This document summarizes Milton Friedman's argument that the social responsibility of businesses is to increase profits. Friedman argues that corporate executives who claim businesses have social responsibilities beyond profit-making are preaching socialism. When corporate executives spend money on social causes, they are imposing taxes and spending tax money without democratic oversight. Friedman concludes that the only responsibilities businesses have are to operate within the law and serve the interests of shareholders by maximizing profits.
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INSTRUCTIONS
Write a brief case study (ALZHIEMER DISEASE) of a real or hypothetical issue or problem that needs investigation (approx. 200-250 words max).
Discussion 3.2: Hypothesis Test Tag Team
Corporate Responsibility 8;
The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits
Milton Friedman
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently
about the “social responsibilities of business
in a free-enterprise system,” I am reminded
of the wonderful line about the Frenchman
who discovered at the age of 70 that he had
been speaking prose all his life. The busi
nessmen believe that they are defending free
enterprise when they declaim that business
is not concerned “merely” with profit but
also with promoting desirable “social” ends;
that business has a “social conscience” and
takes seriously its responsibilities for provid
ing employment, eliminating discrimina
tion, avoiding pollution and whatever else
may be the catchwords of the contemporary
crop of reformers. In fact they are—or
would be if they or anyone else took them
seriously—preaching pure and unadulter
ated socialism. Businessmen who talk this
way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual
forces that have been undermining the basis
of a free society these past decades.
The discussions of the “social responsibil
ities of business” are notable for their analyt
ical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it
mean to say that “business” has responsibili
ties? Only people can have responsibilities.
A corporation is an artificial person and in
this sense may have artificial responsibili
ties, but “business” as a whole cannot be said
to have responsibilities, even in this vague
sense. The first step toward clarity in ex
amining the doctrine of the social responsi
bility of business is to ask precisely what it
implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be
responsible are businessmen, which means
individual proprietors or corporate execu
tives. Most of the discussion of social respon
sibility is directed at corporations, so in what
follows I shall mostly neglect the individual
proprietors and speak of corporate execu
tives.
In a free-enterprise, private-property sys
tem, a corporate executive is an employee of
the owners of the business. He has direct re
sponsibility to his employers. That responsi
bility is to conduct the business in accord
ance with their desires, which generally will
be to make as much money as possible while
conforming to the basic rules of the society,
both those embodied in law and those em
bodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some
cases his employers may have a different ob
jective. A group of persons might establish a
corporation for an eleemosynary purpose—
for example, a hospital or a school. The
manager of such a corporation will not have
money profit as his objectives but the ren
dering of certain services.
In either case,.
Learning Activity #1Organizations must clearly articulate a Mi.docxsmile790243
Learning Activity #1
Organizations must clearly articulate a Mission Statement and Vision Statement in order to strategically plan. Failing to understand that initial step of the Strategic Planning process often leads an organization away from, instead of towards, effective strategic planning.
Below are four (4) Mission Statements and four (4)Vision Statements; select ONE Mission Statement and ONE Vision Statement. Clearly explain why the select Mission Statement and Vision Statement is effective or ineffective; offer supporting rationale for your explanation and be sure to reference your statements using proper APA formatting.
Mission Statements
McDonald's vision is to be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile.
The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service.
To enhance quality of life for all as we age. We lead positive social change and deliver value to members through information, advocacy and service.
To create a shopping experience that pleases our customers; a workplace that creates opportunities and a great working environment for our associates; and a business that achieves financial success.
Vision Statements
GM’s vision is to be the world leader in transportation products and related services. We will earn our customers’ enthusiasm through continuous improvement driven by the integrity, teamwork, and innovation of GM people.
Develop, deploy, and manage a diverse set of scalable and strategic knowledge management tools to serve our customers, improving the possibility of overall satisfaction among our diverse customer profiles
To build the largest and most complete Amateur Radio community site on the Internet.
We intend to provide our customers with the best online shopping experience from beginning to end, with a smart, searchable website, easy-to-follow instructions, clear and secure payment methods, and fast, quality delivery.
Learning Activity #2
The “5 P’s of Strategy” capture the complexity of defining Strategic Management. Select ONE of the “5 P’s” – (1) explain why you selected that particular concept, i.e., why do you believe it is important to the overall strategic management process and (2) explain whether that particular concept requires more of a perspective of art or science from the strategic leaders point of view.
Clearly explain your position; offer supporting rationale for your explanation and be sure to reference your statements using proper APA formatting.
2/20/2017 The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, by Milton Friedman
http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-s ...
Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerIN.docxtodd331
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Scanned with CamScanner
INSTRUCTIONS
Write a brief case study (ALZHIEMER DISEASE) of a real or hypothetical issue or problem that needs investigation (approx. 200-250 words max).
Discussion 3.2: Hypothesis Test Tag Team
Corporate Responsibility 8;
The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits
Milton Friedman
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently
about the “social responsibilities of business
in a free-enterprise system,” I am reminded
of the wonderful line about the Frenchman
who discovered at the age of 70 that he had
been speaking prose all his life. The busi
nessmen believe that they are defending free
enterprise when they declaim that business
is not concerned “merely” with profit but
also with promoting desirable “social” ends;
that business has a “social conscience” and
takes seriously its responsibilities for provid
ing employment, eliminating discrimina
tion, avoiding pollution and whatever else
may be the catchwords of the contemporary
crop of reformers. In fact they are—or
would be if they or anyone else took them
seriously—preaching pure and unadulter
ated socialism. Businessmen who talk this
way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual
forces that have been undermining the basis
of a free society these past decades.
The discussions of the “social responsibil
ities of business” are notable for their analyt
ical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it
mean to say that “business” has responsibili
ties? Only people can have responsibilities.
A corporation is an artificial person and in
this sense may have artificial responsibili
ties, but “business” as a whole cannot be said
to have responsibilities, even in this vague
sense. The first step toward clarity in ex
amining the doctrine of the social responsi
bility of business is to ask precisely what it
implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be
responsible are businessmen, which means
individual proprietors or corporate execu
tives. Most of the discussion of social respon
sibility is directed at corporations, so in what
follows I shall mostly neglect the individual
proprietors and speak of corporate execu
tives.
In a free-enterprise, private-property sys
tem, a corporate executive is an employee of
the owners of the business. He has direct re
sponsibility to his employers. That responsi
bility is to conduct the business in accord
ance with their desires, which generally will
be to make as much money as possible while
conforming to the basic rules of the society,
both those embodied in law and those em
bodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some
cases his employers may have a different ob
jective. A group of persons might establish a
corporation for an eleemosynary purpose—
for example, a hospital or a school. The
manager of such a corporation will not have
money profit as his objectives but the ren
dering of certain services.
In either case,.
Learning Activity #1Organizations must clearly articulate a Mi.docxsmile790243
Learning Activity #1
Organizations must clearly articulate a Mission Statement and Vision Statement in order to strategically plan. Failing to understand that initial step of the Strategic Planning process often leads an organization away from, instead of towards, effective strategic planning.
Below are four (4) Mission Statements and four (4)Vision Statements; select ONE Mission Statement and ONE Vision Statement. Clearly explain why the select Mission Statement and Vision Statement is effective or ineffective; offer supporting rationale for your explanation and be sure to reference your statements using proper APA formatting.
Mission Statements
McDonald's vision is to be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile.
The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy, and service.
To enhance quality of life for all as we age. We lead positive social change and deliver value to members through information, advocacy and service.
To create a shopping experience that pleases our customers; a workplace that creates opportunities and a great working environment for our associates; and a business that achieves financial success.
Vision Statements
GM’s vision is to be the world leader in transportation products and related services. We will earn our customers’ enthusiasm through continuous improvement driven by the integrity, teamwork, and innovation of GM people.
Develop, deploy, and manage a diverse set of scalable and strategic knowledge management tools to serve our customers, improving the possibility of overall satisfaction among our diverse customer profiles
To build the largest and most complete Amateur Radio community site on the Internet.
We intend to provide our customers with the best online shopping experience from beginning to end, with a smart, searchable website, easy-to-follow instructions, clear and secure payment methods, and fast, quality delivery.
Learning Activity #2
The “5 P’s of Strategy” capture the complexity of defining Strategic Management. Select ONE of the “5 P’s” – (1) explain why you selected that particular concept, i.e., why do you believe it is important to the overall strategic management process and (2) explain whether that particular concept requires more of a perspective of art or science from the strategic leaders point of view.
Clearly explain your position; offer supporting rationale for your explanation and be sure to reference your statements using proper APA formatting.
2/20/2017 The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, by Milton Friedman
http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-s ...
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docxodiliagilby
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report): The
Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility:
The idea that companies have a duty to address
social ills is not just flawed, argues Aneel
Karnani; It also makes it more likely that we'll
ignore the real solutions to these problems
Karnani, Aneel . Wall Street Journal , Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]23 Aug 2010: R.1.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
[...] the fact is that while companies sometimes can do well by doing good, more often they can't. Because in most
cases, doing what's best for society means sacrificing profits.
