The document discusses and critiques the Christian concept of "The Original Sin". Some key points:
1. The concept of "The Original Sin" is the cornerstone of Christian beliefs like the divinity of Jesus, crucifixion, and salvation. It is important to study objectively due to its central role.
2. The concept suggests that when Adam disobeyed God, humanity became sinful and needed salvation through Jesus' crucifixion. However, this contradicts that God is all-powerful and just by punishing innocent people.
3. Prominent Christian scholars acknowledge that if the resurrection was untrue, the concept of the Original Sin and crucifixion
The document provides an introduction to analyzing the true message of Jesus Christ based on scriptural sources. It discusses the reliability of the Bible and Quran as sources of information about Jesus. It notes that little historical evidence about Jesus exists outside these religious texts. Regarding the Bible, it summarizes that many verses were added later and manuscripts disagree, bringing into question the authenticity of some attributed sayings of Jesus. The introduction aims to objectively understand Jesus' message by critically examining scriptural sources.
in his objective study of the texts, Maurice Bucaille clears away many preconceived ideas about the Old Testament, the Gospels and the Qur'an. He tries, in this collection of Writings, to separate what belongs to Revelation from what is the product of error or human interpretation. His study sheds new light on the Holy Scriptures. At the end of a gripping account, he places the Believer before a point of cardinal importance: the continuity of a Revelation emanating from the same God, with modes of expression that differ in the course of time. It leads us to meditate upon those factors which, in our day, should spiritually unite rather than divide-Jews, Christians and Muslims.
As a surgeon, Maurice Bucaille has often been in a situation where he was able to examine not only people's bodies, but their souls. This is how he was struck by the existence of Muslim piety and by aspects of Islam which remain unknown to the vast majority of non-Muslims. In his search for explanations which are otherwise difficult to obtain, he learnt Arabic and studied the Qur'an. In it, he was surprised to find statements on natural phenomena whose meaning can only be understood through modern scientific knowledge. He then turned to the question of the authenticity of the writings that constitute the Holy Scriptures of the monotheistic religions. Finally, in the case of the Bible, he proceeded to a confrontation between these writings and scientific data. The results of his research into the Judeo-Christian Revelation and the Qur'an are set out in this book.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the book "Ten Great Religions" by James Freeman Clarke. It outlines the objective of comparing the major world religions to understand their key characteristics, origins, truths and errors. Such comparative theology can furnish new evidence for Christianity by showing that it is adapted to all races, in contrast to ethnic religions that are partial. It also demonstrates that Christianity is progressively developing, while ethnic religions are arrested. The book aims to conduct this comparative analysis of Christianity and religions like Confucianism, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Scandinavian, Jewish and Islamic faiths.
1) The document discusses early Christian controversies and councils regarding the doctrines of salvation and the person of Christ. It describes the Pelagian, Semi-Pelagian, Apollinarian, Monophysite/Eutychian, and Nestorian positions.
2) The Council of Ephesus in 431 condemned Nestorianism and Pelagianism. It rejected that Christ had two natures as independent persons and affirmed he was fully God and fully man. However, debates over Christ's nature continued until the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
3) Augustine opposed Pelagianism, teaching that grace is necessary for salvation as humans cannot help but sin due to a fallen will and
"From God to us: The Biblical Canon" (by Intelligent Faith 315.com)godknt777
The document discusses how the canon of scripture was determined and discovered. It was determined by God, who inspired certain prophets to write scripture. The canon was discovered by looking for "fingerprints of God" in the writings. These fingerprints included being written by a prophet of God, being confirmed by acts of God, telling the truth about God, having the power of God, and being accepted by the people of God when it was written. The process of full recognition took centuries as the early church gradually investigated and accepted the books through councils like Hippo and Carthage.
Islam basic principles_and_characteristicsMohammad Ali
This document provides an overview of the key beliefs and principles of Islam according to Khurshid Ahmad of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth. It discusses:
1) Islam is the final revelation from God to guide humanity, following revelations to previous prophets like Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
2) The most fundamental Islamic concept is tawhid - the oneness and supremacy of God as the sole creator and sustainer of the universe.
3) Other core beliefs include prophethood, with Muhammad as the final prophet, and life after death with rewards and punishments determined by one's deeds.
4) Together, belief in God and Muhammad is summarized in the declaration of faith "There
Four key concepts from the Quran - Syed Abul Aala Maududi (New design) || Aus...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
This document discusses four key Quranic terms - Ilah, Rabb, Deen, and Ibadah. It explains that over time, misunderstandings have arisen around the meanings of these terms due to linguistic drift and declining interest in classical Arabic. As a result, people may think they understand the Quran's message but in practice commit shirk without realizing it by treating others as gods or ascribing divine attributes incorrectly. The document aims to clarify the original and precise meanings of these terms as used in the Quran.
This document provides an introduction to theology. It defines theology as the scientific study of God and explains that God is revealed through his actions and images. Theology seeks to understand God through faith. It distinguishes theology from philosophy by stating that theology provides answers while philosophy only raises questions. The document also contrasts theology and science, asserting that theology explains creation from nothing by God while science only describes the natural world. Finally, it outlines several ways God reveals himself, including through creation, personal covenants, and most fully through Jesus Christ.
The document provides an introduction to analyzing the true message of Jesus Christ based on scriptural sources. It discusses the reliability of the Bible and Quran as sources of information about Jesus. It notes that little historical evidence about Jesus exists outside these religious texts. Regarding the Bible, it summarizes that many verses were added later and manuscripts disagree, bringing into question the authenticity of some attributed sayings of Jesus. The introduction aims to objectively understand Jesus' message by critically examining scriptural sources.
in his objective study of the texts, Maurice Bucaille clears away many preconceived ideas about the Old Testament, the Gospels and the Qur'an. He tries, in this collection of Writings, to separate what belongs to Revelation from what is the product of error or human interpretation. His study sheds new light on the Holy Scriptures. At the end of a gripping account, he places the Believer before a point of cardinal importance: the continuity of a Revelation emanating from the same God, with modes of expression that differ in the course of time. It leads us to meditate upon those factors which, in our day, should spiritually unite rather than divide-Jews, Christians and Muslims.
As a surgeon, Maurice Bucaille has often been in a situation where he was able to examine not only people's bodies, but their souls. This is how he was struck by the existence of Muslim piety and by aspects of Islam which remain unknown to the vast majority of non-Muslims. In his search for explanations which are otherwise difficult to obtain, he learnt Arabic and studied the Qur'an. In it, he was surprised to find statements on natural phenomena whose meaning can only be understood through modern scientific knowledge. He then turned to the question of the authenticity of the writings that constitute the Holy Scriptures of the monotheistic religions. Finally, in the case of the Bible, he proceeded to a confrontation between these writings and scientific data. The results of his research into the Judeo-Christian Revelation and the Qur'an are set out in this book.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the book "Ten Great Religions" by James Freeman Clarke. It outlines the objective of comparing the major world religions to understand their key characteristics, origins, truths and errors. Such comparative theology can furnish new evidence for Christianity by showing that it is adapted to all races, in contrast to ethnic religions that are partial. It also demonstrates that Christianity is progressively developing, while ethnic religions are arrested. The book aims to conduct this comparative analysis of Christianity and religions like Confucianism, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Scandinavian, Jewish and Islamic faiths.
1) The document discusses early Christian controversies and councils regarding the doctrines of salvation and the person of Christ. It describes the Pelagian, Semi-Pelagian, Apollinarian, Monophysite/Eutychian, and Nestorian positions.
2) The Council of Ephesus in 431 condemned Nestorianism and Pelagianism. It rejected that Christ had two natures as independent persons and affirmed he was fully God and fully man. However, debates over Christ's nature continued until the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
3) Augustine opposed Pelagianism, teaching that grace is necessary for salvation as humans cannot help but sin due to a fallen will and
"From God to us: The Biblical Canon" (by Intelligent Faith 315.com)godknt777
The document discusses how the canon of scripture was determined and discovered. It was determined by God, who inspired certain prophets to write scripture. The canon was discovered by looking for "fingerprints of God" in the writings. These fingerprints included being written by a prophet of God, being confirmed by acts of God, telling the truth about God, having the power of God, and being accepted by the people of God when it was written. The process of full recognition took centuries as the early church gradually investigated and accepted the books through councils like Hippo and Carthage.
Islam basic principles_and_characteristicsMohammad Ali
This document provides an overview of the key beliefs and principles of Islam according to Khurshid Ahmad of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth. It discusses:
1) Islam is the final revelation from God to guide humanity, following revelations to previous prophets like Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
2) The most fundamental Islamic concept is tawhid - the oneness and supremacy of God as the sole creator and sustainer of the universe.
3) Other core beliefs include prophethood, with Muhammad as the final prophet, and life after death with rewards and punishments determined by one's deeds.
4) Together, belief in God and Muhammad is summarized in the declaration of faith "There
Four key concepts from the Quran - Syed Abul Aala Maududi (New design) || Aus...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
This document discusses four key Quranic terms - Ilah, Rabb, Deen, and Ibadah. It explains that over time, misunderstandings have arisen around the meanings of these terms due to linguistic drift and declining interest in classical Arabic. As a result, people may think they understand the Quran's message but in practice commit shirk without realizing it by treating others as gods or ascribing divine attributes incorrectly. The document aims to clarify the original and precise meanings of these terms as used in the Quran.
This document provides an introduction to theology. It defines theology as the scientific study of God and explains that God is revealed through his actions and images. Theology seeks to understand God through faith. It distinguishes theology from philosophy by stating that theology provides answers while philosophy only raises questions. The document also contrasts theology and science, asserting that theology explains creation from nothing by God while science only describes the natural world. Finally, it outlines several ways God reveals himself, including through creation, personal covenants, and most fully through Jesus Christ.
One of the first PowerPoints that I made when teaching theology. It is crazy. It has animations, links to further slides, and terrible graphics. But it is fun share and does give an accurate view of the history of Christianity. (Although the animations and links don't work in this slideshare.)
This document discusses the views of early Christian figures known as the Church Fathers on the inspiration and authority of the Bible. It outlines that the Apostolic and Sub-Apostolic Fathers from around 70-150 AD viewed the New Testament writings as Scripture. It then examines views from the Ante-Nicene and Nicene Fathers from 150-350 AD, as well as the Great Medieval Church Teachers from 350-1350 AD, finding that they overwhelmingly affirmed the divine inspiration of both the Old and New Testaments and regarded them as the authoritative word of God.
Psychology is one of the most intriguing scientific disciplines as humans are inherently curious about their own nature. Ironically, there are a multitude of theories and explanations that mislead and confuse the very same creatures that they are meant to describe. Allah has blessed us with guidance in all facets of our lives, including that of our own souls and psyches. Islam offers an uncomplicated, comprehensive, and precise theory of our spiritual nature, our purpose and priorities in life, and how we can attain serenity and happiness in this life and the next.
This book is a humble effort to expound upon the true conceptualization of human psychology based upon the Qur’an and Sunnah. Moreover, Dr. Utz includes specific references to scientific research that corresponds to, and builds upon, what is already known from revelation.
Analyzing the Books of the Bible (Effective Bible Study)roberthatfield
This document outlines lessons on effective Bible study, with Lesson 5 focusing on analyzing the books of the Bible. It provides guidelines for analyzing books by considering the author, time period, intended audience, major sections, and theme. It then analyzes several books as examples, dividing them into broad sections and providing more detailed breakdowns within sections. The final section assigns students to familiarize themselves with Bible time periods and analyze the book of Mark.
The document provides an overview of how various early church fathers and reformers approached and used scripture. It discusses their views on sola scriptura and the relationship between scripture and tradition. Specific examples are given of Origen, Irenaeus, Cyprian, and Basil and how each used and viewed scripture. Origen accepted local traditions and the succession of apostolic tradition within churches. Irenaeus taught the succession of apostolic tradition as a hermeneutical tool. Cyprian used scripture to correct Rome at times. Basil viewed both scripture and tradition passed down from the apostles as of equal force. The document suggests most early church fathers did not take a strict sola script
This document contains questions from several quizzes related to a theology course. It includes questions about systematic theology, biblical inspiration and authority, the image of God, soteriology, ecclesiology, and spiritual disciplines like prayer and evangelism. The questions cover key theological concepts and assess understanding of the course readings and lectures.
This document is a research paper submitted by Zuhong Wu to Professor Raymond Aldred for a graduate course on Christianity and Culture at the Canadian Theological Seminary. The paper aims to develop a systematic theology of Chinese culture by analyzing Chinese mythology and relating theological themes found therein to Confucianism and Taoism. The summary analyzes the paper's methodology and key insights drawn from its examination of Chinese creation myths involving Pangu and Nuwa, as well as the fall and restoration of the universe. Confucian concepts of the gentleman and the virtue of ren are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses four key Quranic terms: Ilah, Rabb, Ibadah, and Deen. It provides dictionary definitions for each term from Arabic lexicons to explain their original meanings. Ilah means an object of worship that one turns to for refuge, protection, and fulfillment of needs due to its superior power and ability to influence events in mysterious ways. Rabb refers to one who nourishes and provides for others. Ibadah means worship or adoration offered to the object of worship. Deen refers to one's way of life or system of beliefs and practices. The Quran stresses that Allah alone meets the definitions of these terms and deserves exclusive worship, obedience, and allegiance from mankind.
