(1) The document discusses various evidence for establishing the chronology of ancient India, including linguistic analysis of Sanskrit, archaeological findings, literary works, and astronomical references.
(2) A key point of evolution was around 28th Krita Yuga (6778 BCE), when the concept of a 1200-year Yuga was introduced, replacing the earlier system of 5-year Yugas. This aligned with the introduction of the Saptarshi calendar.
(3) Multiple methods are analyzed for determining the chronology prior to 28th Krita Yuga (6777 BCE), with the epoch of the first Yuga estimated to be around 15,962 BCE, totaling 1837 Y
The Bhavishya Purana is one of the major 18 Puranas. It provides a summary of creation according to Hindu beliefs, including the creation of the universe, elements, planets, time cycles, castes and Vedas by Brahma. It also outlines sacred rites and duties for different stages of life. The Purana contains prophecies about future events in India's history that correspond closely with actual historical developments, demonstrating its value in summarizing both past and future. It aims to promote dharma and virtue through its teachings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Rasashastra, an Ayurvedic tradition focused on metals and minerals. It discusses the definition, history, references in ancient texts, and uses of metals and minerals according to Rasashastra. Key points include:
- Rasashastra involves the use of mercury and other metals for health, longevity, and spiritual liberation.
- It is mentioned in many ancient Indian texts from the Vedic period through medieval times. Figures like Nagarjuna made significant contributions.
- Metals and minerals are described in texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for treatments, rasayanas, and surgical preparations.
Rasa shastra is a most important and popular branch of Ayurveda It deals with the knowledge related to alchemy( Lohavedh) and Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics specially connected to the drugs of mineral origin with a view to remove poverty from the world and to strengthen the body and also to prevent their ageing process. History of Rasa Shastra can be traced in pre vedic period where metals are successfully employed in treatment of various diseases. Its development was rapid after Lord Buddha and the influence of the philosophy of Ahimsa. This was the era when Rasa Shastra flourished tremendously. It was recognized as a medical science with an independent philosophical background in 14th century, by Madhavacharya in his book Sarva Darsana Samgraha. Considering the importance of this discipline in Ayurvedic therapeutics and the fact that there is dearth of comprehensive review on the subject an attempt has been made in this review to provide a brief but all encompassing coverage of different aspects related to it. Dr. Gajendra Kumar Sahu | Dr. Kavita | Dr. S.M.Parhate | K. S Karbhal"Chronological Development of Rasa Shastra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15761.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/15761/chronological-development-of-rasa-shastra/dr-gajendra-kumar-sahu
1. The document discusses several herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda including sulfur, ochre, green vitriol, potash alum, yellow arsenic, realgar, collyrium, and Gamboge tree. It provides the Sanskrit names, properties, purification and processing methods, uses, and formulations for each.
2. Purification methods generally involve treatments with liquids like milk, honey, or plant juices and decoctions. Minerals may be given heat treatments. Some undergo processing to make them into fine powders or colors.
3. The herbs and minerals are used to treat diseases like skin disorders, fevers, digestive issues, and eye conditions. They have warming, detox
Planetary worship is still practiced in India today. The Navagrahas comprise nine planetary deities - the five visible planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn), plus the Sun, Moon, and shadow planets Rahu and Ketu. Many Indus symbols are thought to depict astronomical events and planetary deities. Analysis shows the longest continuous Indus inscription depicts symbols of five planets, three gods, and seven constellations, resembling an early horoscope chart. Planetary positions were important in Hindu astrology, and temples contained enclosures honoring the nine planets.
This document provides a chapter-by-chapter summary of the Ayurvedic text Rasaratnasamucchaya. The text discusses the classification, preparation, and medical applications of minerals and metals in Rasashastra. It describes over 60 formulations using minerals and metals for treating various diseases. The text also covers related topics like Vajikarana (rejuvenation), Visha Kalpa (toxicology), and Rasa Kalpa (formulations using minerals and metals). It systematically explains principles of mineral and metal-based formulations and their uses in treating many disorders according to Ayurveda.
Indian knowledge system can be summarized in 3 points:
1. It is a systematic transfer of knowledge from generation to generation through both oral and written traditions, based on the Vedas which were received by ancient sages.
2. It is comprised of various scriptures (shastras) like the Vedas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Brahmanas and Sutras. It also includes schools (vidhyapithas/gurukulas) and languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali used to teach the knowledge.
3. The knowledge system is supported by auxiliary disciplines called Vedangas which help in understanding and applying Vedic knowledge. These
The Bhavishya Purana is one of the major 18 Puranas. It provides a summary of creation according to Hindu beliefs, including the creation of the universe, elements, planets, time cycles, castes and Vedas by Brahma. It also outlines sacred rites and duties for different stages of life. The Purana contains prophecies about future events in India's history that correspond closely with actual historical developments, demonstrating its value in summarizing both past and future. It aims to promote dharma and virtue through its teachings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Rasashastra, an Ayurvedic tradition focused on metals and minerals. It discusses the definition, history, references in ancient texts, and uses of metals and minerals according to Rasashastra. Key points include:
- Rasashastra involves the use of mercury and other metals for health, longevity, and spiritual liberation.
- It is mentioned in many ancient Indian texts from the Vedic period through medieval times. Figures like Nagarjuna made significant contributions.
- Metals and minerals are described in texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for treatments, rasayanas, and surgical preparations.
Rasa shastra is a most important and popular branch of Ayurveda It deals with the knowledge related to alchemy( Lohavedh) and Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics specially connected to the drugs of mineral origin with a view to remove poverty from the world and to strengthen the body and also to prevent their ageing process. History of Rasa Shastra can be traced in pre vedic period where metals are successfully employed in treatment of various diseases. Its development was rapid after Lord Buddha and the influence of the philosophy of Ahimsa. This was the era when Rasa Shastra flourished tremendously. It was recognized as a medical science with an independent philosophical background in 14th century, by Madhavacharya in his book Sarva Darsana Samgraha. Considering the importance of this discipline in Ayurvedic therapeutics and the fact that there is dearth of comprehensive review on the subject an attempt has been made in this review to provide a brief but all encompassing coverage of different aspects related to it. Dr. Gajendra Kumar Sahu | Dr. Kavita | Dr. S.M.Parhate | K. S Karbhal"Chronological Development of Rasa Shastra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15761.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/15761/chronological-development-of-rasa-shastra/dr-gajendra-kumar-sahu
1. The document discusses several herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda including sulfur, ochre, green vitriol, potash alum, yellow arsenic, realgar, collyrium, and Gamboge tree. It provides the Sanskrit names, properties, purification and processing methods, uses, and formulations for each.
2. Purification methods generally involve treatments with liquids like milk, honey, or plant juices and decoctions. Minerals may be given heat treatments. Some undergo processing to make them into fine powders or colors.
3. The herbs and minerals are used to treat diseases like skin disorders, fevers, digestive issues, and eye conditions. They have warming, detox
Planetary worship is still practiced in India today. The Navagrahas comprise nine planetary deities - the five visible planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn), plus the Sun, Moon, and shadow planets Rahu and Ketu. Many Indus symbols are thought to depict astronomical events and planetary deities. Analysis shows the longest continuous Indus inscription depicts symbols of five planets, three gods, and seven constellations, resembling an early horoscope chart. Planetary positions were important in Hindu astrology, and temples contained enclosures honoring the nine planets.