FULL TEXT
Can companies do well by doing good? Yes -- sometimes.
But the idea that companies have a responsibility to act in the public interest and will profit from doing so is
fundamentally flawed.
Large companies now routinely claim that they aren't in business just for the profits, that they're also intent on
serving some larger social purpose. They trumpet their efforts to produce healthier foods or more fuel-efficient
vehicles, conserve energy and other resources in their operations, or otherwise make the world a better place.
Influential institutions like the Academy of Management and the United Nations, among many others, encourage
companies to pursue such strategies.
It's not surprising that this idea has won over so many people -- it's a very appealing proposition. You can have
your cake and eat it too!
But it's an illusion, and a potentially dangerous one.
Very simply, in cases where private profits and public interests are aligned, the idea of corporate social
responsibility is irrelevant: Companies that simply do everything they can to boost profits will end up increasing
social welfare. In circumstances in which profits and social welfare are in direct opposition, an appeal to corporate
social responsibility will almost always be ineffective, because executives are unlikely to act voluntarily in the
public interest and against shareholder interests.
Irrelevant or ineffective, take your pick. But it's worse than that. The danger is that a focus on social responsibility
will delay or discourage more-effective measures to enhance social welfare in those cases where profits and the
public good are at odds. As society looks to companies to address these problems, the real solutions may be
ignored.
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
To get a better fix on the irrelevance or ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility efforts, let's first look at
situations where profits and social welfare are in synch.
Consider the market for healthier food. Fast-food outlets have profited by expanding their offerings to include
salads and other options designed to appeal to health-conscious consu ...
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docxjeffevans62972
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report): The
Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility:
The idea that companies have a duty to address
social ills is not just flawed, argues Aneel
Karnani; It also makes it more likely that we'll
ignore the real solutions to these problems
Karnani, Aneel . Wall Street Journal , Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]23 Aug 2010: R.1.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
[...] the fact is that while companies sometimes can do well by doing good, more often they can't. Because in most
cases, doing what's best for society means sacrificing profits.
FULL TEXT
Can companies do well by doing good? Yes -- sometimes.
But the idea that companies have a responsibility to act in the public interest and will profit from doing so is
fundamentally flawed.
Large companies now routinely claim that they aren't in business just for the profits, that they're also intent on
serving some larger social purpose. They trumpet their efforts to produce healthier foods or more fuel-efficient
vehicles, conserve energy and other resources in their operations, or otherwise make the world a better place.
Influential institutions like the Academy of Management and the United Nations, among many others, encourage
companies to pursue such strategies.
It's not surprising that this idea has won over so many people -- it's a very appealing proposition. You can have
your cake and eat it too!
But it's an illusion, and a potentially dangerous one.
Very simply, in cases where private profits and public interests are aligned, the idea of corporate social
responsibility is irrelevant: Companies that simply do everything they can to boost profits will end up increasing
social welfare. In circumstances in which profits and social welfare are in direct opposition, an appeal to corporate
social responsibility will almost always be ineffective, because executives are unlikely to act voluntarily in the
public interest and against shareholder interests.
Irrelevant or ineffective, take your pick. But it's worse than that. The danger is that a focus on social responsibility
will delay or discourage more-effective measures to enhance social welfare in those cases where profits and the
public good are at odds. As society looks to companies to address these problems, the real solutions may be
ignored.
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
To get a better fix on the irrelevance or ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility efforts, let's first look at
situations where profits and social welfare are in synch.
Consider the market for healthier food. Fast-food outlets have profited by expanding their offerings to include
salads and other options designed to appeal to health-conscious consu.
Any organisation that really wants to excel within it industry or sector and environs must ensure it carries out Corporate Social Responsibility regular.
The concept of social responsibility among businessmen, particularly in India, is not new and can be easily seen in the form of magnificent temples, high mosques, large dharmshalas and great educational institutions. Indian literature is full of incidents when business- men have gone out of the way to help extract kings and societies out of crises. Many Indian businesses are known for staying one step ahead of the government, as far as the welfare of employees and societies is concerned.
The Four Facesof Corporate CitizenshipARCHIE B. CARROLL.docxcherry686017
The Four Faces
of Corporate Citizenship
ARCHIE B. CARROLL
Some observers call it corporate socialresponsibility (CSR). Others refer to it ascorporate ethics. More recently, busi-
nesses’ social performance has been framed as
“corporate citizenship.” But, what does corpo-
rate citizenship really mean? What is business
expected to be or to do to be considered a good
corporate citizen? Is corporate citizenship com-
patible with or hostile to corporate growth and
profits?
A significant boost to corporate citizenship
initiatives was given in 1996 when President
Clinton called to Washington a group of leading
business people to discuss the notion of corpo-
rate citizenship and social responsibility. At
this conference, President Clinton exhorted the
business leaders to “do well” by their employees
as they make money for their shareholders.
He and then–Labor Secretary Robert Reich
announced the newly created Ron Brown Cor-
porate Citizenship Award, named for the late
commerce secretary who died in 1996 along
with a group of business executives on a trade
mission to Bosnia. The award was to honor
American companies each year deemed to best
exemplify efforts to support its workers.
President Clinton’s five criteria for the Ron
Brown Award for “good corporate citizenship”
boiled down to companies exhibiting the follow-
ing practices: “family-friendly” policies, such as
allowing family leave; good health and pension
benefits; a safe workplace; training and
advancement opportunities; and policies that
avoid layoffs. In 1998, the 1997 winners were
announced: IBM Corporation, for its diversity
programs, and Levi Strauss & Co., for its anti-
racism initiative “Project Change.”1 One could
not argue with these criteria nor these winners;
however, one cannot help but note that the cri-
teria all involve the relationship between com-
panies and their employees, with no mention
being made of shareholders, consumers, the
community in which the business is located, or
other important stakeholders. Surely corporate
citizenship extends beyond relationships be-
tween companies and their employees and
includes the business responding to and inter-
acting with these other vital stakeholders.
Decades of studying businesses’ corporate
social performance, their activities that extend
beyond profit-making, and their contributions
to the community lead one to conclude that cor-
porate citizenship is real—it is expected of busi-
ness by the public, and it is manifested by many
excellent companies. Further, corporate citi-
zenship addresses the relationship between
companies and all their important stakehold-
ers, not just employees.
The full gamut of corporate citizenship in-
cludes its four faces. Each “face,” aspect, or re-
sponsibility reveals an important facet that
contributes to the whole. Just as private citizens
are expected to fulfill these responsibilities,
companies are as well. Corporate citizenship
has an economic face, a legal face, an ethical
face, and ...
216 Chapters Coi-porate Social Responsibility Chapter Obje.docxeugeniadean34240
216 Chapters Coi-porate Social Responsibility
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Define corporate social responsibility.
2. Describe and evaluate the economic model of corporate social responsibility.
3. Distinguish key components of the term responsibility.
4. Describe and evaluate the philanthropic model of corporate social
responsibility.
5. Describe and evaluate the social web model of corporate social responsibility.
6. Describe and evaluate the integrative model of corporate social responsibility.
7. Explain the role of reputation management as motivation behind CSR.
8. Evaluate the claims that CSR is "good" for business.
Introduction
OB)ECTIVE
OBIECTIVE
This chapter addresses the nature of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
how firms opt to meet and demonstrate their fialfiilment of this perceived respon-
sibility. In one sense, no one denies that business has some social responsibilities.
At a minimum, it is indisputable that business has a social responsibility to obey
the law. Economists might also say that business has a social responsibility to
produce the goods and services that society demands. If a firm fails to meet soci-
ety's interests and demands, it will simply fail and go out of business. But, beyond
these legal and economic responsibilities, controversies abound. In general terms,
we can say that the primary question of CSR is the extent to which business has
social responsibilities that go beyond producing needed goods and services within
the law. There are a range of answers to this question and it will be helpful to dis-
tinguish some prominent alternatives along this continuum.
Most involved in business would accept the general definition of the tenn
corporate social responsibility as referring to the responsibilities that a busi-
ness has to the society in which it operates. From an economic perspective, a
business is an institution that exists to produce goods and services demanded by
society and, by engaging in this activity, the business creates jobs and wealth that
benefit society fiirther. The law has created a form of business called corporations,
which limits the liability of individuals for the risks involved in these activities.
Legislatures thought that businesses could be more efScient in raising the capital
necessary for producing goods, services. Jobs, and wealth if individuals were pro-
tected, and people would therefore be encouraged to engage in these activities.
This narrow view of CSR, what we shall refer to as the economic model
of CSR, holds that business' sole duty is to fulfill the economic fiinctions busi-
nesses were designed to serve. On this narrow view, the social responsibility of
business managers is simply to pursue profit within the law. Because profit is an
indication that business is eflficiently and successfully producing the goods and
services that society demands, profit is a direct measure of h.
Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations
CSR is the responsibility of corporations to contribute to a better society and cleaner environment
Please read the case Fraud at WorldCom in the book provided below .docxchristalgrieg
Please read the case Fraud at WorldCom in the book provided below (chapter 13) Page 310
And answer the following questions
1. What is the dilemma?
2. Do shareholders have de facto control over managers? What decisions do shareholders typically make? Please explain
One double-spaced page.
.
Please read the below two discussion posts and provide the response .docxchristalgrieg
Please read the below two discussion posts and provide the response for each discussion in 75 to 100 words.
Post#1
Nowadays, there are numerous advancements in technology. As a result, the traditional workplace has gradually transformed with home offices and virtual workplaces where employees can hold meetings using video teleconferencing tools and communicate through email and other applications such as Slack (Montrief, et al., 2020). This makes the cloud more busy which brings up the need for improved cloud security.
Generally, in a public cloud, there exists a shared responsibility between the user and the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). Due to the rise of cyber-related crimes over the years, security for things like data classification, network controls and physical security need clear owners. The division of such responsibilities is called shared responsibility model for cloud security. “According to Amazon Web Services (AWS), security responsibility is shared by both CSP and CSC and they called it as Shared Security Responsible Model” (Kumar, Raj, & Jelciana, 2018). “While client and endpoint protection, identity and access management and application level controls are a shared responsibility the responsibility resides largely with the client organization” (Lane, Shrestha, & Ali, 2017). However, the responsibilities may vary depending on the cloud service provider and the cloud environment the user is using to operate. Nevertheless, despite the cloud services used, the burden of protecting data lays upon the user.
Normally, security is broken down into two broad categories: security of the cloud and security in the cloud. Security of the cloud is a section of the shared responsibility model handled by the cloud service provider. It comprises of hardware, host operating systems and physical security of the infrastructure. Most of these logistical challenges are offloaded when an organization moves its operations to the cloud. In contrast, security in the cloud is the security responsibility handled by the user. “The cloud service customer is responsible for securing and managing the applications that run in the cloud, the operating systems, data-at-rest, data-in-transit, policies and other responsibilities” (Bennett & Robertson, 2019). Since access to customer data remains the most critical component in cloud computing, it also determined the level of security in the cloud to be implemented by the customer.
The customer is responsible for the following components. First, the customer is responsible for data security. While the provider is responsible for automatically encrypting data in transit and in storage, the customer is expected to configure file system encryption and protection of network traffic. Secondly, the customer is responsible for physical security of computers and other devices used to access the cloud. Thirdly, the customer is responsible for application security. Security of manag.
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Similar to The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Pro.docx
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docxodiliagilby
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report): The
Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility:
The idea that companies have a duty to address
social ills is not just flawed, argues Aneel
Karnani; It also makes it more likely that we'll
ignore the real solutions to these problems
Karnani, Aneel . Wall Street Journal , Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]23 Aug 2010: R.1.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
[...] the fact is that while companies sometimes can do well by doing good, more often they can't. Because in most
cases, doing what's best for society means sacrificing profits.
FULL TEXT
Can companies do well by doing good? Yes -- sometimes.
But the idea that companies have a responsibility to act in the public interest and will profit from doing so is
fundamentally flawed.
Large companies now routinely claim that they aren't in business just for the profits, that they're also intent on
serving some larger social purpose. They trumpet their efforts to produce healthier foods or more fuel-efficient
vehicles, conserve energy and other resources in their operations, or otherwise make the world a better place.
Influential institutions like the Academy of Management and the United Nations, among many others, encourage
companies to pursue such strategies.
It's not surprising that this idea has won over so many people -- it's a very appealing proposition. You can have
your cake and eat it too!
But it's an illusion, and a potentially dangerous one.
Very simply, in cases where private profits and public interests are aligned, the idea of corporate social
responsibility is irrelevant: Companies that simply do everything they can to boost profits will end up increasing
social welfare. In circumstances in which profits and social welfare are in direct opposition, an appeal to corporate
social responsibility will almost always be ineffective, because executives are unlikely to act voluntarily in the
public interest and against shareholder interests.
Irrelevant or ineffective, take your pick. But it's worse than that. The danger is that a focus on social responsibility
will delay or discourage more-effective measures to enhance social welfare in those cases where profits and the
public good are at odds. As society looks to companies to address these problems, the real solutions may be
ignored.
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
To get a better fix on the irrelevance or ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility efforts, let's first look at
situations where profits and social welfare are in synch.
Consider the market for healthier food. Fast-food outlets have profited by expanding their offerings to include
salads and other options designed to appeal to health-conscious consu ...
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docxjeffevans62972
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report): The
Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility:
The idea that companies have a duty to address
social ills is not just flawed, argues Aneel
Karnani; It also makes it more likely that we'll
ignore the real solutions to these problems
Karnani, Aneel . Wall Street Journal , Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]23 Aug 2010: R.1.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
[...] the fact is that while companies sometimes can do well by doing good, more often they can't. Because in most
cases, doing what's best for society means sacrificing profits.
FULL TEXT
Can companies do well by doing good? Yes -- sometimes.
But the idea that companies have a responsibility to act in the public interest and will profit from doing so is
fundamentally flawed.
Large companies now routinely claim that they aren't in business just for the profits, that they're also intent on
serving some larger social purpose. They trumpet their efforts to produce healthier foods or more fuel-efficient
vehicles, conserve energy and other resources in their operations, or otherwise make the world a better place.
Influential institutions like the Academy of Management and the United Nations, among many others, encourage
companies to pursue such strategies.
It's not surprising that this idea has won over so many people -- it's a very appealing proposition. You can have
your cake and eat it too!
But it's an illusion, and a potentially dangerous one.
Very simply, in cases where private profits and public interests are aligned, the idea of corporate social
responsibility is irrelevant: Companies that simply do everything they can to boost profits will end up increasing
social welfare. In circumstances in which profits and social welfare are in direct opposition, an appeal to corporate
social responsibility will almost always be ineffective, because executives are unlikely to act voluntarily in the
public interest and against shareholder interests.
Irrelevant or ineffective, take your pick. But it's worse than that. The danger is that a focus on social responsibility
will delay or discourage more-effective measures to enhance social welfare in those cases where profits and the
public good are at odds. As society looks to companies to address these problems, the real solutions may be
ignored.
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
To get a better fix on the irrelevance or ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility efforts, let's first look at
situations where profits and social welfare are in synch.
Consider the market for healthier food. Fast-food outlets have profited by expanding their offerings to include
salads and other options designed to appeal to health-conscious consu.
Any organisation that really wants to excel within it industry or sector and environs must ensure it carries out Corporate Social Responsibility regular.
The concept of social responsibility among businessmen, particularly in India, is not new and can be easily seen in the form of magnificent temples, high mosques, large dharmshalas and great educational institutions. Indian literature is full of incidents when business- men have gone out of the way to help extract kings and societies out of crises. Many Indian businesses are known for staying one step ahead of the government, as far as the welfare of employees and societies is concerned.
The Four Facesof Corporate CitizenshipARCHIE B. CARROLL.docxcherry686017
The Four Faces
of Corporate Citizenship
ARCHIE B. CARROLL
Some observers call it corporate socialresponsibility (CSR). Others refer to it ascorporate ethics. More recently, busi-
nesses’ social performance has been framed as
“corporate citizenship.” But, what does corpo-
rate citizenship really mean? What is business
expected to be or to do to be considered a good
corporate citizen? Is corporate citizenship com-
patible with or hostile to corporate growth and
profits?
A significant boost to corporate citizenship
initiatives was given in 1996 when President
Clinton called to Washington a group of leading
business people to discuss the notion of corpo-
rate citizenship and social responsibility. At
this conference, President Clinton exhorted the
business leaders to “do well” by their employees
as they make money for their shareholders.
He and then–Labor Secretary Robert Reich
announced the newly created Ron Brown Cor-
porate Citizenship Award, named for the late
commerce secretary who died in 1996 along
with a group of business executives on a trade
mission to Bosnia. The award was to honor
American companies each year deemed to best
exemplify efforts to support its workers.
President Clinton’s five criteria for the Ron
Brown Award for “good corporate citizenship”
boiled down to companies exhibiting the follow-
ing practices: “family-friendly” policies, such as
allowing family leave; good health and pension
benefits; a safe workplace; training and
advancement opportunities; and policies that
avoid layoffs. In 1998, the 1997 winners were
announced: IBM Corporation, for its diversity
programs, and Levi Strauss & Co., for its anti-
racism initiative “Project Change.”1 One could
not argue with these criteria nor these winners;
however, one cannot help but note that the cri-
teria all involve the relationship between com-
panies and their employees, with no mention
being made of shareholders, consumers, the
community in which the business is located, or
other important stakeholders. Surely corporate
citizenship extends beyond relationships be-
tween companies and their employees and
includes the business responding to and inter-
acting with these other vital stakeholders.