This document discusses Islam and how to respond to Muslim claims and challenges. It provides an overview of key Islamic beliefs and practices such as the five pillars. It then addresses common Muslim objections such as claims that the Bible has been corrupted by responding that ancient Bible manuscripts from before Muhammad match modern texts. The document also challenges the idea that the Quran has been perfectly preserved by detailing how Caliph Uthman ordered conflicting Quran versions to be burned. It provides arguments that some parts of the Quran contradict others or contradict what it confirms in the Bible. Finally, it gives a handout on alleged problems in the Quran related to inimitability, contradictions, errors and manuscript issues.
This document discusses different perspectives on the exclusivity of Christianity and the role of Christ in relation to other religions. It summarizes the views of Hendrik Kraemer who argued that Christianity should be critically judged only in light of Christ. It also discusses critiques of Kraemer for neglecting the dynamic nature of religions. The document presents inclusive perspectives, including views that God's grace operates in all religions, that Christ is the Logos who was active before and outside Christianity, and that Christ cannot be exclusively claimed and may be present in other religions without being identified as Christ. It emphasizes recognizing God's presence in other faiths without imposing Christ as their center, while still centering Christ in Christian faith.
The document discusses the views of early church fathers on the relationship between Scripture and tradition. It provides examples from figures like Origen, Irenaeus, Cyprian, Basil, and Augustine who affirmed roles for both Scripture and tradition/the church. They viewed Scripture as central but not alone, and saw tradition/interpretation from the church as valuable. The document also discusses the process by which the biblical canon was formed, noting it was a gradual historical process not defined until later councils. This raises questions about whether the canon is a fallible list of infallible books for those who hold scripture alone as the highest authority.
This document discusses the role of mission in theological education. It makes three key points:
1. Mission has historically been the driving force behind the establishment of many theological institutions, as missionaries founded schools with an ecumenical vision. Contextual discussions in theology also stem from missionary experiences around the world.
2. Missiological studies are important for theological education to remain relevant and avoid becoming stagnant, as missiology guides movements to borders and risks while education focuses on tradition. Incorporating missiology ensures theology addresses contemporary contexts.
3. For theological institutions, missiological formation is the core of ministerial training. Without a strong focus on mission, schools risk becoming dead or dying. Missiology sustains
This document discusses concepts of God in various religions based on their scriptures. It begins by discussing Hindu scriptures like the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Vedas which contain references to believing in one supreme God without form or likeness. It then compares these passages to verses in the Quran describing God. The document suggests both Hindu scriptures and the Quran point to a singular, formless divine authority. It also briefly defines Sikhism and notes it originated as a branch of Hinduism.
This document discusses different views of how Jesus could be both fully God and fully human. It describes the Alexandrian and Antiochene views debated in the early church. The Council of Chalcedon affirmed Jesus had two complete natures, human and divine, in one person. Later debates discussed whether Jesus's divine attributes were limited or communicated to his humanity. The document proposes a model where the Logos was Jesus's rational soul and divine aspects were subliminal during his earthly life. It aims to show the Incarnation doctrine can be coherent.
Understanding the Bible Intro - Session 1techhelper
This document provides an overview of a Sunday study session on studying the Bible. It will cover what the Bible is, why it should be studied, how to study it, and the basic content and structure of the Bible. The study session will use an inductive study method over 10 weeks to examine the Bible book by book, starting with the book of Romans. Key information covered includes that the Bible contains 66 books written by over 40 authors over 1600 years, with the Old Testament originally in Hebrew and Aramaic and the New Testament in Greek.
God created Adam and Eve to live happily with Him in the Garden of Eden. However, they disobeyed God and ate the forbidden fruit, committing the original sin. As a result, they lost sanctifying grace and were banished from the garden. All humans are now born with original sin and a tendency to sin. However, God promised to send a savior to restore grace. Jesus won back grace on the cross. The Holy Spirit now distributes grace to those who believe.
This document provides an overview of the structure and books included in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and Christian Bible (New Testament). It notes that the Hebrew Bible is composed of 39 books divided into sections including History Books, Prophetic Books, Lyric Poetry, Drama, and Wisdom Literature. The New Testament is composed of 27 books divided into the Gospels, which provide biographies of Jesus, and Church History including epistles and Acts of the Apostles. The Apocrypha contained between the Old and New Testaments includes 14 additional books categorized as History, Tales, and Wisdom Literature.
This document provides an overview of Israel including its government, population, cities, languages, religions, holidays, and cultural aspects such as cuisine, dress, and literature. Some key points:
- Israel has a parliamentary democracy system of government led by a Prime Minister. The population is mostly Jewish with Arab and other minority groups.
- Hebrew and Arabic are the official languages though many also speak English. The culture incorporates Jewish, Arab, and other influences in its food, clothing, and traditions.
- Major religions are Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Religious sites include those of significance to Jews, Muslims, and Christians from the Old and New Testaments.
- Israeli authors and literature have
The document summarizes the history and development of Hebrew literature. It begins with ancient Hebrew literature consisting mainly of the Hebrew Bible. Over time, Hebrew literature expanded and evolved with the Mishnah and Talmud being compiled to interpret biblical law. During the Middle Ages, Hebrew literature flourished and diversified into new areas. The Haskalah movement in the late 1700s exposed Jews to Western culture and ideas. With the establishment of Israel in 1948, modern Israeli literature emerged centered around themes of national identity.
Israel is located in the Middle East along the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. Its maritime plain is fertile while much of the southern Negev region is desert. The Jordan River flows through several bodies of water before emptying into the Dead Sea, the lowest elevation on land. According to the Hebrew Bible, the name "Israel" was given to the patriarch Jacob after he wrestled with an angel. His twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites. Israel has a parliamentary democracy government with Benjamin Netanyahu currently serving as prime minister. The area has a long history involving many rulers and civilizations over thousands of years.
This document provides an analysis of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It discusses Milton's life and works, the major themes in Paradise Lost including disobedience and God's justification to man. It describes the main characters of God, Satan, Adam, and Eve. It also analyzes Milton's grand style of writing, including his use of allusions and vocabulary as well as sentence construction and extended similes. The document was prepared by a student for a class on Renaissance literature.
One of the first PowerPoints that I made when teaching theology. It is crazy. It has animations, links to further slides, and terrible graphics. But it is fun share and does give an accurate view of the history of Christianity. (Although the animations and links don't work in this slideshare.)
This document discusses the views of early Christian figures known as the Church Fathers on the inspiration and authority of the Bible. It outlines that the Apostolic and Sub-Apostolic Fathers from around 70-150 AD viewed the New Testament writings as Scripture. It then examines views from the Ante-Nicene and Nicene Fathers from 150-350 AD, as well as the Great Medieval Church Teachers from 350-1350 AD, finding that they overwhelmingly affirmed the divine inspiration of both the Old and New Testaments and regarded them as the authoritative word of God.
Psychology is one of the most intriguing scientific disciplines as humans are inherently curious about their own nature. Ironically, there are a multitude of theories and explanations that mislead and confuse the very same creatures that they are meant to describe. Allah has blessed us with guidance in all facets of our lives, including that of our own souls and psyches. Islam offers an uncomplicated, comprehensive, and precise theory of our spiritual nature, our purpose and priorities in life, and how we can attain serenity and happiness in this life and the next.
This book is a humble effort to expound upon the true conceptualization of human psychology based upon the Qur’an and Sunnah. Moreover, Dr. Utz includes specific references to scientific research that corresponds to, and builds upon, what is already known from revelation.
Analyzing the Books of the Bible (Effective Bible Study)roberthatfield
This document outlines lessons on effective Bible study, with Lesson 5 focusing on analyzing the books of the Bible. It provides guidelines for analyzing books by considering the author, time period, intended audience, major sections, and theme. It then analyzes several books as examples, dividing them into broad sections and providing more detailed breakdowns within sections. The final section assigns students to familiarize themselves with Bible time periods and analyze the book of Mark.
The document provides an overview of how various early church fathers and reformers approached and used scripture. It discusses their views on sola scriptura and the relationship between scripture and tradition. Specific examples are given of Origen, Irenaeus, Cyprian, and Basil and how each used and viewed scripture. Origen accepted local traditions and the succession of apostolic tradition within churches. Irenaeus taught the succession of apostolic tradition as a hermeneutical tool. Cyprian used scripture to correct Rome at times. Basil viewed both scripture and tradition passed down from the apostles as of equal force. The document suggests most early church fathers did not take a strict sola script
This document contains questions from several quizzes related to a theology course. It includes questions about systematic theology, biblical inspiration and authority, the image of God, soteriology, ecclesiology, and spiritual disciplines like prayer and evangelism. The questions cover key theological concepts and assess understanding of the course readings and lectures.
This document is a research paper submitted by Zuhong Wu to Professor Raymond Aldred for a graduate course on Christianity and Culture at the Canadian Theological Seminary. The paper aims to develop a systematic theology of Chinese culture by analyzing Chinese mythology and relating theological themes found therein to Confucianism and Taoism. The summary analyzes the paper's methodology and key insights drawn from its examination of Chinese creation myths involving Pangu and Nuwa, as well as the fall and restoration of the universe. Confucian concepts of the gentleman and the virtue of ren are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses four key Quranic terms: Ilah, Rabb, Ibadah, and Deen. It provides dictionary definitions for each term from Arabic lexicons to explain their original meanings. Ilah means an object of worship that one turns to for refuge, protection, and fulfillment of needs due to its superior power and ability to influence events in mysterious ways. Rabb refers to one who nourishes and provides for others. Ibadah means worship or adoration offered to the object of worship. Deen refers to one's way of life or system of beliefs and practices. The Quran stresses that Allah alone meets the definitions of these terms and deserves exclusive worship, obedience, and allegiance from mankind.
This document discusses Islam and how to respond to Muslim claims and challenges. It provides an overview of key Islamic beliefs and practices such as the five pillars. It then addresses common Muslim objections such as claims that the Bible has been corrupted by responding that ancient Bible manuscripts from before Muhammad match modern texts. The document also challenges the idea that the Quran has been perfectly preserved by detailing how Caliph Uthman ordered conflicting Quran versions to be burned. It provides arguments that some parts of the Quran contradict others or contradict what it confirms in the Bible. Finally, it gives a handout on alleged problems in the Quran related to inimitability, contradictions, errors and manuscript issues.
This document discusses different perspectives on the exclusivity of Christianity and the role of Christ in relation to other religions. It summarizes the views of Hendrik Kraemer who argued that Christianity should be critically judged only in light of Christ. It also discusses critiques of Kraemer for neglecting the dynamic nature of religions. The document presents inclusive perspectives, including views that God's grace operates in all religions, that Christ is the Logos who was active before and outside Christianity, and that Christ cannot be exclusively claimed and may be present in other religions without being identified as Christ. It emphasizes recognizing God's presence in other faiths without imposing Christ as their center, while still centering Christ in Christian faith.
The document discusses the views of early church fathers on the relationship between Scripture and tradition. It provides examples from figures like Origen, Irenaeus, Cyprian, Basil, and Augustine who affirmed roles for both Scripture and tradition/the church. They viewed Scripture as central but not alone, and saw tradition/interpretation from the church as valuable. The document also discusses the process by which the biblical canon was formed, noting it was a gradual historical process not defined until later councils. This raises questions about whether the canon is a fallible list of infallible books for those who hold scripture alone as the highest authority.
This document discusses the role of mission in theological education. It makes three key points:
1. Mission has historically been the driving force behind the establishment of many theological institutions, as missionaries founded schools with an ecumenical vision. Contextual discussions in theology also stem from missionary experiences around the world.
2. Missiological studies are important for theological education to remain relevant and avoid becoming stagnant, as missiology guides movements to borders and risks while education focuses on tradition. Incorporating missiology ensures theology addresses contemporary contexts.
3. For theological institutions, missiological formation is the core of ministerial training. Without a strong focus on mission, schools risk becoming dead or dying. Missiology sustains
This document discusses concepts of God in various religions based on their scriptures. It begins by discussing Hindu scriptures like the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Vedas which contain references to believing in one supreme God without form or likeness. It then compares these passages to verses in the Quran describing God. The document suggests both Hindu scriptures and the Quran point to a singular, formless divine authority. It also briefly defines Sikhism and notes it originated as a branch of Hinduism.