This document provides a chapter-by-chapter summary of the Ayurvedic text Rasaratnasamucchaya. The text discusses the classification, preparation, and medical applications of minerals and metals in Rasashastra. It describes over 60 formulations using minerals and metals for treating various diseases. The text also covers related topics like Vajikarana (rejuvenation), Visha Kalpa (toxicology), and Rasa Kalpa (formulations using minerals and metals). It systematically explains principles of mineral and metal-based formulations and their uses in treating many disorders according to Ayurveda.
Indian knowledge system can be summarized in 3 points:
1. It is a systematic transfer of knowledge from generation to generation through both oral and written traditions, based on the Vedas which were received by ancient sages.
2. It is comprised of various scriptures (shastras) like the Vedas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Brahmanas and Sutras. It also includes schools (vidhyapithas/gurukulas) and languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali used to teach the knowledge.
3. The knowledge system is supported by auxiliary disciplines called Vedangas which help in understanding and applying Vedic knowledge. These
Rashi in Vedic astrology refers to the 12 zodiac signs. Each rashi signifies material creation and resources. The 12 rashis are defined by the 12 conjunctions between the Sun and Moon over the course of a year. Rashis represent both qualities and quantities of resources, with each sign having different characteristics based on factors like gender, the three gunas of nature, five elements, and which part of the body they are associated with. Rashis are deeply connected to concepts in Vedic astrology and provide insight into many areas of life.
The meaning for nakshatra ; star ; constellations ( from google.com ) ^^Som-Deepak Kumar-Sawant
This document discusses the Nakshatras or lunar mansions, which are groups of stars used in Vedic astrology to determine auspicious times and predict characteristics. It describes the 27 Nakshatras, beginning with Aswini ruled by Ketu resembling a horse's head. Each Nakshatra is associated with a deity, zodiac sign, body part, and general personality traits. Characteristics like intelligence and ambition are common for those born under Aswini. The document also provides details on Bharani ruled by Venus and resembling an elephant.
This document discusses the process of satvapatana, which is the extraction of the active principle or essence from minerals and metals. It begins by defining satvapatana and classifying it based on the form of satva extracted, the nature of the material, and the satva obtained. The document then outlines the aims, methods, equipment, and materials used in satvapatana like crucibles, fluxes, and heat sources. Specific extraction processes are provided for minerals like manahshila and metals. Analysis of the extracted satva is also presented. The conclusion differentiates satvapatana from metallurgy and emphasizes its therapeutic goal of obtaining an active principle.
Yantras are spiritual conductors of cosmic energy that should be worshipped daily. They help us to bring about the desired effects in a quicker manner. However, since the cosmos(universe) works on the principle of cause and effect, only if karma permits, only then one can enjoy the full destined fruits. Otherwise, one has to work out the due karma stored from the past birth. However, yantras emits positive energies that shape one’s thought patterns thereby improving the life for the better and elevating it to another level.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Vedic literature including:
- The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva) and their components like Samhitas and Upanishads.
- The Vedangas or auxiliary sciences that support the study and recitation of the Vedas like phonetics, prosody, etymology, grammar, astronomy and rituals.
- The Upavedas or supplementary sciences like archery, music, fine arts, medicine, governance and construction.
- Darshana Shastras or schools of philosophy like Mimamsa, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga and V
The document provides an overview of the origin and history of Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian system of architecture and design that was formulated over thousands of years. Some key points:
- Vastu Shastra originated in the Stapatya Veda, a part of the Atharva Veda, dating back 4,000-5,000 years. Its principles were developed through meditation and observation by ancient sages in India.
- Evidence of Vastu principles can be found in ancient texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata as well as archaeological sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro from the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Over time
This document provides information on various minerals and metals used in Ayurvedic medicine, including their Sanskrit names, properties, purification processes, and uses. It discusses Abhraka (mica), Vaikranta (tourmaline), Makshika (copper pyrite), Vimala (iron pyrite), Shilajatu (mineral pitch), Sasyaka (copper sulphate), and Chapala (bismuth). For each substance, it describes characteristics, purification by processes like heating and herbal decoction baths, methods of powdering into bhasma or satva forms, and therapeutic applications.
The use of asthakavarga as a predictive techniqueanthony writer
The asthakavargas is a technique in Vedic astrology that divides each of the 12 astrological houses into eight subdivisions based on the influence of the ascendant and the seven main planets. It is used to assess the positive and negative influences on areas of life. The number of positive and negative points in each house and overall can indicate longevity, wealth, health and other predictions. Remedial measures like donations, prayers and rituals are recommended to mitigate negative influences according to the asthakavarga chart.
http://www.srividyasadhana.com
Sri Yantra
Sri yantra, also known as Sri Chakra, is called the mother of all yantras because all other yantras derive from it. In its three dimensional forms Sri Yantra is said to represent Mount Meru, the cosmic mountain at the center of the universe.
The Sri Yantra is conceived as a place of spiritual pilgrimage. It is a representation of the cosmos at the macrocosmic level and of the human body at the microcosmic level (each of the circuits correspond to a chakra of the body).
Sri Yantra is first referred to in an Indonesian inscription dating to the seventh century C.E. It may have existed in India, its country of origin, long before the time of its introduction to Indonesia.
The Sri Yantra is a configuration of nine interlocking triangles, surrounded by two circles of lotus petals with the whole encased within a gated frame, called the "earth citadel". The nine interlocking triangles centered around the bindu (the central point of the yantra) are drawn by the superimposition of five downward pointing triangles, representing Shakti ; the female principle and four upright triangles, representing Shiva ; the male principle. The nine interlocking triangles form forty three small triangles each housing a presiding deity associated with particular aspects of existence.
Man's spiritual journey from the stage of material existence to ultimate enlightenment is mapped on the Sri Yantra. The spiritual journey is taken as a pilgrimage in which every step is an ascent to the center, a movement beyond one's limited existence, and every level is nearer to the goal. Such a journey is mapped in stages, and each of these stages corresponds with one of the circuits of which the Sri Yantra is composed from the outer plane to the bindu in the center.
The Sri Yantra is a tool to give a vision of the totality of existence, so that the adept may internalize its symbols for the ultimate realization of his unity with the cosmos.
The goal of contemplating the Sri Yantra is that the adept can rediscover his primordial sources. The circuits symbolically indicate the successive phases in the process of becoming.
The document provides details about the Edicts of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE. It summarizes the different types of edicts, including Major and Minor Rock Edicts, Major and Minor Pillar Edicts, Separate Edicts, and Cave Inscriptions. It describes some of the key contents, such as Major Rock Edict II outlining Ashoka's definition of dharma and mentioning southern Indian kingdoms. Minor Rock Edict II details instructions for distributing copies of the edicts. Over 50 edicts from Ashoka have been found across India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal, written in various local languages of the time.
The document summarizes the flora mentioned in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. It discusses how the epics refer to various forest plants and trees. Some key plants mentioned include Ashoka tree where Sita sits in Ramayana, and the burning of Khandava forest mentioned in Mahabharata. The document also examines archaeological evidence of dense forests during the epic periods. It provides Sanskrit names, botanical names and images of some significant plants referenced in Ramayana, including Arjuna, Ankola and Agnimukha trees described around Pampa lake and Matanga hermitage.
1. The document summarizes the key details about Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, a 13th century Ayurvedic text, including its author, commentaries, and divisions.