Decades of studying businesses’ corporate
social performance, their activities that extend
beyond profit-making, and their contributions
to the community lead one to conclude that cor-
porate citizenship is real—it is expected of busi-
ness by the public, and it is manifested by many
excellent companies. Further, corporate citi-
zenship addresses the relationship between
companies and all their important stakehold-
ers, not just employees.
The full gamut of corporate citizenship in-
cludes its four faces. Each “face,” aspect, or re-
sponsibility reveals an important facet that
contributes to the whole. Just as private citizens
are expected to fulfill these responsibilities,
companies are as well. Corporate citizenship
has an economic face, a legal face, an ethical
face, and ...
216 Chapters Coi-porate Social Responsibility Chapter Obje.docxeugeniadean34240
216 Chapters Coi-porate Social Responsibility
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Define corporate social responsibility.
2. Describe and evaluate the economic model of corporate social responsibility.
3. Distinguish key components of the term responsibility.
4. Describe and evaluate the philanthropic model of corporate social
responsibility.
5. Describe and evaluate the social web model of corporate social responsibility.
6. Describe and evaluate the integrative model of corporate social responsibility.
7. Explain the role of reputation management as motivation behind CSR.
8. Evaluate the claims that CSR is "good" for business.
Introduction
OB)ECTIVE
OBIECTIVE
This chapter addresses the nature of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
how firms opt to meet and demonstrate their fialfiilment of this perceived respon-
sibility. In one sense, no one denies that business has some social responsibilities.
At a minimum, it is indisputable that business has a social responsibility to obey
the law. Economists might also say that business has a social responsibility to
produce the goods and services that society demands. If a firm fails to meet soci-
ety's interests and demands, it will simply fail and go out of business. But, beyond
these legal and economic responsibilities, controversies abound. In general terms,
we can say that the primary question of CSR is the extent to which business has
social responsibilities that go beyond producing needed goods and services within
the law. There are a range of answers to this question and it will be helpful to dis-
tinguish some prominent alternatives along this continuum.
Most involved in business would accept the general definition of the tenn
corporate social responsibility as referring to the responsibilities that a busi-
ness has to the society in which it operates. From an economic perspective, a
business is an institution that exists to produce goods and services demanded by
society and, by engaging in this activity, the business creates jobs and wealth that
benefit society fiirther. The law has created a form of business called corporations,
which limits the liability of individuals for the risks involved in these activities.
Legislatures thought that businesses could be more efScient in raising the capital
necessary for producing goods, services. Jobs, and wealth if individuals were pro-
tected, and people would therefore be encouraged to engage in these activities.
This narrow view of CSR, what we shall refer to as the economic model
of CSR, holds that business' sole duty is to fulfill the economic fiinctions busi-
nesses were designed to serve. On this narrow view, the social responsibility of
business managers is simply to pursue profit within the law. Because profit is an
indication that business is eflficiently and successfully producing the goods and
services that society demands, profit is a direct measure of h.
Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations
CSR is the responsibility of corporations to contribute to a better society and cleaner environment
Please read the case Fraud at WorldCom in the book provided below .docxchristalgrieg
Please read the case Fraud at WorldCom in the book provided below (chapter 13) Page 310
And answer the following questions
1. What is the dilemma?
2. Do shareholders have de facto control over managers? What decisions do shareholders typically make? Please explain
One double-spaced page.
.
Please read the below two discussion posts and provide the response .docxchristalgrieg
Please read the below two discussion posts and provide the response for each discussion in 75 to 100 words.
Post#1
Nowadays, there are numerous advancements in technology. As a result, the traditional workplace has gradually transformed with home offices and virtual workplaces where employees can hold meetings using video teleconferencing tools and communicate through email and other applications such as Slack (Montrief, et al., 2020). This makes the cloud more busy which brings up the need for improved cloud security.
Generally, in a public cloud, there exists a shared responsibility between the user and the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). Due to the rise of cyber-related crimes over the years, security for things like data classification, network controls and physical security need clear owners. The division of such responsibilities is called shared responsibility model for cloud security. “According to Amazon Web Services (AWS), security responsibility is shared by both CSP and CSC and they called it as Shared Security Responsible Model” (Kumar, Raj, & Jelciana, 2018). “While client and endpoint protection, identity and access management and application level controls are a shared responsibility the responsibility resides largely with the client organization” (Lane, Shrestha, & Ali, 2017). However, the responsibilities may vary depending on the cloud service provider and the cloud environment the user is using to operate. Nevertheless, despite the cloud services used, the burden of protecting data lays upon the user.
Normally, security is broken down into two broad categories: security of the cloud and security in the cloud. Security of the cloud is a section of the shared responsibility model handled by the cloud service provider. It comprises of hardware, host operating systems and physical security of the infrastructure. Most of these logistical challenges are offloaded when an organization moves its operations to the cloud. In contrast, security in the cloud is the security responsibility handled by the user. “The cloud service customer is responsible for securing and managing the applications that run in the cloud, the operating systems, data-at-rest, data-in-transit, policies and other responsibilities” (Bennett & Robertson, 2019). Since access to customer data remains the most critical component in cloud computing, it also determined the level of security in the cloud to be implemented by the customer.
The customer is responsible for the following components. First, the customer is responsible for data security. While the provider is responsible for automatically encrypting data in transit and in storage, the customer is expected to configure file system encryption and protection of network traffic. Secondly, the customer is responsible for physical security of computers and other devices used to access the cloud. Thirdly, the customer is responsible for application security. Security of manag.
Please read the below discussion post and provide response in 75 to .docxchristalgrieg
Please read the below discussion post and provide response in 75 to 100 words
Post#1
Cloud security plays an important role in every field like business and personal world. With a large number of benefits it has some myths also. Cloud security is solely the cloud provider’s responsibility: a standard misconception is that the cloud provider automatically takes care of all the safety needs of the customer’s data and process while in the cloud. Password policies, release management for software patches, management of user roles, security training of staff, and data management policies are all responsibilities of the purchasers and a minimum of as critical because the security is done by the general public cloud provider. While users are hardening internal security, don’t assume that cloud provider backs up data and will be able to restore it just in case of a security breach. It is instrumental and important that users simply implement a backup solution that backs up data that's hosted on the cloud to an onsite backup or to a different cloud provider. In addition, in case of a security breach, user will get to restore data from backups. “There is indeed a good case to make for fair taxation and that uneven effective tax rates can distort competition and lead to smaller tax revenues” (Bauer, 2018).
Don’t get to manage the cloud: many people believe that since the cloud infrastructure is usually basically just a managed service, that the safety of the services is additionally managed. Many cloud based systems are left inadvertently unsecured because the customer doesn't know that they have to try to something to secure them, as they assume that the provider has done what an in-house staff would traditionally have done by default. Cloud security requires an equivalent discipline for security of any data center. Cloud data centers are as resilient as any, but the weakness comes if the policies, processes and tools aren’t regularly monitored by the IT operations staff responsible (Determann, 2016).
Ignore BYOD and be more secure: not supporting and implementing a BYOD policy does not mean an enterprise will be less at risk of a data breach, SVP of cloud and hosting sales. The BYOD movement is here to stay. Some experts recommend deploying a mobile content management (MCM) solution, as protecting the data will be what ultimately defines business’ security and compliance requirements. “Despite the Australian Federal Government's ‘cloud-first’ strategy and policies, and the Queensland State Government's ‘digital-first’ strategy, cloud services adoption at local government level has been limited—largely due to data security concerns” (Ali, Shrestha, Chatfield, & Murray, 2020). Cloud data isn’t saved on mobile devices: I still hear people speaking about cloud deployment as if using this service means users are not saving any enterprise data on mobile devices, which this might make device data protection a moot point. Apps that are connecting to de.
Please read the assignment content throughly Internet Resources .docxchristalgrieg
Please read the assignment content throughly
Internet Resources Chart [due Mon]
Assignment Content
Create
a chart of Internet-based resources for early childhood literacy development.
Include
at least two different resources for each of the following topics:
Oral language
Environmental print
Morphemic analysis
Spelling
Vocabulary
Summarize
each resource. A total of 700 words should be used in the chart.
Submit
your assignment.
.
Please read the article by Peterson (2004). Your responses to th.docxchristalgrieg
Please read the article by Peterson (2004). Your responses to the following questions must be typed. Please be sure to include an APA-style citation
1. What is the purpose of this review paper
2. Describe
Incidental teaching
Mand-model
Time delay
Milieu language teaching
How are they the same?
How are they different?
3. What is discrete trial training? How is naturalistic teaching different?
4. What is generalization in language acquisition? How does naturalistic teaching promote generalization in language acquisition?
5. What were the conclusions of this review?
6. Be sure to provide and APA-style source citation for Peterson (2004) at the end of your paper
.
Please read the article which appears below. Write and submit an.docxchristalgrieg
Please read the article which appears below. Write and submit an
600 word report.