This document discusses different views of how Jesus could be both fully God and fully human. It describes the Alexandrian and Antiochene views debated in the early church. The Council of Chalcedon affirmed Jesus had two complete natures, human and divine, in one person. Later debates discussed whether Jesus's divine attributes were limited or communicated to his humanity. The document proposes a model where the Logos was Jesus's rational soul and divine aspects were subliminal during his earthly life. It aims to show the Incarnation doctrine can be coherent.
Understanding the Bible Intro - Session 1techhelper
This document provides an overview of a Sunday study session on studying the Bible. It will cover what the Bible is, why it should be studied, how to study it, and the basic content and structure of the Bible. The study session will use an inductive study method over 10 weeks to examine the Bible book by book, starting with the book of Romans. Key information covered includes that the Bible contains 66 books written by over 40 authors over 1600 years, with the Old Testament originally in Hebrew and Aramaic and the New Testament in Greek.
God created Adam and Eve to live happily with Him in the Garden of Eden. However, they disobeyed God and ate the forbidden fruit, committing the original sin. As a result, they lost sanctifying grace and were banished from the garden. All humans are now born with original sin and a tendency to sin. However, God promised to send a savior to restore grace. Jesus won back grace on the cross. The Holy Spirit now distributes grace to those who believe.
This document provides an overview of the structure and books included in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and Christian Bible (New Testament). It notes that the Hebrew Bible is composed of 39 books divided into sections including History Books, Prophetic Books, Lyric Poetry, Drama, and Wisdom Literature. The New Testament is composed of 27 books divided into the Gospels, which provide biographies of Jesus, and Church History including epistles and Acts of the Apostles. The Apocrypha contained between the Old and New Testaments includes 14 additional books categorized as History, Tales, and Wisdom Literature.
This document provides an overview of Israel including its government, population, cities, languages, religions, holidays, and cultural aspects such as cuisine, dress, and literature. Some key points:
- Israel has a parliamentary democracy system of government led by a Prime Minister. The population is mostly Jewish with Arab and other minority groups.
- Hebrew and Arabic are the official languages though many also speak English. The culture incorporates Jewish, Arab, and other influences in its food, clothing, and traditions.
- Major religions are Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Religious sites include those of significance to Jews, Muslims, and Christians from the Old and New Testaments.
- Israeli authors and literature have
The document summarizes the history and development of Hebrew literature. It begins with ancient Hebrew literature consisting mainly of the Hebrew Bible. Over time, Hebrew literature expanded and evolved with the Mishnah and Talmud being compiled to interpret biblical law. During the Middle Ages, Hebrew literature flourished and diversified into new areas. The Haskalah movement in the late 1700s exposed Jews to Western culture and ideas. With the establishment of Israel in 1948, modern Israeli literature emerged centered around themes of national identity.
Israel is located in the Middle East along the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. Its maritime plain is fertile while much of the southern Negev region is desert. The Jordan River flows through several bodies of water before emptying into the Dead Sea, the lowest elevation on land. According to the Hebrew Bible, the name "Israel" was given to the patriarch Jacob after he wrestled with an angel. His twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites. Israel has a parliamentary democracy government with Benjamin Netanyahu currently serving as prime minister. The area has a long history involving many rulers and civilizations over thousands of years.
This document provides an analysis of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It discusses Milton's life and works, the major themes in Paradise Lost including disobedience and God's justification to man. It describes the main characters of God, Satan, Adam, and Eve. It also analyzes Milton's grand style of writing, including his use of allusions and vocabulary as well as sentence construction and extended similes. The document was prepared by a student for a class on Renaissance literature.
John Milton wrote the epic poem Paradise Lost in blank verse. The poem tells the Biblical story of Adam and Eve and the fall of man. It describes Satan convincing Eve to eat the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, leading to their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. The poem was first published in 1667 with 10 books, and a second edition in 1674 expanded it to 12 books. It increased Milton's fame and reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.
This document discusses and analyzes the concept of "Original Sin" in Christianity from an Islamic perspective. It begins by explaining the importance of objectively studying religious beliefs, especially those exported between nations. It notes that "Original Sin" forms the cornerstone of key Christian beliefs like the divinity of Jesus and salvation through crucifixion. The document then examines arguments for and against the concept by reviewing perspectives from Christian scholars and the Bible. Finally, it raises issues with the idea that God would punish all of humanity for one person's sin or hold them responsible for their ancestor's actions, which contradicts Islamic principles of individual accountability.
This document discusses the importance of studying the concept of "Original Sin" in Christianity. It states that the concept of Original Sin is the cornerstone upon which other Christian beliefs like the divinity of Jesus, crucifixion, and salvation are built. The author aims to study Original Sin through logical analysis and by examining evidence from the Bible. Studying this concept will help understand pressing issues in relations between Islam and Christianity. The author seeks to have readers thoughtfully analyze and decide for themselves about the validity of Original Sin in Christianity.
This document discusses the reliability of scriptures as sources of information about Jesus Christ. It notes that there is little historical evidence about Jesus outside of religious texts. It examines the authenticity of manuscripts of the Bible and Quran. It notes that the Bible contains inconsistencies and passages added later by scribes. Multiple versions of the English Bible translated the texts differently based on the manuscripts available. The document aims to objectively analyze scriptures to understand Jesus' true message.
This document summarizes a book that examines the true message of Jesus Christ based on scriptural sources. It begins by stating that understanding Jesus' message requires understanding who he was, and vice versa. It then evaluates the reliability of the biblical sources, noting that much of the material is of doubtful authenticity based on the findings of modern scholars and theologians. Many words attributed to Jesus in the Gospels are believed to have been added later. The document advocates examining the sources objectively and rationally to determine the truth about Jesus' message.
The document discusses analyzing the true message of Jesus Christ based on scriptural sources like the Bible and Quran. It notes that there is little historical evidence about Jesus outside these religious texts. The summary examines the reliability and authenticity of the scriptures:
1) Scholars have found many parts of the Bible could not be reliably attributed to the original authors due to errors and changes during copying over centuries. Most of Jesus' direct quotes in the Gospels may not be authentic.
2) There are over 5,000 manuscripts of the New Testament with no two agreeing on all details. Intentional changes were made over time affecting the original text.
3) No single manuscript contains the completely original and un
This document provides an overview of the scriptures related to Jesus Christ and analyzes their validity and reliability. It notes that there is little historical evidence about Jesus outside of religious texts. It examines manuscripts of the Bible and finds that over 80% of the words attributed to Jesus may have been added later. The Quran is presented as an authentic scripture but the Bible faces questions about deliberate changes and variations between manuscripts. The document aims to determine the true message of Jesus by objectively analyzing scriptural sources.
This publication, “Is the TRINITY DOCTRINE Divinely Inspired?”, should serve as food for thought to every right minded person and the followers of Modern Christianity. The concept of the Trinity has baffled every Christian denomination. Although Mr. M. A. C. Cave was a Christian who believed in the Trinity before, when he carried-out his research into the origin of this doctrine, he discovered to his utter amazement that it was a later development conceived and engineered by various Christian writers and thinkers. Mr. M. A. C. Cave builds up evidence that the Trinity is nothing but a man- made doctrine that falls short of being a revelation from God. Subsequently, this tailor-made doctrine lost its angularity on account of built-in contradictions and proved thorny on the side of Christian hierarchy in general and the clergy in particular who are trying to prop it up. It is unacceptable on the part of the right thinking person to hold to this dogma inspite of all its flaws. Man being rational, he should be more critical of issues of spiritual aspect which are vital to his life. He should attempt to peep into others religious scriptures around for a convincing truth. And, he should not let himself be a victim of complacency and blindfaith as in the past.
Confucianism sees God as the Emperor, the Son of Heaven, who charges people through superiors and rulers to apply principles of conduct and morality rather than specific religious doctrines. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was a private man in China from 551-479 BC who taught the sons of gentlemen. He relied on "Divine Sages" from the past and had around 20 disciples, with Master Tseng being the most important one recorded in Confucius' works.
This document provides an introduction to Judaism and discusses key religious texts in Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. It notes debates around the preservation of texts like the Torah, Bible, and Quran over time. The document argues that the Quran is the only religious text that has been perfectly preserved in its original language based on early efforts to standardized the text and traditions of memorization. It acknowledges that the Torah was originally a divine revelation but suggests that over time followers of earlier scriptures altered God's word. The document cites research showing the Torah and Bible have been subject to forgery and changes contrary to Jewish beliefs about preservation.
The place of the bible in education- A.T. jonesAntonio Bernard
This document discusses the place of the Bible in education from a Christian perspective. It argues that Christian education should be based solely on the Bible, as it contains all the wisdom and knowledge needed to educate people in a holistic way. It contrasts Christian education with the world's education systems at the time, which were centered in Corinth and Ephesus. While the world's education led people not to know God, Christian education as established by Paul in these cities was based on preaching and teaching from the Bible alone. The document advocates for establishing Christian schools that use the Bible as the primary textbook.
Introduction to World Religions: Judaism.
Click on the link below for a Power Point presentation by R. D. Baker (Phoenix,
AZ) and Ryan Cartwright (Edmonton, Alberta). This is a general introduction
to a course on world religions, followed by the body of the class, which is
on the background of Judaism.
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The Word of God: Revelation
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Creed booklet power point presentationThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton5.8K views•48 slides ... 02 god and revelationchucho1943654 views•26 slides.
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Special revelation - God's disclosure of Himself or truths concerning Himself through special acts, such as the incarnation and Scripture, which is available to ...
Divine Revelation
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Divine Revelation Revelation We are made to KNOW, Love, and Serve God. We can KNOW God only ... Church History Powerpointsandjfulks166K views•223 slides.
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The Revelation of God PowerPoint Presentation
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Apr 5, 2019 — The Revelation of God. Lesson 2. Lesson Text—Exodus 3:7-8. Exodus 3:7-8 7 And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of my people ...
Session 2 – Divine Revelation (PPT)
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Feb 22, 2021 — The Gift of Understanding helps us to understand who we are and who God is. Opening Prayer. Lord Jesus, bless us as we gather together as young ...
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Divine Revelation God chose to reveal Himself and make known the mystery of His ... Show the You Tube clip from Finding Nemo at the hyper link on the slide.
GOD' REVELATION TO MAN - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Seventh-Day Adventist) the testimony of Jesus is simply a part of the word of God ... and priests to His God and Father, to Him be glory and dominion ...
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Strengths: This view
This document provides context for the book "Let the Bible Speak" by Ali Muhsin. It discusses why the Dammam Islamic Dawah and Guidance Center decided to reprint the book after noticing issues with the original copy. It describes corrections made such as adding missing references and fixing misspellings. The author acknowledges those who helped with the project and influenced his study of Christianity and the Bible. The preface explains the goal is to enlighten both Christians and Muslims about each other's faiths in hopes of fostering unity.
CHRIST AND CULTURE To Reinie CHRIST AND CULTURE VinaOconner450
CHRIST AND CULTURE
To Reinie
CHRIST AND CULTURE
Copyright, 1 95 1 , by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporate.ct,
Printed in the United States of America
All rights in this book are reserved.
No part of the book may be used or reproduced
in any manner whatsoever without written per
mission except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical articles and reviews. For
information address:
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. ,
10 East 53rd Street, New York, N. Y. 10022.
First HARPER TORCHBOOK edition published 1956
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
]. The Enduring Problem
I. THE PROBLEM
II. TOW ARD A DEFINITION OF CHRIST
III. TOWARD THE DEFINITION OF CULTURE
IV. THE TYPICAL ANSWERS
2. Cbrist Against Culture
I. THE NE'V PEOPLE AND
"
THE WORLD
"
II. TOLSTOY
'
S REJECTION OF CULTURE
III. A NECESSARY AND INADEQUATE POSITION
IV. THEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
3. Tbe Cbrist of Culture
ix
xi
1
11
29
39
I. ACCOMMODATION TO CULTURE IN GNOSTICISM AND ABELARD 83
II.
"
CULTURE-PROTESTANTISM
"
AND A. RITSCHL 91
III. IN DEFENSE OF CULTURAL FAITH I 0 I
IV. THEOLOGICAL OBJECTIONS 108
4. Christ Above Culture
I. THE CHURCH OF THE CENTER
II. THE SYNTHESIS OF CHRIST AND CULTURE
III. SYNTHESIS IN QUESTION
5. Christ and Culture in Paradox
I. THE THEOLOGY OF THE DUALISTS
II. THE DUALISTIC MOTIF IN PAUL AND MARCION
n1. DUALISM IN LUTHER AND MODERN TIMES
lV. THE VIRTUES AND VICES OF DUAI.ISM
vii
116
120
141
viii CONTENTS
6. Christ the Transformer of Culture
I. THEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS
II. THE CONVERSION MOTIF IN THE FOURTH GOSPEL
III. AUGUSTINE AND THE CONVERSION OF CULTURE
IV. THE VIEWS OF F. D. MAURICE
7. A "Concluding Unscientific Postscript"
I. CONCLUSION IN DECISION
II. THE RELATIVISM OF FAITH
III. SOCIAL EXISTENTIALISM
IV. FREEDOM IN DEPENDENCE
Index
230
234
24 1
249
257
FOREWORD
The present volume makes available in print and in expanded
form the series of lectures which Professor H. Richard Niebuhr
gave at Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary in January, 1 949,
on the Alumni Foundation. This lectureship was inaugurated in
1 945. Since that time the Seminary has had the privilege of present
ing to its students and alumni at the time of the midwinter convoca
tions the reflections of leading Christian thinkers on important
issues and, in part, of stimulating the publication of these refl.ec�
tions for the benefit of a wider audience.