2. It provides an overview of various minerals and gems described in the text like Gandhaka, Gairika, and Manikya, outlining their types, purification processes, and medicinal properties.
3. The purification and processing methods for minerals like Shodhana, Marana, and Bhasma preparation are highlighted from the ancient text.
Rudraksh is believed to have originated from the tears of Lord Shiva. It comes in different numbers of mukhis (faces) with each mukhi representing a different deity or aspect of Shiva. The document then lists the deity associated with each number of mukhi, from 1 to 14 mukhis, as well as the mantra and ruling planet for each. Rudraksh is considered very sacred and auspicious in Hinduism and believed to have spiritual benefits when worn.
The Chidambaram Temple in India is famous for its abode of Lord Shiva, holy water pond, and deity worshipped as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance. Located on 50 acres, the temple has Lord Shiva worshipped in three forms - a physical form as Nataraja, a semi-physical form as a crystal linga, and a formless form in an empty space. As the Lord of Dance, Nataraja's 108 dance poses are depicted in sculptures and symbolize the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe through the eternal dance of Shiva.
The document discusses the concept of Nataraja, the dancing form of Shiva. It describes Nataraja as being mainly worshipped in Tamil Nadu temples. The key aspects covered include the symbolism of the different hands and elements represented in iconic images of Nataraja. The dance of Nataraja is said to represent the five sacred acts of creation, protection, dissolution, concealment, and grace. The origins and development of the Nataraja theme from ancient scriptures and its interpretations by scholars over time are also summarized.
1. Abhraka is a mineral known by various names like Gouriteja. It has ores like biotite, muscovite and is classified based on color and reaction to heat.
2. It is purified through a process called nirvapana where it is heated and immersed in liquids like kanji 7 times.
3. Further processing involves mixing it with herbs and drying it to obtain dhanyabhraka, which is then given bhavana with herbs and subjected to puta or heating in marana to obtain abhraka bhasma.
4. Abhraka bhasma has uses as a rasayana and in treating various diseases when given in specific
This document provides the syllabus for the NTA UGC NET JRF examination to be held in June 2019. It covers 10 units on topics related to Sanskrit literature, philosophy, grammar, and linguistics. Some key areas covered include the Vedic literature and Upanishads, philosophical schools like Samkhya and Yoga, texts from major philosophers like Patanjali and Badarayana, Sanskrit poetry like the works of Kalidasa, drama, novels and short stories, literary criticism, Sanskrit grammar concepts, the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, Smritis and Arthashastra. Specific chapters from many important texts are also identified for study under each unit to assess candidates
This document discusses the Hindu festival of Krishna Janmashtami, which celebrates the birth of Krishna. It provides background information on Krishna's birth date according to the proleptic Julian calendar and the lunar calendar. It also discusses symbols and traditions associated with Krishna like the peepal tree, River Indus, and swastika. The document contains verses from scriptures about duty, detachment from results, and surrendering to God. It emphasizes unity and positivity.
Ancient Indian astronomical tradition: Characteristics and accomplishmentsRajesh Kochhar
We begin by commenting on the nature and limitations of the primary source material on ancient Indian astronomy.We then highlight the accomplishments of Indian astro-mathematical tradition and its place in world history.
The document describes the vertical structure of the universe according to SB Canto 5. It details the 14 planetary systems, beginning with descriptions of the sun god's chariot and movements. It is pulled by horses across the sky, circling Mount Meru. The moon god is described along with other planets. Their positions are mapped to different parts of the imagined body of a dolphin or fish (Çiçumära), which represents the constellations and stars moving together. Higher planetary systems above the sun like Maharloka are briefly outlined.
The Hindu calendar is based on the lifespan of Brahma, the creator, which is 100 years. Each day of Brahma consists of 1000 Mahayugas, with the current Mahayuga being the 28th. A Mahayuga consists of four Yugas of decreasing lengths - Krutayug, Tretayug, Dwaparyug, and Kaliyug, which we are currently in. The calendar follows both lunar months and solar signs, with the lunar months ranging from 29-30 days and corresponding to the six seasons and twelve solar signs of the zodiac. Adjustments are made periodically to account for the difference between the lunar and solar years.
This document provides an overview of Itihasa, the tools used to frame the history of Ayurveda, and different eras in the chronology of Ayurveda. It discusses that Itihasa refers to past events that truly occurred. The tools used to trace Ayurveda's history include Vedic literature, historical works, and travelers' accounts. Three eras of Ayurveda history are presented: pre-historic, pre-Vedic, and Vedic periods. Different classification systems that further divide Ayurveda history into various time periods are also outlined.
Rashi in Vedic astrology refers to the 12 zodiac signs. Each rashi signifies material creation and resources. The 12 rashis are defined by the 12 conjunctions between the Sun and Moon over the course of a year. Rashis represent both qualities and quantities of resources, with each sign having different characteristics based on factors like gender, the three gunas of nature, five elements, and which part of the body they are associated with. Rashis are deeply connected to concepts in Vedic astrology and provide insight into many areas of life.
The meaning for nakshatra ; star ; constellations ( from google.com ) ^^Som-Deepak Kumar-Sawant
This document discusses the Nakshatras or lunar mansions, which are groups of stars used in Vedic astrology to determine auspicious times and predict characteristics. It describes the 27 Nakshatras, beginning with Aswini ruled by Ketu resembling a horse's head. Each Nakshatra is associated with a deity, zodiac sign, body part, and general personality traits. Characteristics like intelligence and ambition are common for those born under Aswini. The document also provides details on Bharani ruled by Venus and resembling an elephant.
This document discusses the process of satvapatana, which is the extraction of the active principle or essence from minerals and metals. It begins by defining satvapatana and classifying it based on the form of satva extracted, the nature of the material, and the satva obtained. The document then outlines the aims, methods, equipment, and materials used in satvapatana like crucibles, fluxes, and heat sources. Specific extraction processes are provided for minerals like manahshila and metals. Analysis of the extracted satva is also presented. The conclusion differentiates satvapatana from metallurgy and emphasizes its therapeutic goal of obtaining an active principle.
Yantras are spiritual conductors of cosmic energy that should be worshipped daily. They help us to bring about the desired effects in a quicker manner. However, since the cosmos(universe) works on the principle of cause and effect, only if karma permits, only then one can enjoy the full destined fruits. Otherwise, one has to work out the due karma stored from the past birth. However, yantras emits positive energies that shape one’s thought patterns thereby improving the life for the better and elevating it to another level.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Vedic literature including:
- The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva) and their components like Samhitas and Upanishads.
- The Vedangas or auxiliary sciences that support the study and recitation of the Vedas like phonetics, prosody, etymology, grammar, astronomy and rituals.
- The Upavedas or supplementary sciences like archery, music, fine arts, medicine, governance and construction.
- Darshana Shastras or schools of philosophy like Mimamsa, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga and V
The document provides an overview of the origin and history of Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian system of architecture and design that was formulated over thousands of years. Some key points:
- Vastu Shastra originated in the Stapatya Veda, a part of the Atharva Veda, dating back 4,000-5,000 years. Its principles were developed through meditation and observation by ancient sages in India.