There is no right or wrong answer. Your report will be graded on your understanding of the problem of teenagers in high school having babies - and the attitude of the teens - whether you agree or disagree it is a good idea for the school to open a day care center to help these mothers (tell us why you agree or disagree), whether you agree or disagree with the teacher who wrote this article - tell us why you agree or disagree - why sociologists might want to study problems like this one, what sociologists might be able to contribute to solving problems like the one described . Link your answer to material we are studying. How well you express yourself - grammatical construction - spelling - is important. Maybe you can't make up your mind about this article. That's OK too. But it is important that you explain WHY.
Material you studied about agents of social change, primary and secondary groups in the chapters on
Culture - Socialization- Social Interaction - Social Structures - Groups and Organizations- should give you lots of ideas for your assignment.
They're Having Babies. Are We Helping?
By Patrick Welsh
The girls gather in small groups outside Alexandria's T.C. Williams High School most mornings, standing with their babies on their hips, talking and giggling like sorority sisters. Sometimes their mothers drop the kids (and their kids) off with a carefree smile and a wave. As I watch the girls carry their children into the Tiny Titans day-care center in our new $100 million building, I can't help wondering what Sister Mary Avelina, my 11th-grade English teacher, would have thought.
Okay, I'm an old guy from the 1950s, an era light-years from today. But even in these less censorious times, I'm amazed -- and concerned -- by the apparently nonchalant attitude both these girls and their mothers exhibit in front of teachers, administrators and hundreds of students each day. Last I heard, teen pregnancy is still a major concern in this country -- teenage mothers are less likely to finish school and more likely to live in poverty; their children are more likely to have difficulties in school and with the law; and on and on.
But none of that seems to register with these young women. In fact, "some girls seem to be really into it," says T.C. senior Mary Ball. "They are embracing their pregnancies." Nor is the sight of a pregnant classmate much of a surprise to the students at T.C. anymore. "When I was in middle school, I'd be shocked to see a pregnant eighth-grader," says Ball. "Now it seems so ordinary that we don't even talk about it."
Teenage pregnancy has been bright on American radar screens for the past year: TV teen starlet Jamie Lynn Spears's pregnancy caused a minor media storm last December. The pregnant-teen movie "Juno" won Oscar nods. And there was Bristol Palin, daughter of Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin, bringing the issue front and center d.
Please Read instructions Role Model LeadersChoose one • 1 .docxchristalgrieg
Please Read instructions
Role Model Leaders
Choose one • 1 point
In a study by Kouzes and Posner, who was identified as the person that the majority of people would select as their most important role model for leadership?
Teacher or coach
Business leader
Family member
Community or religious leader
QUESTION 2
Five Practices
Choose one • 1 point
Which of the following is
not
one of the Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership?
Model the Way
Leave a Legacy
Encourage the Heart
Enable Others to Act
QUESTION 3
Organizational Behavior
Choose one • 1 point
Organizational Behavior is a defined business function that has nothing to do with human behavior.
True
False
QUESTION 4
Leader and Constituents
Choose one • 1 point
What strengthens and sustains the relationship between leader and constituents is that leaders are:
Obsessed with what is best for others, not themselves
Obsessed with what is best for making the most money for themselves
Obsessed with what is best for themselves, not others
Obsessed with what is best for the business, not others
QUESTION 5
The Most Fundamental Truth
Choose one • 1 point
According to Kouzes and Posner, which of the Ten Truths about Leadership is the most fundamental truth of all?
Credibility is the Foundation of Leadership
Challenge is the Crucible for Greatness
You Can’t Do It Alone
You Make a Difference
QUESTION 6
Credibility
Choose one • 1 point
A culture of leadership ______________ and ______________ is created when people at all levels genuinely expect each other to be credible, and they hold each other accountable for the actions that build and sustain credibility.
Excellence and integrity
Independence and coerciveness
Confidence and charisma
Dissatisfaction and distrust
QUESTION 7
Organizational Behavior
Choose one • 1 point
The study of Organizational Behavior helps us to understand organizational culture, power, and political behavior.
True
False
QUESTION 8
Organization’s vision and values
Choose one • 1 point
Who is the person that has the most influence over your desire to stay or leave an organization, and your commitment to the organization’s vision and values?
CEO
Co-workers
Board of Directors
Your most immediate manager
QUESTION 9
Willingly Follow
Choose one • 1 point
In a survey by Kouzes and Posner, which of the following characteristics scored the highest that people looked for in someone that they would be willing to follow:
Independent
Supportive
Honest
Straightforward
QUESTION 10
Expectation of Leaders
Choose one • 1 point
In addition to the three factors that measure source credibility, the vast majority of constituents have one other expectation of leaders. They expect leaders to be:
Admired
Forward-looking
Independent
Enthusiastic
QUESTION 11
Leadership is a Relationship
Choose one • 1 point
Leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead and those who are learning to lead
.
Tru.
Please read each attachment for instructions, please answer each q.docxchristalgrieg
Please read each attachment for instructions, please answer each question all 8 with an answer after reading each attachment. Do not answer each question in a running paragraph. question/answer in at least 200 -300 word detailed with references from attachments and one extra where needed.
I do not have a second chance to correct
Activity: Counseling Immigrants
Instructions:
This activity is composed of three parts. In order to complete part I, you must read the article “Counseling Haitian Students and their Families: Issues and Interventions.” In order to complete part II, you must read the “APA Immigration Report Executive Summary,” and in order to complete part III, you must read “Counseling Model for Immigrants.”
Part I
1) Explain the differences between what parents are expected to do in American schools and what parents are expected to do in Haitian schools.
2) Why did Jean’s parents did not seek contact with teachers?
3) Haitian students face significant prejudice from teachers and classmates based on their race, the negative image of voudou, their former classification as a high-risk group for AIDS, and the violence and corruption of Haiti’s domestic politics. Name the interventions suggested by Joseph (1984).
Part II
1. The United States today has approximately _______ million immigrants—the largest number in its history. As a nation of immigrants, the United States has successfully negotiated larger proportions of newcomers in its past (______% in 1910 vs. _____% today). Notably, nearly _________ ____________of the foreign-born are naturalized citizens or authorized noncitizens.
2. Nearly a ___________ of children under the age of 18 have an immigrant __________.
3. One third of the foreign-born population in the United States is from ________, and a total of _______% originate from Latin America (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010).The four states with the largest numbers of immigrants (California, __________, New Mexico, and _________) have already become “majority/minority” (______ than ________% White) states (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011a).
4. Immigrants arrive in the United States with varied levels of education. At one end of the spectrum are highly educated immigrant adults (Portes & Rumbaut, 2006) who comprise a ___________ of all U.S. __________, ________% of the nation’s __________ and ____________ workers with bachelor’s degrees, and _______% of scientists with ______________.
5. An estimated ________ languages are currently spoken in homes in the United States.
6. Psychological acculturation refers to the dynamic process that immigrants experience as they __________ to the culture of the new country.
7. The constellation of presenting issues for immigrants tends to fall within the areas of _________________- based presenting problems, __________-based presenting problems, and _________________, ____________, and ______________–based problems.
8. To increase the accessibility and efficacy of services, clinicians and p.
PLEASE READ BEFORE STARTING! 500 WORD PAPER ONLY USING THE NOTES I.docxchristalgrieg
**PLEASE READ BEFORE STARTING! 500 WORD PAPER ONLY USING THE NOTES I HAVE PROVIDED BELOW. ESSAY QUESTION IS RIGHT BELOW AS WELL.**
Three common approaches to understanding leading – traits, behaviors, and situational or contingency approaches - may or may not be effective in leading/managing a healthcare program. Briefly summarize each and its appropriateness for healthcare management.
Health Program Management (Longest, 2015)
“Leading effectively means influencing participants to make contributions that help accomplish the mission and objectives established for a program.” (Longest, 2015, p. 139)
Traits approach
“Based on the proposition that traits - encompassing skills, abilities, or characteristics - inherent in some people explain why they are more effective at leading than others.” (Longest, 2015, p. 140)
Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991, 48) stated, “Key leader traits include: drive (a broad term which includes achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative); leadership, motivation (the desire to lead but not to seek power as an end in itself); honesty and integrity; self-confidence (which is associated with emotional stability); cognitive ability; and knowledge.” (as cited in Longest, 2015, p. 140)
Behaviors approach
“Traits cannot fully explain effectively leading, is based on the assumption that particular behaviors or sets of behaviors that make up a style of leading might be associated with success in leading.” (Longest, 2015, p. 140)
Planning, clarifying, monitoring, problem solving, supporting, recognizing, developing, empowering, advocating change, envisioning change, encouraging innovation, facilitating collective learning, networking, external monitoring, representing (Longest, 2015, p. 142)
Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s continuum of leader styles model: (Longest, 2015, p. 147)
Autocratic leaders - makes decisions and announces them to other participants
Consultative leaders - convince other participants of the correctness of a decision by carefully explaining the rationale for the decision and its effect on the other participants and on the program
Participative leaders - present tentative decisions that will be changed in other participants can make a convincing case for different decisions
Democratic leaders - define the limits of the situation and problem to be solved and permit other participants to make the decision
Laissez-faire leaders - permit other participants to have great discretion in decision making
“Leaders must adapt and change styles to fit different situations.” (Longest, 2015, p. 147)
“An autocratic style might be appropriate in certain clinical situations in programs where work frequently involves a high degree of urgency. But this style could be disastrous in other situations, such as when a manager must decide how to offer a new service in a program or improve communication with participants.” (Longest, 2015, p. 147)
Situational/Contingency approach
“.