The men and their subjects have been:
1945-Ernest Trice Thompson, Christian Bases of World Order
1946-Josef Lukl Hromadka, The Church at the Crossroads
1947-Paul Scherer, The Plight of Freedom
1948-D. Elton Trueblood, Alternative to Futility
194g-H. Richard Niebuhr, Christ and Culture
1950--Paul Minear, The Kingdom and the Power
1951 -G. Ernest Wright, God Who Acts
Dr. Niebuhr makes a distinguished contribution in this dear and
incisive study in Christian Ethics.
Austin Presbyterian Theological ...
Antone silvia final project - hu201-02-originalAntone Silvia
This document contains the final project submission for an Associates Degree class on Voices of Western Culture. It includes 14 sections summarizing readings and artworks discussed in the class. These range from analyses of texts from the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible to discussions of classical Greek and Roman sculptures and Renaissance artworks. The submission reflects on the growth in the author's critical thinking and writing skills over the course of the class.
The document discusses several key aspects of Islamic faith. It explains that Islam liberates the human mind and trains followers to search for truth with open minds. It also notes that sound belief in one God and the afterlife guides people to make righteous choices. The document outlines some of the fundamental beliefs of Islam, including belief in God, angels, scriptures, prophets, the last day, and divine destiny. It emphasizes that pure human nature leads to the recognition of one God and that signs of creation awaken even young children to God's existence.
Man has a natural inclination towards monotheism and recognizing the Creator. Even as children, we question who created the heavens, earth, sun, moon, stars and ourselves. This innate questioning indicates that human nature awakens to Allah's existence from a very young age, recognizing Him as the Creator of the vast and intricately designed universe.
1) Belief in Allah is the most fundamental aspect of Islamic faith.
2) Human nature intuitively recognizes Allah's existence through observing the wonders and design in the universe from a young age.
3) A child's endless questions about the world around them indicate their innate recognition of a Creator for phenomena like the sky, sun, stars, earth, and living things.
This document provides a summary of the key articles of faith in Islam according to the Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah doctrine. It discusses belief in Allah, the angels, the scriptures, the messengers including Jesus, the last day, and predestination. The author compiled the articles in simple language for Muslims to learn the basic tenets of their faith. He notes that further details can be found in authentic Islamic references and from scholars of sound doctrine. The document is part of a series called "The Muslim's Mini Library" which aims to provide foundational knowledge about Islamic creed, worship and manners.
This document provides a summary of the key articles of faith in Islam according to the Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah doctrine. It discusses belief in Allah as the one true God, the angels, the holy books, the prophets including Jesus, the last day of judgement, and destiny. The author compiled the articles in simple language for Muslims to learn the basic tenets of their faith. He notes that further details can be found in authentic Islamic references and from religious scholars well-versed in Islamic theology. The document is part of a series called "The Muslim's Mini Library" which aims to educate Muslims about their creed, worship practices and manners.
The document discusses a list of items numbered from 1 to 133. For each numbered item, there are one or more sentences of text followed by the number in Arabic numerals. The document provides details on over 130 individually numbered items or topics, but does not provide any clear overall context or summary information to tie the individual items together.
The document discusses a variety of topics in an abstract manner using punctuation symbols and formatting. It references people, places, events, and concepts using letters, symbols and other cryptic references across multiple languages. The overall content and meaning is unclear due to the obscure and ambiguous nature of the references and lack of context or explanation provided.
19 09 111316426627بحث تفسير القران بالقرانF El Mohdar
The document discusses a variety of topics in an abstract manner using punctuation symbols and formatting. Sections are delineated with punctuation and include discussions of concepts indicated by punctuation symbols. Relationships between the sections are not entirely clear from the formatting and abstract language used.
The document discusses the importance of summarizing long texts and documents. It provides examples of summarizing a passage into 3 sentences or less that capture the key details and overall meaning without including unnecessary information. The summaries are written in a foreign language but focus on condensing the key ideas from the original text.
laysamenna
سلسلة احاديث ( ليس منا )
لتحميل جميع البطاقات اضغط هنا
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كتاب الكترونى بصيغة PDF
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وصلى الله على نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين
من أعلام الإسلام
الفاروق عمر بن الخطاب
بطاقته الشخصية
اسمه ونسبه
•عمر بن الخطاب بن نُفَيْل بن عبد العُزَّى المخزومي القرشي العدوي. اسم أمه: حَنْتَمة بنت هاشم.
كنيته ولقبه
أمير المؤمنين أبو حفص، والحفص: شِبل الأسد. كناه بهذا الاسم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يومَ بدر- ولقَّبه بالفاروق؛ لأن الله عز وجل فرق به بين الحق والباطل. وقد كان الشيطان يفر منه ويهرب من لقيته، كما جاء في "صحيح البخاري" أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم كان يخاطبه ويقول: "يا ابن الخطاب، والذي نفسي بيده، ما لقيك الشيطان سالكاً فجاً قط إلا سلك فجاً غير فجك".
تاريخ مولده
•وُلِد بعد عام الفيل بثلاث عشرة سنة، وقبل الهجرة بأربعين سنة، الموافق له 584م.
وصفه
أبيض البشرة مشرباً بالحمرة، فارع القامة، عريض المنكبين، مفتول الساعدين، إذا مشى أسرع في مشيته.
هواياته
كان يمارس الفروسية، وكان شاعراً يحب قراءة الشعر وحفظه.
إسلامه
•أسلم قديماً في ذي الحجة السنة السادسة من النبوة بعد أربعون رجلاً وإحدى عشرة امرأة ، وله ست
وعشرون سنة. فظهر الإسلام بمكة وفرح به المسلمون.
هجرته
•عن علي قال: ما علمت أحداً هاجر إلا متخفياً إلا عمر بن الخطاب فإنه لما همَّ بالهجرة تقلَّد سيفه وتنكب
قوسه وانتضى في يده أسهماً وأتى الكعبة وأشراف قريش بفنائها فطاف سبعاً ثم صلى ركعتين عند المقام ثم أتى حلقهم واحدة واحدة، فقال: شاهت الوجوه، من أراد أن تثكله أمُّه وييتم ولده وترمل زوجته فليلقني وراء هذا الوادي. فما تبعه منهم أحد.
فضائله
• عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: "بينا أنا نائم رأيتني في الجنة،
فإذا امرأة تتوضأ إلى جانب قصر. قلت: لمن هذا القصر؟". قالوا: لعمر. "فذكرت غيرتك فوليت مدبرا". فبكى عمر وقال: أعليك أغار يا رسول الله؟
•وعن ابن عمر أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "بينا أنا نائم شربت -يعني اللبن- حتى أنظر الري
يجري في أظفاري ثم ناولته عمر". قالوا: فما أولته يا رسول الله؟ قال: "العلم".
• مناقبه
أحد السابقين الأولين، وأحد العشرة المشهود لهم بالجنة، وأحد الخلفاء الراشدين، وأحد أصهار النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، وأحد كبار علماء الصحابة وزهادهم. شهد عمر مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم المشاهد كلها و كان ممن ثبت معه يوم أحد.
كراماته
•عن ابن عمر قال: وجه عمر جيشاً ورأَّس عليهم رجلاً يدعى سارية. فبينما عمر يخطب جعل ينادي: يا
سارية الجبل -ثلاثاً- ثم قدم رسول الجيش فسأله عمر؟ فقال: يا أمير المؤمنين هُزمنا فبينا نحن كذلك؛ إذ سمعنا صوتاً ينادي: يا سارية الجبل -ثلاثا- فأسندنا ظهورنا إلى الجبل، فهزمهم اللهُ. قال: قيل لعمر: إنك كنت تصيح بذلك و
من أعلام الإسلام
أبو بكر الصدّيق رضي الله عنه
اضغط هنا لتحميل عرض متحرك جميل جدا لإرساله بالبريد لأصدقائك
بطاقته الشخصية
اسمه ونسبه
عبد الله بن (أبي قحافة): عثمان بن عامر بن كعب التيمي القرشي. اسم أمه: سلمى أم الخير.
كنيته ولقبه
أبو بكر الصديق، لقب بذلك لأنه صدق النبيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم عندما كذَّبه الكفار في خبر الإسراء والمعراج. وفي ذلك يقول النبيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم: "إن الله بعثني إليكم، فقلتم: كذبتَ. وقال أبو بكر: صدق. وواساني بنفسه وماله". (رواه البخاري).
تاريخ مولده
وُلد سنة 51 قبل الهجرة، الموافق له: 573م.
أسرته
زوجاته
تزوج في الجاهلية أم رومان. وتزوج في الإسلام أسماء بنت عميس، وحبيبة.
أولاده
كان له من الولد ستة: ثلاثة بنين، وهم: عبد الله، عبد الرحمن، ومحمد. وثلاث بنات، وهن: أسماء، عائشة، وأم كلثوم.
إسلامه
آمن الصديق برسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم باكراً جداً، وبمجرد أنه سمع النبيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يدعو إلى توحيد الله بالعبادة وترك الشرك ومنافاة الأصنام، والالتزام بمنهج القرآن، حتى سارع أبو بكر إلى الإيمان بهذه الفضائل العظيمة، لأنه عرف الصدق في وجه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم. الذي لم يُحفظ عنه أنه كذب كذبة قط. لا كذبة أول نيسان ولا غيرها! وفي ذلك يقول النبيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم: "ما دعوت أحداً إلى الإسلام إلا وكانت منه عنده كبوة ونظر وتردد، إلا ما كان من أبي بكر، ما عَتَم عنه حين ذكرته، وما تردد). (سيرة ابن هشام).
فضائله
قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: "إن من أمن الناس عليَّ في صحبتي وماله: أبو بكر. ولو كنت متخذا من الناس خليلاً لاتخذت أبا بكر خليلاً، ولكن أخوة الإسلام ومودته".
سألت امرأةٌ رسولَ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم شيئاً فأمرها أن ترجع إليه. فقالت: يا رسول الله أرأيتَ إن جئت فلم أجدك؟ قال: "فإن لم تجديني فأتي أبا بكر". سئل الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم: أي الناس أحب إليك؟ قال: "عائشة". فقيل
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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3. The Truthaboutthe OriginalSin
The Truth about the Original Sin
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4. Iledlcatlon
Dedication
I dedicate this booklet to Allah.
dedicatethis bookletta
am hope
I am all hope that he will accept.
he accept.
also dedicate
I also dedicate this booklet to
bookletto
thosewho searchthe
those who search the truth
feel indebtedto the great scholar
I feel indebted to the great Muslim scholar
Ihn Taymiyyahfor his marpelouswork,
Ibn Taymiyyah for his marvelous work,
by which I was inspired to study the concept of
which was inspired to the concept
the Original Sin
the Original Sin in Christianity.
I extend my thanks to Allah who enabled me
extend thanksto who enabled me
to finish this work. alsothank honored
to finish this work. I also thank my honored
brothers: Abdullah Abu-Ishi and
brothers: Dr. Abdullah Abu-Ishi and Dr. Abdurazaq
Abdurazaq
Sammandar aaluablesuggestions
Sammandar for their valuable suggestions and corrections.
for and conectians.
If there good this utork,
If there is any good in this work, it is from Allah.
from
If there
If there is any wrong, it is from myself.
wrong, it from myself.
Abdullah Al-Kahtany
Abdullah AI-Kahtany
P.O. Box: 54L, Khamis Mushait,
P. O. Box: 541, Khamis Mushait,
Sauihi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia.
SecondEdition
Second Edition
Rabea Second,
the
Rabea the Second, 1417
1-4L7
August, L996.
August, 1996.
5. TPe TrH!p aMyl tPe Or{fi11ll1siJ1
I. Introduction
l. lntroduction
Issues related to belief might seem to be sensitive to
Issues related belief seem sensitive
handle. However, with the advancesin communication and
handle. However, with advances in communication
the breaking up of cultural barriers,it becomesnecessary
breaking of barriers, it becomes necessary
that beliefs be investigated objectively and with an open
investigated with
mind. All concernedreligious scholarsand believers need to
All concerned scholars believers need
give a sympathetic ear to alternative positions or beliefs
sympathetic
offered by people ftom distant cultures seeking answersto
from seeking answers
resolve least various issues of universal
resolve or at least clarify various issues of a universal
nature, especially, if such beliefs are exported to other
nature, especially, if such beliefs are exported other
nations side side types merchandise. As
nations side by side with all types of merchandise.
governments set quality standards on imports of all types, I
govemments set standards of types'
think it is important to test such common values and beliefs
ftink important test such common values and beliefs
as well. In particular, our relation with the Christian world
as particular, the Chdstian
has become so close we need get acquainted
has become so close that we both need to get acquainted with
what each party has to contribute to the understanding of
each has understanding
such pressing issue.
suchpressingissue.