- Evidence of Vastu principles can be found in ancient texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata as well as archaeological sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro from the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Over time
This document provides information on various minerals and metals used in Ayurvedic medicine, including their Sanskrit names, properties, purification processes, and uses. It discusses Abhraka (mica), Vaikranta (tourmaline), Makshika (copper pyrite), Vimala (iron pyrite), Shilajatu (mineral pitch), Sasyaka (copper sulphate), and Chapala (bismuth). For each substance, it describes characteristics, purification by processes like heating and herbal decoction baths, methods of powdering into bhasma or satva forms, and therapeutic applications.
The use of asthakavarga as a predictive techniqueanthony writer
The asthakavargas is a technique in Vedic astrology that divides each of the 12 astrological houses into eight subdivisions based on the influence of the ascendant and the seven main planets. It is used to assess the positive and negative influences on areas of life. The number of positive and negative points in each house and overall can indicate longevity, wealth, health and other predictions. Remedial measures like donations, prayers and rituals are recommended to mitigate negative influences according to the asthakavarga chart.
http://www.srividyasadhana.com
Sri Yantra
Sri yantra, also known as Sri Chakra, is called the mother of all yantras because all other yantras derive from it. In its three dimensional forms Sri Yantra is said to represent Mount Meru, the cosmic mountain at the center of the universe.
The Sri Yantra is conceived as a place of spiritual pilgrimage. It is a representation of the cosmos at the macrocosmic level and of the human body at the microcosmic level (each of the circuits correspond to a chakra of the body).
Sri Yantra is first referred to in an Indonesian inscription dating to the seventh century C.E. It may have existed in India, its country of origin, long before the time of its introduction to Indonesia.
The Sri Yantra is a configuration of nine interlocking triangles, surrounded by two circles of lotus petals with the whole encased within a gated frame, called the "earth citadel". The nine interlocking triangles centered around the bindu (the central point of the yantra) are drawn by the superimposition of five downward pointing triangles, representing Shakti ; the female principle and four upright triangles, representing Shiva ; the male principle. The nine interlocking triangles form forty three small triangles each housing a presiding deity associated with particular aspects of existence.
Man's spiritual journey from the stage of material existence to ultimate enlightenment is mapped on the Sri Yantra. The spiritual journey is taken as a pilgrimage in which every step is an ascent to the center, a movement beyond one's limited existence, and every level is nearer to the goal. Such a journey is mapped in stages, and each of these stages corresponds with one of the circuits of which the Sri Yantra is composed from the outer plane to the bindu in the center.
The Sri Yantra is a tool to give a vision of the totality of existence, so that the adept may internalize its symbols for the ultimate realization of his unity with the cosmos.
The goal of contemplating the Sri Yantra is that the adept can rediscover his primordial sources. The circuits symbolically indicate the successive phases in the process of becoming.
The document provides details about the Edicts of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE. It summarizes the different types of edicts, including Major and Minor Rock Edicts, Major and Minor Pillar Edicts, Separate Edicts, and Cave Inscriptions. It describes some of the key contents, such as Major Rock Edict II outlining Ashoka's definition of dharma and mentioning southern Indian kingdoms. Minor Rock Edict II details instructions for distributing copies of the edicts. Over 50 edicts from Ashoka have been found across India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal, written in various local languages of the time.
The document summarizes the flora mentioned in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. It discusses how the epics refer to various forest plants and trees. Some key plants mentioned include Ashoka tree where Sita sits in Ramayana, and the burning of Khandava forest mentioned in Mahabharata. The document also examines archaeological evidence of dense forests during the epic periods. It provides Sanskrit names, botanical names and images of some significant plants referenced in Ramayana, including Arjuna, Ankola and Agnimukha trees described around Pampa lake and Matanga hermitage.
1. The document summarizes the key details about Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, a 13th century Ayurvedic text, including its author, commentaries, and divisions.
2. It provides an overview of various minerals and gems described in the text like Gandhaka, Gairika, and Manikya, outlining their types, purification processes, and medicinal properties.
3. The purification and processing methods for minerals like Shodhana, Marana, and Bhasma preparation are highlighted from the ancient text.
Rudraksh is believed to have originated from the tears of Lord Shiva. It comes in different numbers of mukhis (faces) with each mukhi representing a different deity or aspect of Shiva. The document then lists the deity associated with each number of mukhi, from 1 to 14 mukhis, as well as the mantra and ruling planet for each. Rudraksh is considered very sacred and auspicious in Hinduism and believed to have spiritual benefits when worn.
The Chidambaram Temple in India is famous for its abode of Lord Shiva, holy water pond, and deity worshipped as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance. Located on 50 acres, the temple has Lord Shiva worshipped in three forms - a physical form as Nataraja, a semi-physical form as a crystal linga, and a formless form in an empty space. As the Lord of Dance, Nataraja's 108 dance poses are depicted in sculptures and symbolize the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe through the eternal dance of Shiva.
The document discusses the concept of Nataraja, the dancing form of Shiva. It describes Nataraja as being mainly worshipped in Tamil Nadu temples. The key aspects covered include the symbolism of the different hands and elements represented in iconic images of Nataraja. The dance of Nataraja is said to represent the five sacred acts of creation, protection, dissolution, concealment, and grace. The origins and development of the Nataraja theme from ancient scriptures and its interpretations by scholars over time are also summarized.
1. Abhraka is a mineral known by various names like Gouriteja. It has ores like biotite, muscovite and is classified based on color and reaction to heat.
2. It is purified through a process called nirvapana where it is heated and immersed in liquids like kanji 7 times.
3. Further processing involves mixing it with herbs and drying it to obtain dhanyabhraka, which is then given bhavana with herbs and subjected to puta or heating in marana to obtain abhraka bhasma.
4. Abhraka bhasma has uses as a rasayana and in treating various diseases when given in specific
This document provides the syllabus for the NTA UGC NET JRF examination to be held in June 2019. It covers 10 units on topics related to Sanskrit literature, philosophy, grammar, and linguistics. Some key areas covered include the Vedic literature and Upanishads, philosophical schools like Samkhya and Yoga, texts from major philosophers like Patanjali and Badarayana, Sanskrit poetry like the works of Kalidasa, drama, novels and short stories, literary criticism, Sanskrit grammar concepts, the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, Smritis and Arthashastra. Specific chapters from many important texts are also identified for study under each unit to assess candidates
This document discusses the Hindu festival of Krishna Janmashtami, which celebrates the birth of Krishna. It provides background information on Krishna's birth date according to the proleptic Julian calendar and the lunar calendar. It also discusses symbols and traditions associated with Krishna like the peepal tree, River Indus, and swastika. The document contains verses from scriptures about duty, detachment from results, and surrendering to God. It emphasizes unity and positivity.
Ancient Indian astronomical tradition: Characteristics and accomplishmentsRajesh Kochhar
We begin by commenting on the nature and limitations of the primary source material on ancient Indian astronomy.We then highlight the accomplishments of Indian astro-mathematical tradition and its place in world history.
The document describes the vertical structure of the universe according to SB Canto 5. It details the 14 planetary systems, beginning with descriptions of the sun god's chariot and movements. It is pulled by horses across the sky, circling Mount Meru. The moon god is described along with other planets. Their positions are mapped to different parts of the imagined body of a dolphin or fish (Çiçumära), which represents the constellations and stars moving together. Higher planetary systems above the sun like Maharloka are briefly outlined.