Please read Patricia Benners Five Stages of Proficiency. Explai.docxchristalgrieg
Please read Patricia Benner's Five Stages of Proficiency. Explain the importance of this theory through a nurse's perspective. No references are required. Your summary should be at least 300 words using good spelling and grammar. Can be single or double spaced.
Attached Files:
Dr. Patricia Benner is a nursing theorist who first developed a model for the stages of clinical competence in her classic book “From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice”. Her model is one of the most useful frameworks for assessing nurses’ needs at different stages of professional growth. She is the Chief Faculty Development Officer for Educating Nurses, the Director of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching National Nursing Education and honorary fellow of the Royal College of Nursing.
Dr. Benner was born in Hampton, Virginia, and received her bachelor’s degree in Nursing from Pasadena College in 1964, and later a master’s degree in Medical-Surgical Nursing from the University of California, Berkeley. After completing her doctorate in 1982, she became an Associate Professor in the Department of Physiological Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Benner is an internationally known lecturer and researcher on health, and her work has influenced areas of clinical practice as well as clinical ethics.
This nursing theory proposes that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a proper educational background as well as a multitude of experiences. Dr. Benner’s theory is not focused on how to be a nurse, rather on how nurses acquire nursing knowledge – one could gain knowledge and skills (“knowing how”), without ever learning the theory (“knowing that”). She used the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition as a foundation for her work. The Dreyfus model, described by brothers Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus, is a model based on observations of chess players, Air Force pilots, army commanders and tank drivers. The Dreyfus brothers believed learning was experiential (learning through experience) as well as situation-based, and that a student had to pass through five very distinct stages in learning, from novice to expert.
Dr. Benner found similar parallels in nursing, where improved practice depended on experience and science, and developing those skills was a long and progressive process. She found when nurses engaged in various situations, and learned from them, they developed “skills of involvement” with patients and family. Her model has also been relevant for ethical development of nurses since perception of ethical issues is also dependent on the nurses’ level of expertise. This model has been applied to several disciplines beyond clinical nursing, and understanding the five stages of clinical competence helps nurses support one another and appreciate that expertise in any field is a process learned over time.
Dr. Benner’s Stages of Clinical Competence
Stage 1 Novice: .
***************Please Read Instructions **************
OBJECTIVES:
Use personal influence with a group or team.
Identify the behaviors that exemplify the leadership truths.
Understand the stages of team development.
Explain how motivation impacts performance.
GOAL:
The purpose of this assignment is to provide an opportunity to express understanding of content associated with the chapters covered in Week Two (
Values Drive Commitment
,
Focusing on the Future Sets Leaders Apart
, and
You Can't Do It Alone
). For this assignment, you must use the Full Sail Online Library resources for at least one source in answering the questions. Make sure you clearly indicate which source(s) are from the online library. To access the Full Sail Library sources, go to Connect/Departments/Library. You will see a list of databases available. The library is open Monday-Friday 8:00 am - 9:00 pm and Saturday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm and can be reached at x8438.
Chapter Five
discusses the importance of
working in teams
and the
importance of emotional intelligence
in both your personal and social skills. How well are you in these areas? The goal of this week's discussion is to use the resources from this week to
develop, create, and implement a team activity with you being the leader.
INSTRUCTIONS:
First Post – due Thursday by 11:59pm EST *Due date extended due to the nature of the activity. Use this time to create an amazing activity!
Persuade at least four to eight people to do some notable activity together for at least two hours
that they would not otherwise do without your intervention. Your only restriction is that you cannot tell them why you are doing this.
The group can be any group of people: friends, family, teammates, club members, neighbors, students, or work colleagues
. It can be almost any activity
except for
watching television, eating, going to a movie, or just sitting around talking. It must be more substantial than that. Some options include a party, an organized debate, a songfest, a long hike, a visit to a museum, or volunteer work such as picking up litter, visiting a nursing home, or helping on a community project.
After completing your leadership activity, be prepared to discuss:
1. What was the activity selected?
Use specifics to describe your activity including
who attended (friends, family, co-workers, etc), location, and date. What did it feel like to make something happen in the world that would not have happened otherwise without you?
2.
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
is important to develop to build relationships with others. How did you use EQ to empower others, listen to individual needs, and build relationships?
3. With this act of leadership,
what values did you exemplify
? (Use the
Values Drive Commitment c
hapter
concepts in your response.)
4. Were your members a group or a team? Using the
stages of team development
(Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing), describe the specific behaviors that de.
Please react to this student post. remember references and plarigari.docxchristalgrieg
Please react to this student post. remember references and plarigarism
Descending Spinal Tract
Corticospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal
Sends impulses from the brain to muscle groups
Control muscle tone, posture, and motor movements
Efferent
A
scending Spinal Tract
Spinothalamic and spinocerebellar
Sends sensory signals to accomplish complex tasks
Ascending tracts recognize exact stimulus and location
Contains fibers that discriminate rough from light touch, temperature and pain
Afferent
If the spinal cord is completely severed, then complete loss of function below the point if injury is expected (Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon & Stewart, 2015).
The nervous system is a group of nerves and neurons that transmit messages to different parts of the body. It is in charge of coordinating and controlling the body (Ball et al., 2015). The nervous system is divided into the central and the peripheral nervous system, further subdivided into autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic. The central nervous system is comprised of the brain. The peripheral nervous systems is comprised of the cranial and spinal nerves and the ascending and descending pathways (Ball et al., 2015). With all parts functioning properly the nervous system is able to receive and identify stimuli, control voluntary and involuntary body functions (Ball et al., 2015).
The three major units of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem (Ball et al., 2015).
The difference between the ascending and descending tracts is that the ascending is sensory (afferent) because it delivers information to the brain and the descending tract delivers motor (efferent) information to the periphery (Ball et al., 2015)
The pituitary gland regulates metabolic processes and controls growth, lactation, and vasoconstriction through hormonal regulation (Ball et al., 2015).
The fourth cranial nerve is called trochlear and it is in charge of the downward and inward movement of the eye (Ball et al., 2015).
Risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents include hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress, high cholesterol/triglycerides/lipoproteins, congenital conditions and family history of cerebrovascular accidents (Ball et al., 2015).
The 5.07 monofilament test is used to test sensation in different parts of the foot in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus or peripheral neuropathy (Ball et al., 2015).
The 0 to 4+ scale is used to grade the response when testing the reflex. 0 indicates no response and 4+ indicates hyperactive reflex (Ball et al., 2015).
Older adults may be taking medication for other conditions that can affect their balance, mental status and coordination and it is important know this in order to rule out whether a symptom is due to a side effect or a cause for concern (Ball et al., 2015).
Meningitis that occurs during the first year may cause epilepsy later on in life, also any infection in the first year of life can impa.
Please provide the following information about your culture which is.docxchristalgrieg
Please provide the following information about your culture which is the ANCIENT EMPIRE:
Content
Introduction with a thesis statement
Provide a brief history of your culture
Explain how your chosen culture is represented in the United States
Is your culture individualistic or collectivistic? Provide at least one example
What are some of the artistic (art, music, architecture, dance) contributions of your culture?
What are some values of your culture? Provide at least three examples
Discuss your culture’s religion(s)? Include name and basic belief system of at least one of the major faiths
What are some of the sex and gender role differences in your culture? Provide at least three examples
Discuss what we would need to know to acculturate into your culture (if it is a culture from the past, what would we need to do in order to fit in during that timeframe). Provide at least one concrete suggestion
Conclusion
Specific Paper Requirements:
Four-page minimum: six-page maximum (Times New Roman, 1-inch marginsm 12-pt. font, double-spaced)
Quality of writing: Must contain in-text citations in APA format
Spelling and Grammar
Correct APA style format
A minimum of three or more credible sources (books, journal articles, magazine/newspaper articles, etc.)
Paper Outline:
Introduction
History
Cultural Context
Represented in the United States
Individualistic/Collective
Artistic
Values
Religion
Sex and Gender Roles
Acculturation
Conclusion
References
.
Please proof the paper attached and complete question 6 and 7..docxchristalgrieg
Please proof the paper attached and complete question 6 and 7.