'.The
Since the concept of 'The Original Sin" in Christianity
Since the concept
forms the cornerstone out of which a cluster of beliefs like
forms the cornerstone which a cluster beliefs
the godship of Jesus (PBUH)(l), crucifixion and salvation
the godship Jesus (PBUHII), crucifixion and salvation
have emerged, therefore, singles out as a good
have emerged, therefore, it singles itself out as a good
candidate to be studied.
candidateto be studied.
The methodologythat will be followed in this analysisof
The methodology that will be followed in this analysis of
"The Original Sin" involves two types of evidence.
"The Original Sin" involves two types of evidence.
l. PBUH standsfor peaceand blessingsof Allah be upon him (or
1. PB UH stands for peace and blessings of Allah be upon him (or
them for plural.)
them for plural,)
6. TPe TTY'; uhoul t6e Or{tf1lll1Sin
fi" rfAnr, A'"r,tt*ttt, @
The first is to carry on the study based on all logical
The first is to carry on the study based on all logical
possibilities that would explain the truth of "The Original
possibilities that would explain the truth of 'The Original
Sin". a matter fact, the
Sin". As a matter of fact, the writer depended on arguments
dependedon arguments
develo@ -a thirteenth century
developed by Ibn Taymiyah -a thirteenth century prominent
Muslim scholar(2). The second type of evidence used to
scholar(2).The second type evidence used
study 'oThe
study 'The Original Sin" depended on drawing evidence
dependedon evidence
The Bible(3)
from The Bible(3) itself to reveal the validity of the concept
reveal the validify the concept
Christianity.
in Christianity.
doing so,
In doing so, it is ultimately left to the readers whom God
ultimately the readers
has bestowed with intellect that distinguishes them from
has bestowed distinguishes them ftom
other creatures, ponder, analyze, evaluateand then
other creatures, to ponder, analyze, evaluate and then
decide themselves.
decide for themselves.
2. Ahmad Ibn Taymiyah al-jawab as-sahihliman badala deen al-
Taymiyah al-jawab as-sahih badala deen
masseh. Vol. I. (This copy does not have references to the
masseh. Vol. does have references
publisher nor to the year of publication)
the of publication)
3. Muslims believe that God has revealed(The Torah) to hophet
believe has revealed Prophet
Moses (parts of what is called: The Old Testamentand (The
Moses (parts of called: Testament and
Injeel) to Prophet Jesus, parts of what is called The New
Injeel) Jesus, of New
Testament. as guidance to the,irpeople. Nevertheless, the
Testament. as guidance thejr people. Nevertheless,
numerous versions of Bible it difficult
current numerous versions of the Bible made it difficult to decide
which is the authenticated one. For more details about this issue
which authenticated one. For
look at:
look
Ezziah Ali Taha. The Methodology of Collecting the
Ali The Methodology of Collecting
Bible and the Sunnah:A comparativeStudv. (Dar Al-Buhuth Al-
Bible Sunnah: A comparative Study. AI-Bubutb AI-
Elmiyyah, Kuwait. 1987)
Elmiyyah, Kuwait.
Ahmad Deedat. Is the Bible God's Word? International
Ahmad Deedat. Is the Bible God's Word? International
PublishingHouse,(1982) P.1
Publishing House, (1982) P.1
7. CD
II. Why is it important to study the
ll. Why
*The Original Sin"
concept of "The Original Sin' in
concept
GhristianityP
Christianity?
'oThe
- Professor Jurgen Moltmann in his book: 'The Crucified
hofessor Jurgen Moltmarur
God" said:
said:
"The death of Jesus on the cross is the centre of all
death of Jesus the cross the cente of
Christian theology ... all Christian statements about God,
theology ... statements about God,
about creation, about sin and death have their focal point in
about creation, about and deathhave
the crucified Christ. All Christian statements about history,
the Christ. All Christian statementsabout
about hope stem from the crucified Christ. (4)
about hope stem the Christ.(a)
'The
It is evident that without the concept of 'The Original
It evident the conceptof
there be no need salvation
Sin" there would be no need for crucifixion, salvation or
atonement take place.
atonement to take place.
Garner Ted Armstrong, the Executive Vice-President
Garner ArmsEong, the Executive Vice-President
and Co-Publisher the Magazine
and Co-Publisher of the Plain truth (a Christian Magazine
from America, which boasts a current, free world-wide
America, boasts a current, free world-wide
circulation of 6 million copies a month), attempts to answer
million copies a month), attempts answer
puzzle under the heading: "WAS
his own puzzle under the heading: "WAS THE
RESURRECTION A HOAX?":
RESURRECTION HOAX?'':
The resurrection of Jesus Christ of Nazareth (PBUH) is
The resurrection Jesus Nazareth
either the supreme fact of
either the supreme fact history or a flagrant,
history a flagrant,
deliberate fabrication foisted off the followers
deliberate fabrication foisted off on the followers of
Christianity(S).
Christianitytt).
crucihction? (Intemational
4. Ahmad Deedat. Crucifixion or crucifiction? (International
4. Ahmad Deedat.
Islamic Publishing House, 1984.) P. 2.
Islamic PublishingHouse, 1984.)P. 2.
5. THE PLAIN lRUTH. February 1984. (as reported in Deedat's:
PLAIN TRUTH. February 1984. (as reported Deedat's:
Crucifixion or Crucifiction? P. 5.
Crucifixion P. 5.
8. Josh McDowel (An American evangelist) said in his book
Josh American evangelist)said
"The Resurrection Factor":
Resurrection
'nI
"I was forced to the conclusion that the resurrection of
was forced the conclusion that resurrection
Jesus Christ is either one of the most wicked, heartless,
Jesus either one the most wicked, heartless,
vicious, hoaxes ever foisted upon the minds of men, or it is
vicious, hoaxes ever foisted upon the minds of men,
the most fantastic fact of history.,,(6)
the most fantastic of lustory."(6)
controversy presentedabove among some of
With all the controversy presented above among some of
With
the prominent American and other evangelists around the
the and evzurgelists around
issue of crucifixion which was thought of to be necessary to
issue of was thought be necessary
atone for the Original Sin, we realize the importance of
atone the Sin, reahze the importance of
investigating such a concept.
investigating such concept.
lll. How GanGod be save
III. How can God be crucified to save
humanityf
humanity?
Christians have exceeded all limits in relating injustice to
Christians have exceeded relating injustice
God the Almighty. They have indeed undermined God in
the Almighty. have indeed undermined
ways that no other nation has ever done before. In fact,
has done before.
away ftom praising God gloriffing
they are far away from praising God or glorifying Him.
they are
They claim that when Adam (PBUH) ate from the forbidden
when ate the forbidden
ffee, became angry and directed punishment
tree, God became angry and directed punishment onto him;
and punishment continued
and that punishment continued on Adam's. offsprings until
Adam's offsprings
the coming of Jesus PBUH). His crucifixion was to relieve
the coming Jesus was
(the generations
(the generations after him from their forefather's sin. sin.
Christians also claim that all the sons of Adam (PBUH)
Christians also that the sons (PBUI{)
6. Josh McDowell. The Resurrection Factor. In Deedat 1984, P. 5.
6. Josh ResurrectionFactor. Deedat 1984, P. 5.
9. rf,crru$ alout or44*[sn
tfu @
were imprisoned by Satan,even the prophetsof God such as,
imprisoned Satan, even prophets of as,
Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon,et al. (PBUT).
Noah, Abraham, Moses, Solomon, al. (pBUT).
hand, us see Qur' an says about
On the other hand, let us seewhat the Qur'an says about
these respected
these respected prophets:[6: 8a-86]
prophets: 84-86]
gave Isaac and
We gave him Isaacand Yf vrr'r.r dh."J nJt+rg
-:).S' Y ~J J~J 45 ~JJ
(three)
Jacob: all (three) We
Jacob:
guided: and before him, We
guided: and before W JJ it' Lu-Jr jJ Q.to
f-rl ~..lA
~J ,F ~~..lA I?
guided Noah, and among his
guided Noah, and among Y JtlJ lJ~ ~J'~ ~).)
+ l1 I 0l4J-'JJ :1ls *r-;'i
progeny, David, Solomon,
progeny, Solomon,
Job, Joseph, Moses, and
Job, Joseph, Moses, and ~.lS'J 4JJ)lAJ ~.JtAJ ~ JtJ
elJ5f .JJ.lbJ L./JA) tlufij
Aaron: Thus do We reward
Thus reward
good.
4U u-Fi-t .l*Jt .5;
~J 'u...;fjJ .~, Iti~
those who do good.
those
And Zakariya and John.
and John. .~L..al' ~ Jf J'lJJJ ~J
..IlUl 'y,F *ytJllc#l
and Jesus and Elias: all in
and Jesusand Elias: b jt u*tt ed': J=ow,t.l
IbjJ ~JtJ ~'J ~~JJ
the ranks of the righteous.
the ranks the righteous.
..:t..J,W, Js- ~ -y.SJ
.4It'Jt ob uLai xfj
know that Abraham's father was a nonbeliever and
We know that Abraham's father was a nonbeliever and
God punish Abraham his father's grave
God did not punish Abraham (PBUH) for his father's grave
sin. Therefore, logically considered, would God hold him
sin. Therefore, considered, God
responsible for his forefather's (Adam's) sin? Furthermore,
responsible his forefather's sin? Furthermore,
the Christian concept The assumes that
the Christian concept of The Original Sin assumes that
no;t repent. However, God has declared
Adam did not repent. However, God has declared that he he
did repent and was granted forgiveness by Him. This is
repent and was glanted forgiveness This
what Allah (God) the Almighty says about Adam (PBUH):
what (God) the saysabout Adam
Then learnt Adam from
Then learnt Adam from yl.-:9 ~WS" ~) ~ r~l ~
.;$ ot*5 d+.1 lrT ild
it'
his Lord certain words and
his certain words and
his Lord turned towards him;
his I-ord turned towardshim: .~ ), yIp' JIb .ul ~
.{.*-Jl l/ly'l f 4jJqle
10. T6e Tmt6abollt t6e origiJUJIsin
rle rrn{a6out $e or,gi*[siu @
for He is Oft-Returning
Oft-Refurning
Most Merciful. [Qur'an 2-37]
lQur'an 2-37]
The Christians have gone out of their way to claim that it
Christians have gone it
was through the one grave sins,
was through the crucifixion, which is one of the grave sins,
that God has saved Adam (PBUH) and his offsprings from
that God has saved and
hell fire. They also claim that it was through this supposed
hell also that it was through supposed
crucifixion that God was able to trick Satan, not
crucifixion God was able ftick Satan,
withstanding the fact that Satan disobeyed God and deserved
Satandisobeyed and deserved
punishment since the he refused prostrate
punishment since the time he refused to prostrate to Adam
and he misled the sin.
(PBUH) and he misled him to commit the sin. In fact, God fact,
had the ability to punish Satan long before the coming of
had the ability Satan of
Thus, one cannot help
Jesus (PBUH). Thus, one cannot help but to question the
Jesus question
assumption as to why the sons of Adam are to be held
assumption as the sons of are
accounted for their forefather's mistake. (7)
accounted forefather's mistake.(?)
a matter fact, the of Jesus(PBUlt)
As a matter of fact, the life of Jesus (pBUm is much
shrouded in mystery, except for the three main years of his
shrouded mystery, except three years of
profltable discussthe many doubts and
ministry. It is not profitable to discuss the many doubts and
conjectures among the early
conjectures among the early Christian sects and among
sects and among
Muslim scholars. The Orthodox Christian Church makesit
scholars. Orthodox Christian makes it
a cardinal
a cardinal point of its doctrine that his life was taken on the
of docffine that was taken the
cross, that he died and was buried,
cross, that he died and was buried, that on the third day he
the he
rose his wounds intact, and
rose in lxxly with his wounds intact, and walked about and
body about
conversed, and ate disciples, and was afterwards
conversed, and ate with his disciples, and was afterwards
taken up heaven. necessary theological
taken up bodily to heaven. This is necessary for theologlcal
doctrine sacrifice and vicarious atonement sins
doctrine of blood sacrifice and vicarious atonement for sins
7. Ibn Taymiyah,pp.216-217.
7. Ibn Taymiyah, pp.216-217.
11. TVe TrH~ about tVe or{tflldlsin
including the innate Original Sin, which is rejected by
the innate rejected
Islam(8). However, some of the
Islam(8). However, some of the early Christian sects sects
rejected the doctrine that Jesus was killed on the cross.
rejected the doctrine Jesus was the cross.