The Hindu calendar is based on the lifespan of Brahma, the creator, which is 100 years. Each day of Brahma consists of 1000 Mahayugas, with the current Mahayuga being the 28th. A Mahayuga consists of four Yugas of decreasing lengths - Krutayug, Tretayug, Dwaparyug, and Kaliyug, which we are currently in. The calendar follows both lunar months and solar signs, with the lunar months ranging from 29-30 days and corresponding to the six seasons and twelve solar signs of the zodiac. Adjustments are made periodically to account for the difference between the lunar and solar years.
This document provides an overview of Itihasa, the tools used to frame the history of Ayurveda, and different eras in the chronology of Ayurveda. It discusses that Itihasa refers to past events that truly occurred. The tools used to trace Ayurveda's history include Vedic literature, historical works, and travelers' accounts. Three eras of Ayurveda history are presented: pre-historic, pre-Vedic, and Vedic periods. Different classification systems that further divide Ayurveda history into various time periods are also outlined.
Indian astronomy has a long history dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Important early texts include the Vedanga Jyotisha. Astronomy was influenced by Greek concepts starting in the 4th century BCE. The classical era began in the 5th-6th centuries CE with astronomers like Aryabhata. Later key figures included Brahmagupta, Varahamihira, Bhaskara I, and Bhaskara II. The Kerala school from the 14th century made significant contributions to trigonometry and calculus. Observatories were built including the Jantar Mantar. Indian calendars also had an astronomical basis.
The beginnings of astronomy are related to the requirements of the ritual in early cultures. Ritual was a means of securing divine approval and support for terrestrial actions. To be effective, it had to be elaborate and well-timed, so that a careful distinction could be made between auspicious and inauspicious times.
(Note that mathematical problems such as obtaining the square root of two and approximate value of pi ( circumference of a circle divided by its diameter) were taken up in the context of preparation of fire altars and are discussed in the Shrautasutras.)
Since planetary motions provided a natural means of time keeping and were seen as couriers of divine signals. Skies were therefore regularly monitored. This was the beginning of astronomy as an intellectual discipline.
The conventional Hindu timeline says each of the 71 numbers of 4-yuga cycle is of 43,20,000 years. On this basis the origin of human civilization is placed 6.2 billion years ago. This is not possible since modern human beings evolved on 160,000 years ago. We have made an alternative timeline based on the time of Vaivaswat Manu, Rama and Krishna. We suggest an alternative time span of a 4-yuga cycle of 4,000 years. We also suggest that the first eight manvantara, the Krita yuga and the first Braahm Kalpa run parallel.
Read Post- http://www.commonprophets.com/kalpa-manvantara-and-yuga/
Watch Video - https://youtu.be/pN1kFW5Byj0
Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/episode/5MFDsmdsM02NUP3b9opTlM?si=fRfffp9KSt6g_SlfFQZumg&utm_source=copy-link
This document provides information on the history and antiquity of Jainism from various sources such as literature, archaeological findings, and references in ancient texts. It discusses topics like the earliest Tirthankars that likely lived thousands of years ago according to Jain texts, references to Jain concepts in Vedic scriptures, archaeological evidence from Harappa and Mohenjodaro dating to 5000 BC, and the spread and later adoption of practices from Hinduism after periods of decline without royal patronage. It also lists the names of prominent Acharyas after Mahavira.
1) Dhanwantari was considered the father of surgery and founder of the Dhanwantari Sampradaya, one of the main schools of early Ayurveda. He received knowledge from Indra and passed it down to disciples like Kasiraj Devodas.
2) Sushruta was a famous ancient Indian physician and surgeon from the Dhanwantari Sampradaya. He is believed to have lived around 1000-1500 BC and authored the Sushruta Samhita, one of the main Ayurvedic texts on surgery.
3) Sushruta received training from Kasiraj Devodas along with other disciples like Aourabra,
1. Rasasastra originated from Atharvaveda and further developed during medieval period as an auxiliary branch of Ayurveda focused on inorganic pharmaceutical preparations.
2. It was originally focused on spiritual goals but later focused on material goals like wealth and metals transmutation.
3. In late ancient and medieval periods, it focused more on medical applications, strengthening the body and curing diseases.
4. Key early texts include Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita which mention use of minerals and metals in treatments. Rasaratnasamuchchaya by Rasa Vagbhata is an important medieval text.
Vedic astrology originated in ancient India and was developed as part of the Vedic scriptures. It is based on the notion that there is a connection between the microcosm of the individual and the macrocosm of the universe. Key elements of Vedic astrology include the 12 zodiac signs, use of the sidereal zodiac, consideration of planetary positions and motions, and interpretation of charts created based on a person's date, time and place of birth. Important ancient texts that form the foundation of Vedic astrology include the Parashara Hora Shastra and Saravali. Astrology continues to play an important role in many aspects of Hindu culture and life in modern India.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the four Vedas - Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva. It discusses how they were compiled by Vyasa into four groups from over 1,131 branches that were preserved orally. Each Veda is then briefly described in terms of its content, associated deities, number of hymns, as well as important Upanishads and traditions associated with them.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The document discusses the four Buddhist councils:
1) The first council was held in Rajgir under Mahakashyapa around 483 BCE to preserve the Buddha's teachings. The Suttas and Vinaya were recited.
2) The second council was held in Vaishali around 383 BCE under Sarvakami. It resulted in a split between the Theravada and Mahasanghika sects due to disagreements over 10 points.
3) The third council was held in Pataliputra around 251 BCE under Moggaliputta Tissa to reconcile 18 Buddhist schools. It standardized the Tripitaka in Pali and Ashoka sent missionaries to various
This document discusses the creation or evolution of the universe according to ancient Hindu scriptures. It provides verses from the Rig Veda describing the primordial state before creation, where there was no life, death, day, night, etc. It notes that the Sankhya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophy provide explanations for the cause of creation as the combination of fundamental particles. The document also provides background on the Vedic scriptures and describes the four main Vedas - Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva.
1) The document discusses Pratisamskarana, which refers to the revision and editing of ancient texts.
2) It provides context on Agnivesa Tantra, an early Ayurvedic text that was later revised by Charaka and redacted by Dridabala.
3) Agnivesa Tantra was the original source, consisting of 12,000 verses across 8 sections. Charaka revised it and Dridabala further edited it, including adding back chapters that had been lost.
The document provides an overview of the Vedic literature of Hinduism, including the four Vedas - Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva. It discusses how the Vedas were compiled and transmitted orally over thousands of years. Key details include that the Vedas originally had over 1,000 branches that were compiled into four collections by Vyasa, and contain hymns, mantras, and philosophical speculations on topics like the origin of the universe.
Siddhar Selvam Missions hindu religions Service get releave from your problems confusions by praying god. commander selvam, Dr commander Selvam, Siddhar Commander Selvam Place for Health,wealth,relationship,Excellence,Yoga,Meditation.
The Hindu scriptures provide the early documented history and
origin of arts and sciences forms in India such as music, dance,
sculptures, architecture, astronomy, science, mathematics,
medicine and wellness. Valmiki's Ramayana (500 BCE to 100
BCE) mentions music and singing by Gandharvas, dance by
Apsaras such as Urvashi, Rambha, ETC. The evidence of earliest
dance related texts are in Natasutras, which are mentioned in
the text of Panini, the sage who wrote the classic on Sanskrit
grammar, and who is dated to about 500 BCE. whose complete
manuscript has not survived into the modern age.