Moore Plumbing Supply Company
Capital Structure
Mort Moore founded Moore Plumbing Supply after returning from duty in the South Pacific during World War II. Before joining the armed forces, he had worked for a locally owned plumbing company and wanted to continue with that type of work once the war effort was over. Shortly after returning to his hometown of Minneapolis, Minnesota, he became aware of an unprecedented construction boom. Returning soldiers needed new housing as they started families and readjusted to civilian life. Mort felt that he could make more money by providing plumbing supplies to contractors rather than performing the labor, and he decided to open a plumbing supply company. Mort’s parents died when he was young and was raised by his older brother, Stan, who ran a successful shoe business during the 1920’s. Stan often shared stories about owning his own business and in particular about a large expansion that was completed just before the market collapsed. Because of the economic times, Stan lost the business but was lucky to find employment with the railroad. He dutifully saved part of each paycheck and was so thankful that his brother returned home safely that he decided to use his sizable savings to help his brother open his business. Mort kept in mind his brother’s failed business and vowed that his company would operate in such a way that it would minimize its vulnerability of general business downturns.
Moore’s extensive inventory and reasonable prices made the company the primary supplier of the major commercial builders in the area. In addition, Mort developed a loyal customer base among the home repair person, as his previous background allowed him to provide excellent advice about specific projects and to solve unique problems. As a result, his business prospered and over the past twenty years, sales have grown faster than the industry. Because of the large orders, the company receives favorable prices from suppliers, allowing Moore Plumbing Supply to remain competitive with the discount houses that have sprung up in the area. Over the years, Mort has kept his pledge and the company has remained a very strong financial position. It had a public sale of stock and additional stock offers to fund expansions including regional supply outlets in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Sioux City, Iowa.
Recently, Stan decided that the winters were too long and he wanted to spend the coldest months playing golf in Florida. He retired from the day-to-day operations but retained the position of President and brought in his grandson, Tom Moore, to run the company as the new Chief Executive Officer. Tom was an excellent choice for the position. After graduating summa-cum-laud with a degree in communications from the University of Wisconsin, he worked in the Milwaukee operation where he was quickly promoted to manager. In ten years, sa.
Please prepare PPT( 5 Slides and 1 citation slide) and also explain .docxchristalgrieg
Please prepare PPT( 5 Slides and 1 citation slide) and also explain all slides in word format about 300 words to give presentation
Types of Stakeholders:
Suppliers - Sandeep
Owners - Sandeep
Employees - Sandeep
Stakeholder Impact of Ethics on Stakeholders – Ravi/Rushil/Sandeep/Krishna
References
.
Please prepare a one-pageProject Idea that includes the .docxchristalgrieg
Please prepare a
one-page
Project Idea
that includes the following:
1. What type of project
would you like to do: develop a proposal for a new business; develop a plan to green an existing business; creative project; or research project?
2. What is the big idea
that you would like to pursue? (1-2 sentences)
3. Why
did you decide on this idea? (2-3 sentences)
4. If working in a team
, please list each team member and include either one specific role that they will play in the project or one link to a helpful resource that they have found that will inform the team’s project.
If doing an individual project
, please list at least one resource that will inform your thinking.
5. Develop a
proposed timeline
for the project (including the deliverables below, plus additional steps needed to produce the deliverables).
See the project guidelines under Course Documents or linked
here
for more information.
.
Please prepare at least in 275 to 300 words with APA references and .docxchristalgrieg
Please prepare at least in 275 to 300 words with APA references and citation.
1) Please describe the meaning of diversification. How does diversification reduce risk for the investor?
2) What is the opportunity cost of capital? How can a company measure opportunity cost of capital for a project that is considered to have average risk?
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxchristalgrieg
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format.
1. Discuss the types of backup locations, per the text and Powerpoint presentation raeadings for the week.
2. Would a single backup location be adequate or should a combination be used? What combination would you recommend?
.
Please provide an update to include information about methodology, n.docxchristalgrieg
Please provide an update to include information about methodology, new literature discovered, or even questions regarding current progress. Topic selection is Cyber Security in Industry 4.0: The Pitfalls of Having Hyperconnected Systems can be found at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/iasme/10/1/10_100103/_pdf. APA citation is the following. Dawson, M. (2018). Cyber Security in Industry 4.0: The Pitfalls of Having Hyperconnected Systems. Journal of Strategic Management Studies, 10(1), 19-28. (250 words)
.
Please provide an evaluation of the Path to Competitive Advantage an.docxchristalgrieg
Please provide an evaluation of the Path to Competitive Advantage and Motivation and
Feedback and answer the following questions:
1. How can managers enhance employee motivation through performance management
techniques?
2. It is well known that individuals on international assignments operate under unique
contextual and cultural realities. How would motivation differ in such environments?
*********
1 page follow APA 7 citation.
.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Pro.docx
1. The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits
by Milton Friedman
The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. Copyright
@ 1970 by The New York Times Company.
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently about the "social
responsibilities of business in a free-enterprise system," I am
reminded of the wonderful line about the Frenchman who
discovered at the age of 70 that he had been speaking prose all
his life. The businessmen believe that they are defending free
enterprise when they declaim that business is not concerned
"merely" with profit but also with promoting desirable "social"
ends; that business has a "social conscience" and takes seriously
its responsibilities for providing employment, eliminating
discrimination, avoiding pollution and whatever else may be the
catchwords of the contemporary crop of reformers. In fact they
are–or would be if they or anyone else took them seriously–
preaching pure and unadulterated socialism. Businessmen who
talk this way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual forces
that have been undermining the basis of a free society these past
decades.
The discussions of the "social responsibilities of business" are
notable for their analytical looseness and lack of rigor. What
does it mean to say that "business" has responsibilities? Only
people can have responsibilities. A corporation is an artificial
person and in this sense may have artificial responsibilities, but
"business" as a whole cannot be said to have responsibilities,
even in this vague sense. The first step toward clarity in
examining the doctrine of the social responsibility of business
is to ask precisely what it implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be responsible are
businessmen, which means individual proprietors or corporate
2. executives. Most of the discussion of social responsibility is
directed at corporations, so in what follows I shall mostly
neglect the individual proprietors and speak of corporate
executives.
In a free-enterprise, private-property system, a corporate
executive is an employee of the owners of the business. He has
direct responsibility to his employers. That responsibility is to
conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which
generally will be to make as much money as possible while
conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those
embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom. Of
course, in some cases his employers may have a different
objective. A group of persons might establish a corporation for
an eleemosynary purpose–for example, a hospital or a school.
The manager of such a corporation will not have money profit
as his objective but the rendering of certain services.
In either case, the key point is that, in his capacity as a
corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals
who own the corporation or establish the eleemosynary
institution, and his primary responsibility is to them.
Needless to say, this does not mean that it is easy to judge how
well he is performing his task. But at least the criterion of
performance is straightforward, and the persons among whom a
voluntary contractual arrangement exists are clearly defined.
Of course, the corporate executive is also a person in his own
right. As a person, he may have many other responsibilities that
he recognizes or assumes voluntarily–to his family, his
conscience, his feelings of charity, his church, his clubs, his
city, his country. He ma}. feel impelled by these
responsibilities to devote part of his income to causes he
regards as worthy, to refuse to work for particular corporations,
even to leave his job, for example, to join his country's armed
forces. Ifwe wish, we may refer to some of these
responsibilities as "social responsibilities." But in these
respects he is acting as a principal, not an agent; he is spending
his own money or time or energy, not the money of his
3. employers or the time or energy he has contracted to devote to
their purposes. If these are "social responsibilities," they are the
social responsibilities of individuals, not of business.
What does it mean to say that the corporate executive has a
"social responsibility" in his capacity as businessman? If this
statement is not pure rhetoric, it must mean that he is to act in
some way that is not in the interest of his employers. For
example, that he is to refrain from increasing the price of the
product in order to contribute to the social objective of
preventing inflation, even though a price in crease would be in
the best interests of the corporation. Or that he is to make
expenditures on reducing pollution beyond the amount that is in
the best interests of the corporation or that is required by law in
order to contribute to the social objective of improving the
environment. Or that, at the expense of corporate profits, he is
to hire "hardcore" unemployed instead of better qualified
available workmen to contribute to the social objective of
reducing poverty.
In each of these cases, the corporate executive would be
spending someone else's money for a general social interest.
Insofar as his actions in accord with his "social responsibility"
reduce returns to stockholders, he is spending their money.
Insofar as his actions raise the price to customers, he is
spending the customers' money. Insofar as his actions lower the
wages of some employees, he is spending their money.
The stockholders or the customers or the employees could
separately spend their own money on the particular action if
they wished to do so. The executive is exercising a distinct
"social responsibility," rather than serving as an agent of the
stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he
spends the money in a different way than they would have spent
it.
But if he does this, he is in effect imposing taxes, on the one
hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent, on the
other.