Deedat in his book (Crucifixion or Crocifiction? pp. 19-38)
Deedat Crocifiction? pp. 19-38)
has provided numerous references to the falsity of this
has numerous references the of
concept. He draw most of his evidence from the Bible and
concept. draw most of evidence the and
other writings by Christian authorities.
Christian authorities.
The issue of crucifixion, as presented Christianity,
issue of os presented in
strengthens the of they were behind
only strengthens the claims of the Jews that they were behind
the Jews
the crucifixion of Jesus (PBUH), that was never true.
the Jesus was never true.
Instead, contemplate the says about
Instead, let's contemplate on what the Qur'an says about
the issue of crucifixion: [Qur'an: 4:155-159]
the issue crucifixion:[Qur'an:4:155-159]
(They have incurred
have ~t1t ~~J ~~ ~ .oJ
r}LI flF: l^..i
F+etior
#.!fi
divine displeasure): in that
displeasure): that
they broke their covenant;
broke covenant; ~}J ~ JJu. ,~~, ~J.iiI,r
Jft ,r .*rr;1r nal-i1 ilr
that they rejected the Signs
that they rejectedthe Signs ~lu'~~~,--!p
gJe ,iltte+ ,,tr.,ili tqtle
of Allah; that they slew the
that they slew the
Messengers in defiance of
Messengers defiance .~~JiJ?~~~A
right; that they said, "Our
said,
hearts are the Wrappings",
hearts are the Wrappings",
Nay, Allah hath set the seal
Nay, hath set the seal
on their hearts for their
hearts
blasphemy, and little is it
blasphemy,and linle is
they believe;
they believe;
8. The Holy Qur' an: English translation of the meanings and
8. The Qur'pn: English translation the meanings and
commentary. Translator note # 663. p.268.
commentary. Translatornote 663. p.268.
12. Tk TTY~Ilboyt ~e OT{ljliUJlsin
That they rejected faith;
they rejected Li~('"!.~~~;J~~J
Utr+f-:, FA;oJ
r."r-4:
that they uttered against
that they uttered against "1"
Mary a grave false charge;
Marya grave false charge; .~
.t +b.c
That they said (in boast),
they said boast), 0'!' ~ ~l ul'gLi1 {pt
U.t*e g*Jr W::i ul ~}J
"W'e
"We killed Christ Jesus the
Jesusthe Lf
AJ 0.;L:i AJ .i» I J~) ("'!.r
rr3
0y'.5 lrr Jr-.1 .r+;r
son of Mary, the Messenger
son the Messenger
of Allah"; But they killed
Allah"; they ~.ul cJJj ~ 4*,Fr o~
yjJt ,r,1.9 ~,pJ oy!,.a
n'A
not,
him not, nor crucified him.
~ ~ A o,;,A cl-'"' ~ +i l-.4ktl
{ +A tr l.l'. cJ-r,,JJ ~ '~l
Only a likeness that was
OnIy a likeness of that was
shown to them. And those
shown them. those 0# ,oj ~l t.;' ':i! do Cr
oy'*it"f OSJI 1l ~ ~
etill
who differ therein are full of
therein are
.Li*
no (certain)
doubts, with no (certain)
doubts,
knowledge.
knowledge. But only
conjecture to follow, for of a
conjecture a
surety they not.l
surety they killed him not.]
Nuy, raised
Nay, Allah raised him up '.Y....f' ~I iJS"J 41 .irra'f., ;
r;,-y Al 0rff 4J ~, 4.A!) ~
unto himself; and
unto himself; and Allah is
.~
t^$t
exalted power, wise;-
exalted in power, wise;-
there none of the
And there is none of the a; -,;lil !J .yu(lt J"i if oJ.l
people the must
people of the book but must
believe beforehis
believe in Him before his g+Jt J-& i"h+lt sr, #
?H
death; and the
death; and on the Day of .'~
.lJi{-b
Judgment will be a
Judgment He will be a
witness againstthem.
witness against them.
In the Qur'anic versesabove, there is a catalogue
In the Qur' arnc verses above, there is a catalogue of
iniquities which the Jews were guilty, and
iniquities of which the Jews were guilty, and for these
these
iniquitieswe mustunderstand some suchwordsas: "they
iniquities we must understand some of such words as: "they
13. ri,e rru$a6on tio or;gi*fsiu @
are under divine displeasure,,(9). Their (the Jew) iniquities
are under displeasure"(o).Their (the Jew)
were:
were:
1. that they broke their Covenant;
l. that they broke Covenant;
2. that they rejected Allah's (God's) guidance as
2. that they rejected guidance as
conveyed by His messengers;
conveyed messengers;
3. that they killed Allah's messengers and incurred a
3. they messengersand
double guilt which included murder and that of deliberate
double murder and of deliberate
defiance of Allah's law; and
defiance and
4. they imagined themselves arrogantly self-sufficient,
4. they imagined themselvesarrogantly self-sufficient,
which means a blasphemous closing of their hearts
means a blasphemousclosing of hearts
forever against the admission of Allah's grace.
forever againstthe admissionof Allah's grace.
then begins another series of iniquities from a different
then begins another series of different
point of view:
view:
1. that they rejected faith;
1. they rejectedraith;
2. they made false chargesagainst
2. that they made false charges against a godly woman
like Mary, who was chosen by Allah to be the mother of
was chosen A[ah of
Jesus;
Jesus;
3. that they boasted of having killed Jesus when they
3. they boasted having Jesus whenthey
were victims of their own self-hallucination;
were self-hallucination;
4. that they hinderedpeople Allah's
4. that they hindered PeOple from Allah's way; and and
means usury and fraud they oppressed
5. they by means of usury and fraud they oppressed their
5. they
fellow-men. (10)
fellow-men.(10)
The false charge against Mary was that she was
The false charge against was she was
unchaste. Such a charge bad enough make against
unchaste. Such a charge is bad enough to make against any
woman, particularly irreverent be made against
woman, but it is particularly irreverent to be made against
659,
9. They Holy Our'an, translator footnote 659, p. 266.
Qur'-an, translator
10. Such dealings are prohibited the ltrk
10. Such dealings are prohibited in the Bible. Look at (Ezekeil
18:8) Nevertheless, they insist acting againstthe Gospel.
18:8) Nevertheless, they insist in acting against the Gospel.
14. rh r*hahut tk-orrtino[sL @
Mary tlre mother of the prophet of Allah, Jesus(PBUH).
Mary the mother of prophet of Jesus
The Jews rejected his message from the beginning by
Jews rejected message
ridiculing Allah's power through his exfraordinary birth (See
Allah's through extraordinary (See
The Holy Qur'an 17:27-28). Chastityof women is higttly
Qur'an 17:27-28). Chastity of women highly
respected because it is such an essential aspect of their
respected because such essential aspect of
dignity and honor that nobody could doubt, unlesshe or she
and nobody doubt, unless she
brings strong evidence,·. four eye witnesses, that she
evidence, eye witnesses, she
committed an unchaste act. If they failed to do so, they will
an unchaste act. tf railed so, will
be flogged with eighty lashes and debarred from being
lashes and debarred being
competent witnesses. (See the verse that about
competent witnesses. (See the verse that talks about this
matter in The Holy Qur'an 24:4)
matter Qur'an 24:4)
the Basilidansrejected
Several sects of Christianity like the Basilidans rejected
Several sects of Christianity
of Jesus(PBUH) and believed that
the issue of crucifixion of Jesus (PBUR) and believed that
the issue
him.
some one else was substituted for him. The Docetae
some one else was substituted Docetae
(another sect of Christians) never had a real
(another sect of Christians) held that Christ never had a real
that
physical natural body, an apparent phantom
physical or natural body, but only an apparent or phantom
body. The gospel of SL Barnabassupportedthe theory that
body. The gospel of St. Barnabas supported the theory that
Christ was substituted on the cross. (11)
Christ was substituted the cross.{tt)
Moreover, the Christians say that Christ (PBUH) was a
Moreover, th€ Christians say that was a
man and a god at the sametime. He
man and a god at the same time. He purposelypurposelyallowed the
the
unbelievers crucify so Jesus(god
unbelievers to crucify him; so Jesus (god to them) would
trick Satan(l2).
tick Satan(rz). They claim that Jesus concealed his
They claim that Jesus concealed his
as god, so
identity as god, so that Satan would not know him. They
Satan
say that he allowed his foes take him, beat
say that he allowed his foes to take him, beat him up and up and
According to them, he also allowed them
spit on his face. (13) According to them, he also allowed them
spit on his face.(l3)
11. The Holy Qur'an: translator footnote # 663, p. 286.
I 1. The Holy Qur'au translalor footnote # 663, p. 286.
12. Ibn Taymiyah, p. 216.
12. Ibn Taymiyah, p.216.
13. What does the Qur'an say about this? "They did not crucify him nor
13. What does the Qur'an say about this? "They did not crucify him nor
did they kill him ..."
did they kill him ..."
15. rle rrnri alon 4e
crucify and head;
to crucify him and put the thorns on his head; and showed
of death. Then, started saying:
the fear of death. Then, he startedsaying:
"Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachtani?
"Eloi, sabachtani?
means, 'lMy God, My God,
Which means, "My God, My God, why have you have
forsaken me?" (Matthew 27:46).
forsaken 27:46).
These words according to Christians were spoken so that
These words according Christians spoken so
the Devil will not know that he was "God" or "the son of
will was "God" of
God". Satan wants to take his soul to the hell fire as he did
Satanwants take soul as
to Noah, Abraham, Moses and other prophets (PBUT) and
Noah, Abraham, Moses and prophets (PBUn
believers. Therefore, God will argue against Satan by
believers. Therefore, God will argue against Satan
'For
saying, ''For what reason did you take my soul T' Satan
reason take soul?" Satan
saying,
would reply, "Because of your sin". Then god's human side
reply, "Because your sin". Thengod's human side
reply: "I have sins other prophets.
would reply: "I have no sins like other prophets. They had
sins by which they deserve that their souls be thrown in hell
sins they deservethat souls be
fire." They (the Christians) also say that in this way God
They (the Christians) also say that
establisha pretext (evidence) punish Satan.
was able to establish a pretext (evidence) to punish Satan.
was able
Therefore, became permissible punish Satan
Therefore, it became permissible for god to punish Satan
and save the children of Adam from Hell-fire.
and save the children Adam
Such claims are full of falsity in relating injustice to God
Such claims are relating
the dares speakabout such away?
the Almighty. Who dares to speak about God in such away?
rebukedthe knowledge God,
This has indeed terribly rebuked the knowledge of God, His
has indeed
wisdom and justice manner. God says
wisdom and justice in an unprecedented manner. God says
an unprecedented
in the Holy Qur'an: [Qur'an 18:109]
the Qur'an: [Qur'an 18:109]
Say:"If the ocean were
Say: "If the ocean were ~WSJ 1.)1J.,e ~l ~lS:' J #
.rt"J(J trl-rrrer.Jl j
.)15 Ji
ink(wherewith writeout)
to
ink(wherewith to write out)
the wordsof my Lord,
the words of my Lord,
gt K rnr li J.:i ..w './-J
~ .o.1S" ..l.Q.:j ~ i # ~ 1 d
r^Jt d,
sooner would the ocean be
sooner would the ocean be
16. TPe TTHtP oboHt tPe OT{I/;1I/J!S;11
rfie rruri nlon tie
exhaustedthan the
exhausted than would the tr.redr rr.+ -Jf g..l
words of my Lord, even if
words even if
we added another ocean like
added another ocean
it, for its aid."
aid."
will go through testing these claims
We will go through testing these claims in a logically
a
organizedmanner
organized manner from several angels.
severalangels.
If we acceptthat Jesus(PBUH) was saying:
If we accept that Jesus (PBUH) was saying: "Eloi, Eloi,
lama sabachtani? and he was not
lama sabachtani? and he was not telling the truth but just to
the
deceive Satan, he, then is accused of lying. However,
deceive Satan, he, then accused However,
believe a prophet
Muslims believe that a prophet of God will never lie, since
will never since
the prophets
all the prophets of God are infallible. The only other
God are The other
alternative is that Jesus (PBUH) did not know that he was
alternative Jesus that he was
ttre and this absolutely of the question.,
the "son of God" and this is absolutely out of the question.,
Therefore, we are left with the third and most probable
Therefore, are Ieft the and
option which is that Jesus (PBUH) was a manY4)
option that Jesus was a man.(tn)
lV. What the real nature Christ
1V. What is the real nature of Christ
(PBUH)p
(PBUH)?
If Satan has taken the children of Adam for their father's
If Satanhas taken the children of father's
sin, then there is no difference betweenthe human nature of
sin, then there differencebetween the human natureof
Christ and other humans.(15) There are many placesin the
and other humans.(tt) There are many places
Bible where Jesus(PBUH) said that (or refened to himself)
where Jesus said referred
as the son of man among which:
as the son of man among which:
a. 'come
a. "Come to see, a man who told me everything I ever
see, me everything
14. Ibn Taymiyah, p.216.
14. Taymiyah,
15. .Ibid. . p . 2 1 8 .
