The political model implemented in Brazil based on the 1988 Constitution are broke because, apart from being contaminated by the corruption that involves all powers of Republic, does not guarantee the governability of the country because the presidential system in force failed completely because it has been generator of political and institutional crises throughout its history and also in the contemporary era. In turn, representative democracy in Brazil manifests clear signs of exhaustion not only by corruption scandals in the powers of the Republic, but especially by failing to consider the effective popular participation in government decisions.

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THE URGENCY OF A NEW POLITICAL SYSTEM IN BRAZIL
Fernando Alcoforado *
The political model implemented in Brazil based on the 1988 Constitution are broke
because, apart from being contaminated by the corruption that involves all powers of
Republic, does not guarantee the governability of the country because the presidential
system in force failed completely because it has been generator of political and
institutional crises throughout its history and also in the contemporary era. In turn,
representative democracy in Brazil manifests clear signs of exhaustion not only by
corruption scandals in the powers of the Republic, but especially by failing to consider
the effective popular participation in government decisions.
Representative democracy in Brazil is also exhausting because what is promised in the
election campaign is, with rare exceptions, abandoned by the leaders of the executive
and the parliament after occupying their elected office as evidenced in the campaign of
Dilma Rousseff who is adopting as President of the Republic a policy economic
diametrically opposed to that advocated in election clashes. This situation must come to
an end with the institutionalization of social control of elected by the people that should
have tools to begin the process of forfeiture of mandates by the disengagement of the
promises of the election campaign by candidates.
Besides the failure of the political model, Brazil is faced with the corrupt and
incompetent government of Dilma Rousseff that, frail, no longer seems to have the
necessary conditions to govern Brazil, not only because it does not have the support of
the parliamentary majority in National Congress, but also because not have the support
of most of the nation that enabled her to win the last presidential elections. Dilma
Rousseff and the coalition forces that elected her lost the legitimacy to govern Brazil
because they haven´t credibility with the population due to electoral larceny used to win
elections, of their inability and incompetence in the country's management and the
systemic corruption that extends to all levels of government..
The failure of the political model of Brazil results from the presidential system in place
that has completely failed by not ensuring the political and institutional stability of the
country and being an obstacle to their economic and social development. In addition,
the country's political system is contaminated at the time for corruption and
representative democracy in Brazil manifests clear signs of depletion by reducing
political activity to mere electoral processes that periodically repeated in which the
people elect their representatives who, with few exceptions, after the elections come to
defend interests of economic groups in opposition to the interests of those who elected
them.
One fact is clear: Brazil, as an economic organization, political, administrative and
social is disintegrating. The signs of disintegration are evident in all parts of the
country. This situation just come to an end with the establishment of a new political
system in Brazil that includes the replacement of the presidential system by
parliamentary system, the institutionalization of social control over elected by the
people that should have instruments to initiate mandates impeachment proceedings
when there is non-compliance with election campaign promises by the candidates and
public participation in decisions of government by plebiscite and / or referendum.

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It should be noted that parliamentarism is characterized by having all government power
concentrated in Parliament, which is, in fact, the only power exercised by a prime
minister, and even in the event of the Prime Minister disagrees with the Parliament,
most Members can dissolve the government. Justice is not opposed to Parliament,
because in a pure parliamentary system, the Constitution is not rigid. If a law is deemed
unconstitutional, Parliament can amend the Constitution. In the United Kingdom, where
pure parliamentary system is practiced, there is not even a written constitution.
It should be noted that parliamentarism is characterized by the fact that government
power it concentrated in Parliament, which is, in fact, the only power exercised by a
prime minister, and even in the event of the Prime Minister disagrees with the
Parliament, most Members can dissolve the government. The main parliamentary
functions are performed in its entirety by a legislative house that can be called, for
example, the Chamber of Deputies, Parliament, House of Commons (UK) or National
Assembly (France). In general, there are very few pure parliamentary systems like those
that prevail in the monarchies (UK, Sweden, Netherlands, etc.). In Brazil, the forms of
parliamentary system always have been totally impure because during the monarchy, in
the parliamentary regime, the emperor had the "moderating power", which allowed him
to appoint prime ministers who did not hold support of the parliamentary majority.
The parliamentarism has the following characteristics: a) organic division of powers; b)
division of state management functions (King in Monarchies and President in
Republics) and of government (Prime Minister); c) interdependence between the
executive, whose office is headed by the Prime Minister, and legislature, especially
since the cabinet is the expression of the parliamentary majority; d) office under the
direction of a Prime Minister, who are assigned the duties of the head of government; e)
fall of the cabinet by a vote of no confidence of Parliament; f) dissolution of Parliament,
to call for general elections decided by the State leadership (King in Monarchies and
President in Republics). We must add, also, that in the parliamentary system the Central
Bank is autonomous, bureaucracy is professionalized and monetary and exchange rate
policy should be stable.
In turn, the presidentialism is characterized by the existence of three powers: the
executive, legislature and the judiciary, exercised respectively by the President, the
Parliament (in the case of Brazil, the National Congress) and the Supreme Court or
Court supreme. The whole conception of presidentialism is based on the harmony of
these three powers, and none can be imposed each other or try to overcome the other,
and to maintain this balance, there is a system of checks and balances by which power
controls the other and each depends on the others. In a presidential system, the
legislature may be exercised only by the House of Representatives (unicameral system)
or two houses, the House and Senate (bicameral system). In representative democracies,
the president exercises his mandate for defined term and assembles his Cabinet.
The presidential system has the following characteristics: a) the heads of government
and heads of state are concentrated in the hands of one person: the president; b) the
President is elected for a specific term, not responding ordinarily before the legislature;
c) the President has broad freedom to form his ministry; d) Parliament, equally, cannot
be dissolved by call for general elections by the Executive; e) it is only compatible with
the Republic, being feasible in a monarchy.
If there were in Brazil the parliamentary system, most likely, Dilma Rousseff and her
ministry would not continue in power because they do not rely on a parliamentary

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majority to govern. Faced with the widespread corruption scandals in the government,
incompetence in governance and loss of governance, Dilma Rousseff would not sustain
in power with her replacement or call for new parliamentary elections for the formation
of a new majority government. The parliamentary system is a guarantee of political
stability because those who exercise the government have a parliamentary majority. In
addition to replacing the current presidential system by parliamentarism, it must also
deploy a true representative democracy to ensure social control of elected officials and
public participation in decisions of government by plebiscite and / or referendum.
To ensure that the elected defend the interests of the people who elected them and to
account systematically of his mandate to his party and the electorate, political parties,
which now serve as mere electoral registries, and the electorate should have the power
to revoke the mandate of elected in the case of breach of the party program and its
electoral promises and bad behavior. Also, crucial decisions and fundamental to the
interests of the population should be taken directly by the people through plebiscite and
/ or referendum and not just by the executive or parliament. The new political system to
be implemented in Brazil should result from a new National Constituent Assembly
exclusive to reorder the nation's life.
*Fernando Alcoforado , member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011),
Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012) and
Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2015).