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- 1. FPEEC Unit III. Theoryof Konwledge Dr. S.Prakash TVS Teacher Training Academy Madurai
- 2. Objectives The Student, • givesthe main knowledge • defines knowledge • lists the types of knowledge • states the theories of knowledge • explains the facets of knowledge
- 3. Meaning of Knowledge •Knowledgeis familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions of skills, which is acquired through experience or education, by perceiving, discovering and learning.
- 4. Definition of Knowledge Platodefined knowledge as “Justified true belief” through “Well-adjusted true belief” is more complete definition
- 5. Meaning of Epistemology •Branch of philosophy which studies the relationship between acquisition of knowledge and the knowledge thus acquired. • Involves in investigating 1. The development of human knowledge, its nature and limitations. 2. The ways of knowing as well as discriminating the truth from the false and speculations
- 6. Epistemological Conceptions ofknowledge •Knowledge for practice •Knowledge in practice •Knowledge of practice
- 7. Knowledge for Practice •Amongthose we have learnt, what we apply in our life constitute our knowledge. •Example Knowledge of Teaching acquired by a Teacher.
- 8. Knowledge in Practice •Actions are more important than thoughts. •When man reacts with the environment, he gets experiences. •Action is the pre-runner for knowledge. •Learning by doing is the appropriate method.
- 9. Knowledge of Practice •Importanceto applications of knowledge. •Knowledge is growing and expanding •Existing knowledge to be applied to new situations. •Knowledge is that which leads to further knowledge
- 10. Types of knowledge(dependingon nature) •Apriori •Aposterori •Explicit •Tacit •Propositional •Non-Propositional
- 11. 1. Apriori Knowledge •Apriorimeans “from the earlier”. •It implies that a person can derive knowledge from the world without needing to experience it. •Deduction reasoning forms the basis for arriving conclusions •Idealism gives prominance
- 12. 2.Aposteriori knowledge •Aposteriori “fromthe latter”. •Gain experience through senses and subject them to logical reasoning(inductive reasoning ) and reflection t derive understanding(conclusion). •Naturalists and Pragmatists accept this.
- 13. 3.Explicit Knowledge •More formaland reliable. •Knowledge that is recorded and communicated through media like libraries and databases
- 14. 3.Tacit Knowledge •Facial expressions,body movements and gestures, body language etc.. may communicate information. •Knowledge thus communicated non-verbally is TK. •Opposite to Explicit knowledge (EK) •EK is easily transferable and TK is almost impossible to be communicated
- 15. 5.Propositional knowledge • Knownas “Description ” or “Declarative knowledge” • EK is propositional Knowledge • PK is one which can be literally expressed in propositions. • It is knowledge of something and not about how to do something. • For example, you can learn to use a computer but not know how to program a computer.
- 16. 6.Non-Propositional Knowledge •Also knownas procedural knowledge. •Opposite to propositional Knowledge. •Used or applied in specific problems and situations. •Gives the rules and guidelines for initiating legal action, conducting functions and dealing with administrative problems
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- 18. 1.Empirical knowledge •Developed throughobservation or experiment. •Uses inductive approach in reasoning.
- 19. 2. Idealism •Knowledge isprimarily acquired by apriori process •For example in the form of concepts not derived from experiments
- 20. 3. Rationalism •Primary importanceto thinking and reasoning •Oppose all forms of superstitious and baseless stories.
- 21. Ways of GainingKnowledge •Sense Perception •Logical reasoning •Understanding emotions •Uses of Language
- 22. With passage oftime... •Intuition •Imagination •Memory •Faith
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- 24. Facets of Knowledge 1.Knowledge as participation •Cleaning the neighbourhood •Home visits to educate young mothers •Visiting hospitals •Joining in adult literacy campaigns.
- 25. Facets of knowledge 2.Knowledge as content •What is taught in educational institutions as outlined by curriculum, syllabus, textbooks/reference books •Progress in learning periodically assessed by oral, written or practical teste.
- 26. Facets of knowledge 3.Knowlwdge as Relation • Knowledge and learning are related. By relating what one learns now, what he has already learnt, his knowledge gets restructured and refined. •Knowledge and experience are related. What, when and how to learn and the interactio between knowledge and experience goes on.
- 27. Facets of Knowledge-source 1.Local and Universal Expertise in local history Problems of people living in the locality Resources available for developmet Socio economic data are necessary Feel of ground realities.
- 28. Facets of Knowledge-Source 2.Concrete and Abstract Knowledge about things that actually exist now or existed earlier and are factually found to be correct are concrete knowledge, Things which derive meaning, not through our sensory experiences but from thinking and reasoning are called abstract things.
- 29. Facets of Knowledge-Source 3.Practical and Theoretical Knowledge Taking the shortest route from place A to Place B is concerned with practical matters. Theoretical propositions like ‘Total prohibition’, ‘removing social imbalances’ can be discussed but not demostrated before any audience.
- 30. Facets of Knowledge-Source 4.Contextual and Textual Context means circumstances in which something happens or in which something has to be onsidered Texts provide lot of information. Text provide graded information in a language style for a particular group taking into consideration the physical and mental abilities and neurhological needs.
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- 32. Sensory Knowledge •Knowledge acquiredthrough sense perceptions •It need not be always true For example, To our senses it may appear that sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening daily which is not true. According to science, sun rise and sunsets are by the rotation of earth aound the sun and not the movement of the sun.
- 33. Experimental knowledge •When senseperceptions are stored in mind as images and applied in thinking whenever need arises, such kind of knowledge acquired is called ‘Experimental knowledge’.
- 34. Demonstrative knowledge • Whenwe perceive the agreement or disagreement between two ideas or events indirectly through a series of intermediate ideas. • For example, when we are unable to find a relationship between A and C, we may find it indirectly trough the use of B, which may have relations to both A and C. If A is greater tha B, and B is greater than C, then we know demonstratively A is greater than C
- 35. Logical Knowledge •When knowledgeis acquired through the use of inductive and deductive reasoning, that knowledge is known as logical knowledge.
- 36. Intuitive knowledge •When themind transcends the sensory peerceptions and intellectual reasoning and gets deeply absorbed in the highest level of consciousness enabling us to understand situations, people’s feelings or agreement/disagreement of two ideas etc. Immediately without the need for conscious reasoning or study, it is called intuition
- 37. Revealed knowledge •Knowledge thatis beyond human experiences and revealed by God or the Almighty to sages and saints or messiahs constitute Revealed knowledge. •Example, Vedas, Bible, Quran
- 38. Digital knowledge •Texts anddocuments stored in the digital form and is accessible to computers represent digital knowledge. •Developing the skills required to access such information constitutes digital knowledge.
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- 40. Data •Sense perception regardingobjects, persons or events are recorded in the mind in the form of data. •Each small bit of information about a thing recorded in the mind is called datum.
- 41. Information •Information refers todata that has been given some meaning by way of reflection/connection. In computer terms, it is the data that has been processed. •When data arranged sequentially with a purpose it reveals some meaningful information.
- 42. Knowledge •If we examinethe relations among data it yields information. If the information are processed with some purpose, we get knowledge.
- 43. Wisdom •Wisdom is thefitting application of knowledge. •For example, knowledge understands that light has turned red in the traffic signal post. Wisdom applies the brake of the car •Knowledge can exist without wisdom, but not the other way around.
- 44. •Knowledge is knowinghow to use a gun. •Wisdom is knowing when to use it and when to keep it hoisted.
- 45. Review •Meaning of knowledge •Definitionof knowledge •Types of knowledge •Theories of knowledge •Facets of knowlege