1 5 I b i d p. 218.
17. TPe T11i~ IJbout tPe
rle rruti alort tlt origiHIJIsin
did...) (John 4:29)
did...)(John4:29)
b. "Ye men of Israeln hear these words: Jesus of
"Ye men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of
Nazareth. A MAN approvedof God among you by miracles
Nazareth. A MAN approved of among miracles
and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst
and wonders and signs, the
of you, as ye yourselvesalso know." (Acts 2:22)
of you, as yourselves also 2:22)
In fact, Jesus(PBUH) was never quotedin the Bible as
fact, Jesus was never quoted in as
saying that he was the son of God. In addition to the
saying he was the son of God. the fact
that other prophets of God were referred to in the Bible as
prophets of Bible as
as (Psalms
the sons of God as in; (Psalms 2:7) Where David was
the sons Where was
referred to as the son of God;
referred as the son God;
"He said to me, "you are my Son; today I have became
said me, are Son; today have became
your father"
Why is not David (PBUH) considered "a son of God"
considered son of
also the same as Jesus has beenperceived?
also in the same way as Jesus (PBUH) has been perceived?
v. What is the fate of Adam's (PBUH)
V. What Adam's (PBUH)
proEenyP
progeny?
If they say that generations of people after Christ were
If they say that generations peopleafterChristwere
like those who came after him; how can it be that Satan was
those came after can be that Satanwas
allowed to take hold of the previous generations but not the
take the previous generations the
latter ones, although they are equally related to Adam
ones, although they are equally related Adam
They have also committed greatersins than those
(PBUH)? They have also committed greater sins than those
the prophets God before them. come Satanwas
of the prophets of God before them. How come Satan was
punish the preceding prophets Jesus
given the chance to punish the preceding prophets to Jesus
given the chance
and relieving tyrants and unbelievers proceeding Jesus
and relieving tyrants and unbelievers proceeding Jesus
(PBUH) from punishment?
(PBUH) from punishment?
18. TPe TmtJ nboHt !Pc Orit!il/tl!sin
rrterrrtlnhrn $e orioirrolsn . @
Vl. Who gave Satanthe AuthorityP
VI. Who gave Satan the Authority?
The
The claim that Satan was allowed to drive the children of
Satanwas allowed the
Adam into hell could only have one of the following two
have one the following
entailments; either what Satan has done is injustice
entailments; either Satan has done injustice
committed by him against the offsprings of Adam or what
committed against the offsprings what
ever he has done
ever he has done is just.
a) If such actions were just, then Satan wouldn't be
a) If such actions were then Satan be
blamed and there be re&son
blamed and there would be no reason for Christ to prevent
him from practising justice. On the contrary, Satan should
practisingjustice. the contrary, Satan should
granted the
be granted the opportunity to take hold of those before and
take of those and
after Jesus (PBUH).
after Jesus (PBUH).
If what Satanhad beendoing were
b) If what Satan had been doing were injustice and Godand
did not prevent him from committing thenl before the coming
them before
of are faced
of Christ, we are faced with two conclusions; either God
conclusions; either
was incapable (God forbid) of preventing such injustice or
was incapable (God of preventing such
He was able to stop it but He did not. If so, then there is no
was able stop not. If so, then there
deference had injustice been preventedin a certain time or
deference had injustice been prevented certain
another.
another.
VII. Should $atan be punishedP
Vll. Should Satan be punished?
If Satan had been excused, before Christ came, to take
If Satan had been excused, before came, take
people to hell because of their father's sin, then there is no
people becauseof father's sin, then there
need to persecute or even blame him. If Satan was not
need persecute even blame If Satan was
excused there need deceive
excused then there is no needto deceivehim by holding him him
responsiblefor his crimes, because deservedpersecution.
responsible crimes, because he deserved persecution.
If Jesus (PBUH) did not establish evidence on Satan
If Jesus establish evidence Satan
before crucifixion and he did not crucify hifir, Satan could
before crucifixion and he him, Satan
19. rfu rru$ofum Origim/sin
TPe TTH!p obo1/t tit
!pc
say that he did not know that this man represented the
did represented
human side of God; and God had permitted him to take the
of him
children of Adam to hell. This (Jesus)was one of them. I
of (Jesus) was of them. I
had no knowledge that you had beenincarnatedwith him.
knowledge been incarnated with
Had I known that, I would have glorified him. Therefore, I
I that, I have Therefore, I
am excused in doing that, so do not practise injustice
excused doing so practise
against me.
againstme.
We could assume that Satan might say therein; "Oh my
assume Satan say therein;
God! This is the only human that I have mistakenly taken his
the human have mistakenly taken
soul. However, I have the right to take the souls of people
soul. However, have the take the souls of people
after him (Christ) as I had it before him, due to either their
as
father's sin their sins". If what the Christianssay
father's sin or their own sins". If what the Christians say is
need anotherpretext
true, then God would need another pretext to hold Satan
true, then God Satan
responsible for what he has done.
responsible what he has done.
Vlll. Was Satan$iven pcrmi$sion
VIII. Was Satan given permission to
deceiveP
deceive?
has commitleA a sin and
If we say that Adam (PBUH) has committed a sin and
If we say that Adam
have also committed sins through Satan's
his children have also committed sins through Satan's
his children
deception, then is it up God Satan punish them for
deception, then is it up to God or Satan to punish them for
person say
their sins? If we think that any reasonable person would say
their sins? If we that any reasonable
to deceive the children Adam,
that Satan has the right to deceive the children of Adam,
that Satan has the
then will he be granted the authority to persecutethem all
then will he be granted the authority to persecute them all
without God's permission? Is not this claim borrowed from
without God's permission? Is not this claim borrowed from
the Maguses who say that every evil sin and persecution for
the Maguses who say that every evil sin and persecution for
it is carried out by the Satan? God has nothing to do with
it is carried out by the Satan? God has nothing to do with
thesethings. He doesnot persecuteanybody for the sins that
these things. He does not persecute anybody for the sins that
20. T~ TTlitP about tPe origi11ll1sin
rie r*4ofun $t orioi*[siu , =@
he or she has committed. No doubt that such beliefs have
she has
Magus. Therefore,
found their way into Christianity from Magus. Therefore,
there is no evidence to support theseclaims, neither from
there evidence support these claims, neither
revealed books any of the disciples. So,
the revealed books nor from anyof thedisciples. So, the
Marinates sects of Mazdasim and
Marinates sectsof Mazdasim and Christianity is basically a
combination of Mazdasim and Christianity. Their leader
combination of Mazdasim and Christianity, leader
(Mani) was a Il)agi-Christian. Indeed the relationship
was 4agi-Christian. Indeed the relationship
betweenthe two religions is very strong.(16)
between the religions strong.(r6)
Has Satan persecuted children of Adam and sent them
Has Satrn persecuted the of and sent
to hell with or without the permission of God? If they
the permission God? If
believe that it was with the permission of God, then Satan
believe that was the permissionof God, then Satan
does not deserve to be persecuted; if it has not had the
does deserye be persecuted; if has had
permission of God, then is it fair to say that God would
permission God, ttren say
allow Satan to practise such injustice? If these were allowed
Satan practisesuch injustice? If thesewere
by God to happen at one time, then it would be allowed at
happen at one time, then be allowed at
all times, and vice versa. There is no difference between the
times, and vice versa. There no difference betweenthe
time before Jesus and the time after him.
before Jesusand the time after him.
lX. Could not Godstop SatanP
IX. Could not God stop Satan?
Could God stop Satan and persecute him without this
God stop Satan and persecute this
scheme (God's incarnation in a human form, in the
scheme incarnation a human form, the
Jesusas claimed Christians deceive Satan
character of Jesus as claimed by Christians to deceive Satan
character
and made him think that Jesus was a man), and would it be
and made that Jesuswas a man), and be
right for God to do so? If the answer is negative, then God
God do so? If the answeris negative, then God
does not need to plot a scheme to deceive Satan and crucify
does not need a scheme deceiveSatanand
16. Ibid. pp.217-218. .
1 6 .Ibid.pp. 2l7- 218
21. TPe TnttP abollt tPe Ori,flt/JIsill
rie rru$ a6on tfu
'Was
Himself or "His son, Jesus". Was it an obligation upon God
son, Jesus". an
to practise justice on Satan by stopping him from his
practise Satan stopping
mischievous acts? If were not, then Satan
mischievous acts? If it were not, then Satan would be be
permitted
pennitted to operate his evil doings at all times since there is
operate doings at times since there
no difference between one time and another. If the
between one and another. If the
Christians claimed that God was incapable of stopping
Christians claimed was incapable stopping
Satan, then they be accusing of being powerless
Satan, then they would be accusing God of being powerless
forbidden) resftain Satan. Such a perception of
(God forbidden) to restrain Satan. Such a perception of God
considered religions as the
is considered by all religions as the worst type of disbelief.
of disbelief.
Such a conclusion is similar to the atheists' claim that light
Such a conclusion the atheists' light
prevent the
could not prevent the world from evil.
x.
X. Did God Grucifixion JesusP
Did God allow the crucifixion of Jesus?
How about what the disbelieving Jews have done to
about the disbelieving Jews have done
Christ (PBUH), by helping the Roman soldiers, as claimed,
helping the Roman soldiers, as claimed,
(according the Christian belieQ? (See
to crucify him (according to the Christian beliet)? (See
Matthew 26:47-75). Were they obeying or disobeying God
26:47-75). Were they obeying disobeying
so? If they
by doing so? If they were obeying God, then the Jews who
obeying God, then Jews
crucified Christ (PBUH) deserve a reward from God for
desewe a reward
their obedience, just like any other obeying believers. In
obedience, any believers.
fact, nearly all Christians agree that the Jews were the
agree the Jews were the
greatest sinnersamong men and the
greatest sinners among men and the worst creatures of God.
creaturesof God.
Not only that, but they also curse them and would go on to
also curse and would
the extend of permitting the shedding of their blood.(17)
the extendof permitting the sheddingof blood.(r7)
17. Let us look at what Maryam Jameelah (a fOffiler Jewish woman)
17. us Mury*t Jameelah fonner
has written about the enmity Christians have against Jews.
has about the Christians have against Jews.
Maryam Jameelah. Islam in Theory and Practice. (H. Farooq =
Maryam Jameelah. and kactice. =
22. rie
T6e T11l~ about tVe
rru6 a6ont[teorigi1Ul1sin
They have designateda time to persecutetlre Jews at the
have designated persecute the Jews
days of fasting(18) commemorate the days of
last days of their fasting(rE)to commemorate the days of
crucifixion. Moreover, if those Jews were disobedient,
Moreover, if those Jews were disobedient,
Christ? If
could not God prevent them from crucifying Christ? If God
prevent them
could not, then He would not be able to prevent Satan from
not, then able prevent Satanftom
oppressing the coming generations. If Godcouldprevent
oppressing the coming generations. If God could prevent
people from committing sins and He did not, then He was able
people committingsinsand not, then was able
no need such scheme deceivehim.
to stop Satan with no need for such a scheme to deceive him.
to stop Satan
On the other hand, if the act of crucifixion were
hand, if of crucifixion were
approved by God, then it would be alright to give Satan the
approved God, then be Satanthe
the past
ability to oppress the children of Adam (PBUH) in the past
oppress the children
and in the future.
and the future.
Therefore, there would have been no need for God to
Therefore, there have been need
deceive Satan.(19)
deceiveSatan.(le)
By now, we have come to realize that there is no doubt
now, have come realize that there doubt
that any mature person will recognize the corruption that
any mature personwill recognizethe comrption
has come Christianity. The purposehere
has come to Christianity. The purpose here is to explain
= Associates LTD.
= Associates Lahore. 1983) p. 1.
Lahore. 1983) p. l.
"From a very early age, I wondered what I being Jewish really
a age, wondered being Jewish
meant. I suppose I first began to wonder when at Easter-time
meant. suppose began when at Easter-time
Christian classmates at school called me "Christ killer". As soon
Christian classmates school called
at soon
as the Easter season had passed, they were miraculously
as the Easter seasonhad passed, th"y were
transfonned into friendly play mates for the reminder of the year.
hansfomred mates the of the year.
When I once asked a little Roman Catholic boy in my class Why
once asked a Roman class why
he did this, he said that the priest had told him to."
he this, he said that the priest had bim
18. Fasting was prescribed to the Christians in the Bible as in:
18. Fasting was prescribedto the Christians the as
"When you fast do not look somber as hypocrites do" Matthew
fast somber as hypocrites
6:16. Who observes fasting nowadays?
6:16. observesfasting nowadays?