The document discusses various topics related to Hinduism, including its scriptures, concepts, and history. It provides an overview of the four Vedas - Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva Veda - and mentions texts like the Upanishads, Puranas, and epics. It also outlines key Hindu concepts such as dharma, the goal of moksha, ideas about God, and the origins and spread of different philosophical traditions in India over centuries.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. •Toba Supervalconic Eruption (~72000 BCE)
(Evidence found at Jwalapuram in Karnool
district of AP)
•Early Agriculture – 16000 BCE.
Pre-historic era
3. The Methodology
• Traditional Evidence
• Literary Evidence
• Linguistic Evidence
• Archaeoastronomical Evidence
• Archaeological Evidence
• Study of Palaeochannels of Sarasvati, Satlej, Yamuna Rivers
• Study of Sea Level Rise
4. Traditional and Literary Evidence
The Chronological order of Vedic corpus Evolution of Vedic Arts and Sciences
Vedas
Samhitas
Brahmanas-Upanishads-Aranyakas
&Kalpasutras (Shrauta Sutras, Grihya Sutras
etc.)
Dharmasutras, Upavedas, Vyakarana,
Jyotisha, Upangas, Purana Samhitas
Krita Yuganta (Surya Siddhanta, Bharata Natya
Shastra)
Smritis, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta
Samhita, Puranas, UpavedasTreta Yuganta (Ramayana Era)
Dvapara Yuganta (Mahabharata Era)
5. The Evolution of Sanskrit Grammar
• छन्दसि (Vedic Sanskrit)
• Transition Period of Vedic and Laukik Sanskrit
• भाषायाम् (Laukik Sanskrit)
Sanskrit had no regional dialects because it was evolved under strict
grammatical regulatory system. Sanskrit has three distinct stages of
evolution:
6. Vedic Sanskrit
• देवााः vs 'देवािाः',। ‘देवाः’ vs ‘देवेसभाः’।
• Uttam Purush Bahuvachan
• Tumun Pratyay vs गन्तव, गमध्य, जीवि, दातव
• Samasa (Compound) vs Devata-Dvandva
• No use of Lrit Lakara?
• Many Vedic words have gone extinct in Laukik Sanskrit.
7. (1.) तिप् के रूप
-----------------------
भाववषतत भववषतत भवतत
भाववषातत भववषातत भवातत
भाववषत् भववषत् भवत्
भाववषात् भववषात् भवातत
भाववषद् भववषद् भवद्
भववषाद् भववषाद् भवाद्
(2.) िस ् के रूप
-----------------------
भाववषताः भववषताः भवताः
भाववषाताः भववषाताः भवाताः
(3.) झि के रूप
----------------------
भाववषन्न्त भववषन्न्त भवन्न्त
भाववषान्न्त भववषान्न्त
भवान्न्त
भाववषन् भववषन् भवन्
(4.) ससप् के रूप
-----------------------
भाववषसि भववषसि भवसि
भाववषासि भववषासि भवासि
भाववषाः भववषाः भवाः
भाववषााः भववषााः भवााः
(5.) थस् के रूप
-----------------------
भाववषथाः भववषथाः भवथाः
भाववषाथाः भववषाथाः भवाथाः
(6.) थ के रूप
---------------------
भाववषथ भववषथ भवथ
भाववषाथ भववषाथ भवाथ
(7.) सिप् के रूप
-------------------------
भाववषसम भववषसम भवसम
भाववषासम भववषासम भवासम
भाववषम ् भववषम ् भवम ्
भाववषाम ् भववषाम ् भवाम ्
(8.) वस ् के रूप
-----------------------
भाववषवाः भववषवाः भववाः
भाववषावाः भववषावाः भवावाः
भाववषव भववषव भवव
भाववषाव भववषाव भवाव
(9.) िस ् के रूप
--------------------------
भाववषमाः भववषमाः भवमाः
भाववषामाः भववषामाः भवामाः
भाववषम भववषम भवम
भाववषाम भववषाम भवाम
लेट् लकार
8. Transition Period of Vedic & Laukik Sanskrit
• Aitareya Brahmana : क्रीणीतव यर्हि वाव वो मयाथो भववता तर्ह्येव
वोऽहं पुनरागन्तान्मम (5.1). Here आगन्तान्मम is used in place of
आगसमष्यासम. Seemingly, Lrit lakara evolved little later.
• Vedic and Samhita Sanskrit do not use Samasa or compound words.
Only a samasa of two words is found in Vedas, Brahmanas,
Aranyakas etc.
• Avyaya padas like यर्हि, वाव etc. have been frequently used in Vedic
Sanskrit but not in Laukika Sanskrit.
• Let Lakara: Udadhim Chyaavayaati . Tai. Brahmana 3.5.5.2
9. The Absolute Linguistic Chronology of Sanskrit
Language and Grammar
The Chronological order of Vedic and Post Vedic Literature
Vedas, Samhitas Vedic Sanskrit
Brahmanas-Upanishads-Aranyakas &
Kalpasutras (Shrauta Sutras, Grihya
Sutras etc.)
Transition Period
Krita Yuganta (Surya Siddhanta,
Bharata Natya Shastra) Laukika Sanskrit
Treta Yuganta (Ramayana)
Dvapara Yuganta (Mahabharata)
10. The Concept of Yugas
• Later tradition (Laukika Sanskrit):
• A Yuga of 1200 years.
• A Mahayuga of 12000 years (Krita-4800 years, Treta-3600 years, Dvapara-2400
years and Kali-1200 years).
• Later astronomical tradition refers to 14 Manvantaras and 1000 Chaturyugas
and 432,00,00,000 years (12000 x 360 = 4320000 x 1000).
• 2018 = 197,29,49,120th year and 51st Shveta Varaha Kalpa.
• Divya Varsh vs Manusha Varsha.
• The available Puranas have been updated during the Gupta Period. Puranas refer to the
Saptarshi calendar for the chronological history from Mahabharata era and mention only
Yugas and Manvantaras for the Chronology beyond Mahabharata era.
11. The Concept of Yugas
• Early tradition (Vedic Sanskrit and Transition period): A Yuga of 5 years and A
Chaturyuga of 20 years. No reference of Manvantaras.
• Vedas follow a Yuga of 5 years.
• Shadvimsha Brahmana mentions the names of four Yugas as Pushya, Dvāpara, Khārvā
and Krita. Chandra is the husband of Anumati, Rākā, Sinivāli and Kuhu.
• Anumati is the Chaturdashi Purnimā and Rākā is the Shodashi Purnimā.
• Sinivāli is the Chaturdashi Amāvāsya and Kuhu is the Shodashi Amāvāsya.
• Anumati is celebrated in Pushya or Kali Yuga whereas Rākā is celebrated in Khārvā or
Tretā Yuga. Sinivāli is celebrated in Dvāpara Yuga whereas Kuhu is celebrated in Krita
Yuga.
• Aitareya Brahmana also refers to Krita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali (कसलिः शयानो भवति
संजिहानस्िु द्वापरिः । उत्तिष्ठस्रेिा भवति कृ िं संपाद्यिे चरंश्चरैवेति ॥)
• Nidana Sutra of Samaveda also refers to four yugas (
12. • A Cycle of 20 years (four 5-year Yugas): These four Yugas of 20-year cycles had
been named as Krita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali.
• Ardhamasa intercalation at the end of the cycle of 20 years.