This process raises political questions on two levels: principle
4. and consequences. On the level of political principle, the
imposition of taxes and the expenditure of tax proceeds are
governmental functions. We have established elaborate
constitutional, parliamentary and judicial provisions to control
these functions, to assure that taxes are imposed so far as
possible in accordance with the preferences and desires of the
public–after all, "taxation without representation" was one of
the battle cries of the American Revolution. We have a system
of checks and balances to separate the legislative function of
imposing taxes and enacting expenditures from the executive
function of collecting taxes and administering expenditure
programs and from the judicial function of mediating disputes
and interpreting the law.
Here the businessman–self-selected or appointed directly or
indirectly by stockholders–is to be simultaneously legislator,
executive and, jurist. He is to decide whom to tax by how much
and for what purpose, and he is to spend the proceeds–all this
guided only by general exhortations from on high to restrain
inflation, improve the environment, fight poverty and so on and
on.
The whole justification for permitting the corporate executive to
be selected by the stockholders is that the executive is an agent
serving the interests of his principal. This justification
disappears when the corporate executive imposes taxes and
spends the proceeds for "social" purposes. He becomes in effect
a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in
name an employee of a private enterprise. On grounds of
political principle, it is intolerable that such civil servants–
insofar as their actions in the name of social responsibility are
real and not just window-dressing–should be selected as they
are now. If they are to be civil servants, then they must be
elected through a political process. If they are to impose taxes
and make expenditures to foster "social" objectives, then
political machinery must be set up to make the assessment of
taxes and to determine through a political process the objectives
to be served.
5. This is the basic reason why the doctrine of "social
responsibility" involves the acceptance of the socialist view that
political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the
appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce resources
to alternative uses.
On the grounds of consequences, can the corporate executive in
fact discharge his alleged "social responsibilities?" On the other
hand, suppose he could get away with spending the
stockholders' or customers' or employees' money. How is he to
know how to spend it? He is told that he must contribute to
fighting inflation. How is he to know what action of his will
contribute to that end? He is presumably an expert in running
his company–in producing a product or selling it or financing it.
But nothing about his selection makes him an expert on
inflation. Will his hold ing down the price of his product reduce
inflationary pressure? Or, by leaving more spending power in
the hands of his customers, simply divert it elsewhere? Or, by
forcing him to produce less because of the lower price, will it
simply contribute to shortages? Even if he could answer these
questions, how much cost is he justified in imposing on his
stockholders, customers and employees for this social purpose?
What is his appropriate share and what is the appropriate share
of others?
And, whether he wants to or not, can he get away with spending
his stockholders', customers' or employees' money? Will not the
stockholders fire him? (Either the present ones or those who
take over when his actions in the name of social responsibility
have reduced the corporation's profits and the price of its
stock.) His customers and his employees can desert him for
other producers and employers less scrupulous in exercising
their social responsibilities.
This facet of "social responsibility" doc trine is brought into
sharp relief when the doctrine is used to justify wage restraint
by trade unions. The conflict of interest is naked and clear when
union officials are asked to subordinate the interest of their
members to some more general purpose. If the union officials
6. try to enforce wage restraint, the consequence is likely to be
wildcat strikes, rank-and-file revolts and the emergence of
strong competitors for their jobs. We thus have the ironic
phenomenon that union leaders–at least in the U.S.–have
objected to Government interference with the market far more
consistently and courageously than have business leaders.
The difficulty of exercising "social responsibility" illustrates, of
course, the great virtue of private competitive enterprise–it
forces people to be responsible for their own actions and makes
it difficult for them to "exploit" other people for either selfish
or unselfish purposes. They can do good–but only at their own
expense.
Many a reader who has followed the argument this far may be
tempted to remonstrate that it is all well and good to speak of
Government's having the responsibility to impose taxes and
determine expenditures for such "social" purposes as controlling
pollution or training the hard-core unemployed, but that the
problems are too urgent to wait on the slow course of political
processes, that the exercise of social responsibility by
businessmen is a quicker and surer way to solve pressing
current problems.
Aside from the question of fact–I share Adam Smith's
skepticism about the benefits that can be expected from "those
who affected to trade for the public good"–this argument must
be rejected on grounds of principle. What it amounts to is an
assertion that those who favor the taxes and expenditures in
question have failed to persuade a majority of their fellow
citizens to be of like mind and that they are seeking to attain by
undemocratic procedures what they cannot attain by democratic
procedures. In a free society, it is hard for "evil" people to do
"evil," especially since one man's good is another's evil.
I have, for simplicity, concentrated on the special case of the
corporate executive, except only for the brief digression on
trade unions. But precisely the same argument applies to the
newer phenomenon of calling upon stockholders to require
corporations to exercise social responsibility (the recent G.M
7. crusade for example). In most of these cases, what is in effect
involved is some stockholders trying to get other stockholders
(or customers or employees) to contribute against their will to
"social" causes favored by the activists. Insofar as they succeed,
they are again imposing taxes and spending the proceeds.
The situation of the individual proprietor is somewhat different.
If he acts to reduce the returns of his enterprise in order to
exercise his "social responsibility," he is spending his own
money, not someone else's. If he wishes to spend his money on
such purposes, that is his right, and I cannot see that there is
any objection to his doing so. In the process, he, too, may
impose costs on employees and customers. However, because he
is far less likely than a large corporation or union to have
monopolistic power, any such side effects will tend to be minor.
Of course, in practice the doctrine of social responsibility is
frequently a cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds
rather than a reason for those actions.
To illustrate, it may well be in the long run interest of a
corporation that is a major employer in a small community to
devote resources to providing amenities to that community or to
improving its government. That may make it easier to attract
desirable employees, it may reduce the wage bill or lessen
losses from pilferage and sabotage or have other worthwhile
effects. Or it may be that, given the laws about the deductibility
of corporate charitable contributions, the stockholders can
contribute more to charities they favor by having the
corporation make the gift than by doing it themselves, since
they can in that way contribute an amount that would otherwise
have been paid as corporate taxes.
In each of these–and many similar–cases, there is a strong
temptation to rationalize these actions as an exercise of "social
responsibility." In the present climate of opinion, with its wide
spread aversion to "capitalism," "profits," the "soulless
corporation" and so on, this is one way for a corporation to
generate goodwill as a by-product of expenditures that are
entirely justified in its own self-interest.
8. It would be inconsistent of me to call on corporate executives to
refrain from this hypocritical window-dressing because it harms
the foundations of a free society. That would be to call on them
to exercise a "social responsibility"! If our institutions, and the
attitudes of the public make it in their self-interest to cloak
their actions in this way, I cannot summon much indignation to
denounce them. At the same time, I can express admiration for
those individual proprietors or owners of closely held
corporations or stockholders of more broadly held corporations
who disdain such tactics as approaching fraud.
Whether blameworthy or not, the use of the cloak of social
responsibility, and the nonsense spoken in its name by
influential and prestigious businessmen, does clearly harm the
foundations of a free society. I have been impressed time and
again by the schizophrenic character of many businessmen.
They are capable of being extremely farsighted and clearheaded
in matters that are internal to their businesses. They are
incredibly shortsighted and muddleheaded in matters that are
outside their businesses but affect the possible survival of
business in general. This shortsightedness is strikingly
exemplified in the calls from many businessmen for wage and
price guidelines or controls or income policies. There is nothing
that could do more in a brief period to destroy a market system
and replace it by a centrally controlled system than effective
governmental control of prices and wages.
The shortsightedness is also exemplified in speeches by
businessmen on social responsibility. This may gain them kudos
in the short run. But it helps to strengthen the already too
prevalent view that the pursuit of profits is wicked and immoral
and must be curbed and controlled by external forces. Once this
view is adopted, the external forces that curb the market will
not be the social consciences, however highly developed, of the
pontificating executives; it will be the iron fist of Government
bureaucrats. Here, as with price and wage controls, businessmen
seem to me to reveal a suicidal impulse.
The political principle that underlies the market mechanism is
9. unanimity. In an ideal free market resting on private property,
no individual can coerce any other, all cooperation is voluntary,
all parties to such cooperation benefit or they need not
participate. There are no values, no "social" responsibilities in
any sense other than the shared values and responsibilities of
individuals. Society is a collection of individuals and of the
various groups they voluntarily form.
The political principle that underlies the political mechanism is
conformity. The individual must serve a more general social
interest–whether that be determined by a church or a dictator or
a majority. The individual may have a vote and say in what is to
be done, but if he is overruled, he must conform. It is
appropriate for some to require others to contribute to a general
social purpose whether they wish to or not.
Unfortunately, unanimity is not always feasible. There are some
respects in which conformity appears unavoidable, so I do not
see how one can avoid the use of the political mechanism
altogether.
But the doctrine of "social responsibility" taken seriously would
extend the scope of the political mechanism to every human
activity. It does not differ in philosophy from the most
explicitly collectivist doctrine. It differs only by professing to
believe that collectivist ends can be attained without collectivist
means. That is why, in my book Capitalism and Freedom, I have
called it a "fundamentally subversive doctrine" in a free society,
and have said that in such a society, "there is one and only one
social responsibility of business–to use it resources and engage
in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays
within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open
and free competition without deception or fraud."