19. Ibn Taymiyah, p.218.
19. Taymiyah, p. 218.
23. some of the discrepanciesthat they have as excuses for
some of the discrepancies that they have as excuses for
themselves in order not to acceptbelieving in Allah, in His
themselves in order not to accept believing in Allah, in His
book (The Qur'an), prophet (Mohammed
book (The Qur'an), in His prophet (Mohammed PBUH) and and
religron (Al-Islam).
in His religion (AI-Islam).
Allah is just and does not order people to believe in or do
Allafr is and does order people
what they can not. God, praisebe
what they can not. God, praise be to Him, has never asked
has never asked
people anything
people for anything that is beyond their ability. It is
beyond
unfortunate that Christians continue attribute unspeakable
unfortunate that Christians continue to attribute unspeakable
injustice God.
injustice to God. No believer has ever done so, before.
believer has ever done so.before.
Xl. How does lslam view manp
XI. How does Islam view man?
human being,
Every human being, Islam affinns, stands to benefit
affirms, stands
ftom these
from these divine dispensations. The road to felicity is a free
dispensations. road felicity free
open
and open highway which anyone may tread of his own
anyone of
accord.
accord. Everybody is innately endowed with all these rights
endowed these
and privileges. God has granted them to all without
has granted them without
discrimination. "Nature", "the earth'n, 'the heavens" all
discrimination. earth", ''the heavens"
belong to each and every human.
each human.
lndeed, God has done all this and even more! He has
Indeed, has done and has
implanted His own religion (Fitratr) into every human birth.
religion (Fitrah) into
The tme religion in innate, with which all humans are
true religion in with which humans are
equip@.
equipped.
Behind Ihe dazzling religious diversity of mankind stands
the dazzling of stands
an innate religion inseparable from human nature. This is
innate inseparable human nature. TIlls
the pnmordial religion, Ur-religion, the one and only true
primordial only
religion. [Qur'an: 3:19]
religion. [Qur'an: 3:19]
24. t6e
rrterrutfia6out origina[ sin
T6e Tr1i$ Phout tfieOr{l/il1//!sin @
The religion before Allah is
The religion before Allah is ~")....,'jl 1»1 J..o;- ~..ul A1
1..0J p}-,)f drr.rrsOr.rJr
U,g ~1
Islam (submissionto His
Islam (submission to His
Will): nor did the peoPleof
people of ~ ~1 y:SJ1 J1Ji ~jl, ~I
dt' IJ ./l;(Jt tgi i/..iJt,-,lkzt
Will):
book
the book dissent therefrom ~J~ t!.d'll goob b &{
~~,~~~ .A~
crJ F.6+r
except of each
except through envy of each
other, after knowledge had rjr 1»1 4J~ luI ~44 ~
Ur lr orj Jrrdrlli l*
come to them. But if anY
them. if any ..+tJt
.yt....J.1
Signs of
deny the Signs of Allah,
Allah swift
Allatt is swift in calling
accounting.
accounting.
unless acculturation and
Everyone possesses it unless acculturation and
Everyone possesses
indoctrination, misguidance, colruption dissuasionhave
indoctrination, misguidance, corruption or dissuasion have
taught him otherwise.
taught otherwise.
Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) said: "Every newborn child
Prophet Mohammed said: newborn
born on the innate nature(Islam = complete surrender to
is born on the innate nature (Islam complete surrender
Allah). Then his parents change him into Judaism,
Then his parents change Judaism'
r{20)
Christianity or Magianism.,,(20)
Chri stianity or Magianis*.
Islam entertainsno idea "the fall of man", no
Finally, Islam entertains no idea of "the fall of man", no
concept of "original sin". It holds no man to stand an
concept of "original sin". It holds no man to stand in an
predicamentout of which he can not
innate, necessary predicament out of which he can not pull
innate, necessary
Man, it holds, is innccent. He is born with his
himself. Man, it holds, is innocent. He is born with his
himself.
innocence. Indeed. he is born with a thousand given
innocence. Indeed, he is born with a thousand given
perfection, with faculties of understanding, and an innate
perfection, with faculties of understanding, and an innate
sense with which to know the ffue God. In this all men are
sense with which to know the true God. In this all men are
20. Kauthar M. Al-Minawi. The Child's Rights in Islam.
20. Kauthar M. AI-Minawi. The Child's Rights in Islam.
Translated by Saifuddin H' Shaheen.(Safir PressnRiyadh.
Translated by Saifuddin H. Shaheen. (Safir Press, Riyadh.
1992.)
1992.)
25. equal, sinceit followsfrom their veryexistence,
equal, since it follows from their very existence, from their
from their
creation. Thisis thebasis IslamicUniversalism.(21)
of
creation. TItis is the basis of Islamic Universalism. (21)
Xll. Conclusion
XII. Conclusion
To summarize, this book presentssome the possible
To summarize, this book presents some of the possible
logical arguments concerningthe idea the
logical arguments concerning the idea of the "Original Sin"
as the most important
as the most important belief in Christianity on which
Christianity which
believes
believes like crucifixion and salvation have been built. We
and salvation have been we
conclude summarizing
conclude by summarizing all the logical possibilities in
the logical possibilities
regard christian beliefs around the idea
regard to Christian beliefs around the idea of "The Originaloriginal
Sin".
Sin".
1) position assumes
1) The first position assumes that God does what ever
does ever
wants
He wants with no wisdom, rationality or justice. Just like
wisdom, justice. Just
what the deterministssay.
determinists say.
2) The second position assumes that God performs
second assumes performs
justice which is required of people (using people's
justice required of people (using people's
standards); as it is the claim of the fatalists.
standards); as it of the fatalists.
3) The third position assumes
assumes that God is all Just and He
Just and
is free ftom committing all forms of injustice. However,
free from forms of injustice. However,
His justice differs from that of His creation.
justice of creation.
Based on the lhree assumptions mentioned above, we
Based three assumptions mentioned above,
will examine the christians' belief regarding the idea of the
will examine Christians' belief regarding of
"Original Sin" the crucifixion of Christ (PBUH) and
the of and
21. Isma'il al-Faruqi. Towardsa Critiqal World Theology.
21. Isma'il al-Faruqi. Towards a Critical World Theology.
Towards Islamaizationof Disciplines. (The International
Towards Islamaization of Disciplines. (The International
Institute of Islamic Theology, 1989) p. 443.
Institute ofIslamic Theology, 1989) p. 443.
26. putting Satanin chargeof taking his soul. Therefore, three
Satan in charge of taking his soul. Therefore, three
arguments will advanced account for these
argumentswill be advancedto accountfor theseclaims.
a. If we follow the first assumption, then God has the
a. If follow assumption, has
right to give Satan the power over the children of Adam and
right Satan children of Adam
persecute them all without any sin that they might have
persecute without might have
committed. So, there is no needto schemea pretext for
committed. So, there need scheme
Satan.
Satan.
b. If we take the secondassumptioninto consideration,
If take the second assumption consideration,
we know if one realizes that one of his servants had
if one realizes one of servants had
commanded another person to commit a sin that the master
commanded another person that the master
dislikes, it would be just for him to persecuteboth the one
dislikes, it be persecute one
who commanded and the one who obeyed. It would not be
commanded and one obeyed.
empowerthe unjust (the commandingone) punish
just to empower the unjust (the commanding one) to punish
the commanded one. It is not just either to empower the
the commanded one. not either empower the
unjust commander fiansgressagainstthe offsprings the
unjust commander to transgress against the offsprings of the
not participate father's sin.
commanded one who did not participate in their father's sin.
commanded one
If we say that he has the enslavethem because
If we say that he has the right to enslave them because their
father had obeyed him, then he should have the right to hold
father had obeyedhim, then he should have the
the ancestors and the offsprings accountable. Therefore,
the ancestors and the offsprings accountable. Therefore, it
is not right to withdraw hisrightbydeceivinghim. If has
is not right to withdraw his right by deceiving him. If has
to make them responsible for their father's sins,
the right to make them responsible for their father's sins,
the
then he is free punish them both, the forefathers and the
then he is free to punish them both, the forefathers and the
offsprings.
offsprings.
If it is said that after Satanhad taken the human side of
If it is said that after Satan had taken the human side of
Jesus (PBUH), he was then preventedfrom taking Adam's
Jesus (PBUH), he was then prevented from taking Adam's
progeny thereafter. If it were so, this sin of Satanwould be
progeny thereafter. If it were so, this sin of Satan would be
tlre least of all his sins, because had not known that he
the least of all his sins, because he had not known that he
he
(Jesus (PBUH), according to the Christian believe, was
(Jesus (PBUH), according to the Christian believe, was
27. T~ Tm~ uhoUl tPe Or{ljiJUJIsin
representingthe human side of God. If Satanhad been given
representing the human side of God. If Satan had been given
the permission to enslave the offsprings of a man, then he
the permission to enslave the offsprings of a man, then he
would have one, thinking that he himself was from them,
would have one, thinking that he himself was from thenl,
but he was not from them. This mistake would not prevent
but he was not from them. 1his mistake would not prevent
him from enslaving the rest. So, if Satanmistakenly
him from enslaving the rest. So, if Satan mistakenly took
Jesus (PBUH) as a son of man, this should not prevent
Jesus (PBUH) as a son of man, this should not prevent him
from taking the rest.
from taking the rest.
c. The
c. The third assumption is that the justice of God is not
assumptionis that the God
like that of His creatures', but rather a characteristic of His
that creatures', rather a characteristic
justice that He does not lessenthe merits anyone and
justice is that He does not lessen the merits of anyone and
does punish anybody
does not punish anybody but for what he or she has
what he she has
committed. Therefore, it is not right for God to punish the
committed. Therefore, not God punish the
children Adam (PBUH)
children of Adam (PBUH) for their father's sin. It is also
their father's sin. also
God punish the prophets
not right for God to punish the prophets who have no sin,
have sin,
since the prophetsare
since all the prophets are infallible and innocent. (22)
and innocent.(22)
So, if they
So, if they die with no sin for which they deserve to be
they deserve
punished, how can they be punishedafter ttrey die for their
punished, can punished they
father's sin even if we assumethat he (Adam pBUH) had
father's even if assume PBUH)
died insisting on his sin, althoughthis is a false assumption.
died insisting sin, although this false assumption.
And if we also make another false assumption that fhe
if also make another false assumption the
prophets have sins for which they deserveto be punished
prophets have sins deserve punished
after death and the empowermentof Satanto punish ttlem,
death the empowerment of Satan them,
people who are not prophets after Jesus(PBUH) deserve
people are prophets Jesus (PBUH) deserve
22. Allah says in the Holy Qur'an, "Say shall II seekfor (my) Lord
22. Allah says in the Holy Qur'an, "Say shall seek for (my) Lord
other than Allah. When He is the Cherisher of all things?
other than Allah. When He is the Cherisher of all things?
Every soul draws the meed of its acts on none but itselft no
Every soul draws the meed of its acts on none but itself: no
bearerof burdenedcan bear the burden of another, your return
bearer of burdened can bear the burden of another, your return
in the end is towards Allah: IIe will tell you the ruth of the
in the end is towards Allah: He will tell you the truth of the
things wherein you disputes. [6:164]
things wherein you disputes. [6: 164]
28. T~ TnttP 0601/t tPe
rie rruti alou rie Or{lfiJUJIsin
punishment. How can we accept justice that poses an
punishment. How can we accept justice that poses an
illogical double standard by allowing the punishmentof the
illogical double standard by allowing the punishment of the
prophets and not punishing those who are subordinate to
prophets and not punishing those who are subordinate to
them?
them?
The idea of crucifixion as attributed to the theme of the
of crucifixion as attributed to the theme of the
"Original Sin" is not incompatibleonly with human intellect
"Original Sin" incompatible only with human intellect
and understandingof justice, but also is contradictory to the
and understanding of justice, to the
teachings of itself. Ezekiel (18:20) reads:
teachingsof the Bible itself. Ezekiel (18:20) reads:
,.The soul who sins is the one who will die. The son will
"The soul sins will will
not share the guilt of the father, nor will the father share the
share guilt of father, will share th~
guilt of the son. The righteousness the righteous man will
of son. righteousness of of righteous will
be credited to him, and the wickedness of the wicked will be
be credited and wickednessof the will
charged against him."
chargedagainst
My dear reader! After trying to explain the falsity of the
dear reader! the of
'the
idea of "the Original Sin" by using both logical arguments
using botlt arguments
idea
(the Christian
and supportive evidence from the Bible (the Christian Holy
and supportive evidence from the
Book), there is no doubt that such an idea was
Book), there is no doubt that such an preached
idea was not preached
the teachingshe
by Jesus (PBUH) since it contradicts with the teachings he
by Jesus (PBUH) since it conffadicts
brought, as is clearly iltustated in the quote ftom Ezekiel
brought, as is clearly illustrated in the quote from Ezekiel
above. If so, then ...
above. If so, then...
where did the ldea of The ori$inal sin come from?
Where did the idea of The Original Sin come from?