• The first cycle of 20-years had the Amanta scheme and commenced on Magha
Sukla Pratipada but the last intercalary month of the 20th year consisted of only
15 days and ended on Adhika Pausha Purnima.
• The second cycle of 20-years had the Purnimanta scheme and commenced on
Adhika Pausha Krishna Pratipada but the last intercalary month of the 20th year
consisted of only 15 days and ended on Adhika Pausha Amavasya.
• Thus, the 40-year cycle (two cycles of 20 years) consisted of 14 intercalary
months and two ardhamasa intercalations.
• This 40-year cycle used to accumulate additional 7.5 days. Therefore, a concept of
Kshayamasa (dropping of one intercalary month) might have been introduced in a
cycle of 160 years (eight cycles of 20 years).
The Concept of Yugas
13. The Concept of Yugas
• The debate on the accurate intercalation scheme, Kshayamasa and
Kshatithis led to the evolution of 18 schools of Vedic astronomy.
• Rishi Yajnavalkya of Shatapatha Brahmana indicates a cycle of 95
years (34698.5 days and 35 intercalary months). The 95-year cycle
consisted of five cycles of 19 years.
Yuga of 5 years vs Jovian cycle of 12 years
• At the end of 28th Krita Yuga, Maya’s Surya Siddhanta introduced a
Jovian cycle of 12 years. This cycle of 12 years led to the concept of a
Yuga of 1200 years (12x100). Kshayamasa in 144 years.
• Thus, a Yuga of 1200 years i.e. 28th Treta Yuga was introduced at the
end of 28th Krita Yuga.
• Saptarshi calendar of 2700 years.
14. The Epoch of 28th Krita Yuganta (6778 BCE)
• This conjunction took place on
22 Feb 6778 BCE (Chaitra
Shukla Pratipada) within 26
degrees. Winter solstice was at
Ashvini Nakshatra.
• Mayasura introduced seven day
week starting from Sunday on
22 Feb 6778 BCE.
• The epoch of 78 CE i.e. 1 Apr 78
CE was also commenced on
Sunday but it was Wednesday
in Julian calendar.
• Saptarshi Calendar was also
introduced from 6777 BCE and
abandoned the ardhamasa
intercalation.
15. Before the 28th Krita Yuganta (6777 BCE)
Seemingly, the ancient Indian astronomers and historians had the traditional
information that total 1837 Yugas of 5 years (9185 years) had elapsed from the
epoch of Adiyuga to 6777 BCE. Later, Indian astronomers evolved the concept of 14
Manvantaras.
Manvantara Elapsed Yugas
1 Svāyambhuva Manvantara 72 x 4 288
2 Swarochisha Manvantara 72 x 4 288
3 Uttama Manvantara 72 x 4 288
4 Tāmasa Manvantara 72 x 4 288
5 Raivata Manvantara 72 x 4 288
6 Chākshusha Manvantara 72 x 4 288
7 Vaivasvata Manvantara (27 x 4) + 1 109
1837 X 5
(9185 years)
• The Epoch of the
first Yuga (Adi
Yuga) was
probably 15962
BCE (6777 +
9185).
16. Archaeoastronomical Evidence
• Rigveda’s Parjanya Sukta (Vasishtha) indicates the
commencement of New Year from Varsha Ritu
(Summer Solstice) but almost entire Vedic corpus
refers to Sharad Ritu (Autumnal Equinox) as the
beginning of Samvatsara.
• The early Rigvedic 5-year Yuga calendar might have
commenced on Summer Solstice but the same had
been shifted to Autumnal equinox in Later Rigvedic
period.
17. Summer Solstice at Dhanishtha (14500 BCE)
धनिष्ठानिस्तिा कालो ब्रह्मणा परिकल्पितः।
िोनिणी ह्यभवत् पूववमेवं संख्या समाभवत्॥
18. Brahmarshi Vishvamitra I (~13500 BCE)
Mahabharata states that Vishvamitra started counting the nakshatras
from Shravana nakshatra. Gopatha Brahmana says that Vishvamitra
was the first who observed the precession of equinoxes.
प्रनत श्रवणपूवावनण िक्षत्रानण ससर्व यः
Mahabharata
Gopatha Brahmana 2.6.1
19. Autumnal Equinox at Ashvini (13500 BCE)
Ashvini Sukta of Rishi Vasishtha indicates Autumnal Equinox at Ashvini
Nakshatra.
20. Autumnal Equinox at Revati (12500 BCE)
Markandeya Purana, 72nd Adhyaya.
Markandeya Purana indicates the beginning of New Year with Revati
Nakshatra during the time of Raivata Manu.(Beginning of Sharad Calendar)
21. Winter Solstice at Mrigashira (Orion) – 11250 BCE
• The astronomical data indicates that Prajapati Daksha
performed Yajna when the winter solstice shifted from
Ardra nakshatra to Mrigashira Nakshatra around 11250
BCE. The death of Sati during the Yajna led to the
assumption of Shiva and Prajapati Daksha to be the deities
of Ardra and Mrigashira nakshatras respectively.
• The list of 28 nakshatras was reset starting from
Mrigashira, Prajapati Daksha had been identified with
Mrigashira and the 27 nakshatras starting from Rohini had
been assumed as the 27 daughters of Prajapati.
22. The Date of Maharshi Agastya (11300-11200 BCE)
• Agastya was the contemporary of Shiva. Prajapati Daksha
and Shiva flourished when winter solstice shifted from Ardra
to Mrigashira Nakshatra.
• Agastya’s date can also be established from Tamil literary
sources.
• First Sangam Era : 11266-6826 BCE (4440 years)
• Second Sangam Era : 6826-3126 BCE (3700 years)
• Third Sangam Era : 3126 -1276 BCE (1850 years)
24. Shifting of Winter Solstice from Mrigashira to
Rohini (10200 BCE)
•This astronomical event has been referred to in
Panchavimsha Brahmana (8.2.10), Aitareya Brahmana
(6.5.27), Maitrayani Samhita (4.214, 35.11-15),
Shatapatha Brahmana (1.7.4.1-3), Brihdaranyaka
Upanishad and Adi Shankara’s commentary (1.4.3).
25. Shifting of Winter Solstice from Rohini to
Krittika (9200 BCE)
•Atharvaveda’s Nakshatra Sukta was recompiled
around 9200-9000 BCE because the list of 28
Nakshatras was reset from Krittika.
•Almost all Brahmanas and Aranyakas were
compiled when Krittka was the first nakshatra in
the list of nakshatras.
26. Star Kashyapa at Celestial Pole (11000-8000 BCE)
• The Star ‘Kashyapa’ of Shishumara constellation
was at celestial pole starting from ~11000 BCE. It
was still a pole star around 8800-8700 BCE. The
head of Shishumara was at celestial pole during
this period.
28. The Date of Shatapatha Brahmana (8800 BCE)
Shatapatha Brahmana records the following astronomical observations which can only be
explained around 8800 BCE:
• Krittikadi list of Nakshatras. Thus, Krittikas were at the solstice or equinox.
• Magha Shukla Pratipadā at autumnal equinox because Varsha Ritu was the end of
Samvatsara. (In Syena Chiti, Varsha Ritu as tail and Sharad as Uttara Paksha)
• The division of the year into two halves of 189 and 176 days.
• Krittikas do not deviate from the east whereas all other nakshatras do move from the east.
