pushed into Cornwall, Wales and Scottish borders. A few Romano Celts remained in the South – slaves or intermarried. The Roman armies and merchants left some Latin influence on the language, but they spoke a Vulgar Latin and not the more formalised language which brought a later influence.
Christian missionaries from Ireland and Rome brought more vocabulary. Hundreds of new words were introduced about the Church, theology, learning, biological and domestic words which still survive.
Old English words were given new Christian meanings. Latin endings were sometimes added to Old English words.
Into middle English, came many new words. Latin continued to have a major influence. French influence became increasingly evident in English manuscripts of 13th century. It has been estimated that some 10,000 French words came into English at that time., many previously borrowed from fore distanct sources But many other languages also supplied a sprinkling of new words at this time, though not all have survived. Some words came to English via another language, particularly French – the words used in chess are originally from the Persian language.
The effect of all this borrowing on the balance of words in the English lexicon was dramatic. In early Middle English over 90% of the words were of native English origin. By the end of the Middle English period, this had fallen to around 75%
Now over to you…..With so many words borrowed from other languages, I thought a quiz was in order. Can you guess, or do you know which language English borrowed these words from
Your turn. How many of these borrowings can you recognise. Can you name the original language?
English adds to is lexicon by joining separate words together to make a completely new concept or idea.
This is not a new idea, many Old English words were formed in the same way
New words are formed by linking two separate words, but another form is adding a non word to an existing one. As a sort of prefix or suffix. These sorts of words are more recent additions to the lexicon.
As are blended words
Words can be changed in their class, - Nouns to verbs, adjectives to nouns. In this way the vocabulary is increased.
Another form of changing word class, is to take a longer noun and make a shorter verb from it.
Making these shorter words has been labelled Back Formations in some of the books I read.
Squishing together two words, leaving bits out and making another word. Again a more recent trend
Then, of course we can add nonsense words to the lexicon. Words which have no real meaning and I suppose one of the most famous of these is>>>>
Another more recent word formation, mainly informal words, made by adding Y or O or S. They are quite often an abbreviated form of the original word. Some would say a sign of our every more rushed lives where we do not even have the time to say a complete word.
Another linguistic concept – two identical, or more commonly almost identical words strung together to make a new lexeme, with a new meaning. Possibly not to be used in more formal anguage.
And just because there was a whole chapter in a Linguistics book I used – I thought I would more formally mention the many additions to the English language using FIXES. I have already mentioned some of the ones that were borrowed from French (tion, trans etc.). Linguistic study likes FIXES. There are three kinds
Shall I do my impersonation of a teacher and ask you for examples of each of these prefixes?
And the third fix – An infix. The books state if is quite rare. The only wellknown one I could come up with was….…..here’s a clue
Not all fixes added to the language have survived to the modern age. Two examples of erstwhile common fixes are SHIP and WITH. Ship seems to have been replaced in most instances with NESS. WiTH has disappeared and the concepts given new words
Finally, I thought I would end with a little quiz. There are so many words which have disappeared from modern speech. Here are 10 I liked the sound of. Should we say hands up if you can guess, or know what these words mean and if we should start a campaign to bring them back.
These words wre coined by various authors. Many of the words came into being long before you would think