Sh. K Chandra Hari explained that the 189/176 days
division of the year was possible in the past only in either
4000 BC or 1000 AD.
Sh. SB Dikshit argued that Krittikas were at celestial
equator around 3000 BCE. 2926 BCE. (Hasta was also
at celestial equator.)
29. The Date of Shatapatha Brahmana (8800 BCE)
• Seemingly, Vedic Rishis started observing the right ascension of all nakshatras
when the winter solstice had shifted to Krittika around 9200 BCE. The Rishis of
the period 9200-8700 BCE had carefully observed the right ascension and
declination (RA/Dec) of all 28 nakshatras and found that Krittikas do not
deviate from the right ascension/declination whereas all other nakshatras do
move from their right ascension/declination.
• Most probably, the rishis measured the right ascension from the sun at the
autumnal equinox. The Right ascension and declination of star eta Tauri of
Kriitika constellation was at 17h 45m 10.93s/ -20o 52’ 45.8’’ on 25th Nov 9200
BCE, at 17h 59m 42.44s/ -20o 55’ 46.7’’ on 24th Nov 8950 BCE and at 18h 14m
13.79s/ -20o 53’ 22.1’’ on 22nd Nov 8700 BCE. Evidently, the right ascension of
Krittika was constant and did not deviate much around 9200-8700 BCE whereas
that of all nakshatras had been deviated.
30. Winter Solstice at Ashvini (7200 BCE)
•Mayasura wrote Surya Siddhanta around 6778-6777
BCE and reset the list of Nakshatras starting from
Ashvini Nakshatra.
•Saptarshi Calendar was also introduced from 6777
BCE and abandoned the ardhamasa intercalation.
•Brahma Siddhanta (Chaitradi calendar, 12-year
[Simhastha Kumbh] and 60-year cycle) was
introduced from 6773 BCE.
•Nasik Simhastha Kumbh is the earliest tradition
(Jupiter in Leo and Sun & Moon in Cancer).
•The Epoch of the 28th Treta Yuga (6777 BCE).
31. 28th Treta Yuga (6777-5577 BCE) – 1200 years
• Bharata wrote Natya Shastra in the Treta Yuga.
• Ramayana era (5677-5577 BCE).
• Rama was born on 3rd Feb 5674 BCE. He killed Ravana in 5635 BCE.
33. Archaeological Evidence
• The history of ancient Indian agriculture dates back to at least 16000 BCE.
Early agriculture on the banks of Lahuradewa Lake in eastern UP have been
carbon dated from 13000 BCE to 7300 BCE. The evidence of the early
cultivation of Barley and Oats has been found from 15500 BCE in Southern
Sri Lanka.
• The sunken city of Kushasthali and Dvaravati in the Gulf of Khambat
supports the presence of human settlements from at least 12000 BCE. This
sunken ancient city was built before 11000 BCE and probably submerged by
sea around 9400-9300 BCE at the end of Meltwater Pulse 1B (10200-9400
BCE). A piece of carbonized wooden sample has been dated around 7500
BCE.
• The archaeological site of Bhirrana in Hisar, Haryana has also been dated
around 7500 BCE.
• A submerged structure of the ancient Poompuhar city found close to
Kaveripattinam, Tamilnadu has been dated around 9500 BCE.
34. Vedic and Post Vedic Sarasvati River
Shutudri, Yamuna and Drishadvati
were the main tributaries of
Sarasvati. IITK has dated the
palaeochannel of Sutlej River
around 13000 BCE (15000 years
ago) based on OSL method.
Seemingly, Yamuna, a tributary of
Sarasvati (Y1 palaeochannel) had
changed the course in later Vedic
period. Probably, this change of course
occurred at the same time when
Sarasvati lost in the sands of desert
around 11000 BCE. It appears that the
Avabhritha ritual might have been
introduced to commemorate the past
confluence of Sarasvati and Yamuna.
36. The Sheet Anchors of Vedic and Post Vedic Chronology
• Proto Vedic Period (16000-14500 BCE)
• Vedic Period (14500-10000 BCE)
• Adiyuga : The Early Manu Dynasty (14500-14000 BCE)
• Devayuga: The Vedic Period (14000-11000 BCE)
• The Great Flood in Vaivasvata Manu’s Kingdom (11200 BCE)
• Later Rigvedic Period (11200-10000 BCE)
• Vedic Sarasvati River lost in Thar desert and started flowing westwards
(11000-10500 BCE)
• The Post Vedic Period (10000-6778 BCE)
• The epoch of the end of the 28th Krita Yuga (6778-6777 BCE)
• The 28th Treta Yuga (6777-5577 BCE) – 1200 years
• The Ramayana era (5677-5577 BCE)
• The Birth of Rama (3rd Feb 5674 BCE)
• The 28th Dvapara Yuga (5577-3177 BCE) – 2400 years
• The Epoch of Mahabharata War and Yudhishthira Era (3162 BCE)
37. The inscriptions of Early Chalukyas of Badami
• Kurtakoti copper plates – Saka 530 elapsed
Total solar eclipse on the new moon day of Vaishakha
month.
The eclipse ended during noon time.
Sun and Moon were in Vrishabha Rasi.
Moon was in Rohini Nakshatra.
38. Total Solar eclipses in North Karnataka
(1500 BCE to 1500 CE)
1 13th Aug 1416 BCE
2 27th Jul 1257 BCE
3 4th Mar 180 BCE
4 9th May 53 BCE
5 27th Jan 111 CE
6 25th Jun 754 CE
7 20th Aug 993 CE
8 23rd Jul 1134 CE
9 6th Nov 1268 CE
10 9th Dec 1322 CE
The eclipse started at 9.04 am and ended at 11.45 am.
Thus, the epoch of the coronation of Saka king commenced
in 583 BCE (53 + 530 = 583)
40. Saka era vs Saka Kalatita era
• Saka and Saka kalatita are not identical. The Saka era commenced in
583 BCE whereas the Saka Kalatita era commenced in 78 CE.
• The Saka era was introduced by the Saka king Chashtana in 583 BCE
on his coronation in Ujjain.
• The Saka kalatita era was an astronomical epoch that was introduced
by Indian astronomers in 78 AD for all round astronomical
calculations
• During the 8th and 9th centuries, Srivaishnavas speculated that the
Saka era was introduced from the birth of the Pratishthana King
Salivahana. Thus, the name of Salivahana got linked with these
epochs.
42. The Epoch of Buddha Nirvana
1765 BCE + 100 years = 1865 BCE
Northern Tradition (1865 BCE) Southern Tradition (1765 BCE)
Short Chronology
(Ashoka reigned 100 years after Buddha
Nirvana [1865 BCE])
Long Chronology
(Ashoka reigned 218 years after Buddha
Varsha [1765 BCE])
King Kalashoka reigned for 28
years (1765-1737 BCE).
Maurya Ashoka reigned for 36
years (1547-1511 BCE).
43. The Epoch of Mahabharata War
Saka 556 (27 BCE) + 3135 years = 3162 BCE
The Aihole inscription of Chalukya Pulakeshin II dated in Saka 556 elapsed
(27 BCE) explicitly mentions that 30+3000+100+5 = 3135 years elapsed
up to 27 BCE from the year of Mahabharata war; that means 3135+27 =
3162 BCE was the year of the Mahabharata war. (Trimshatsu Trisahasreshu
Bharatat Ahavaditah, Sahabdasatayukteshu gateshvabdedhu panchasu.)