The mating season, called the rut or roar, is an exciting time for red deer and hunters. Male deer, or stags, establish territories and gather groups of female deer, or hinds, to mate with. Stags announce their presence by roaring and compete with other stags. For trophy hunters seeking large antlers, the beginning of the rut is best for finding dominant stags. Stags leave signs like tree rubs and scrapes to mark their territories before and during the rut.
This lecture describes the use of ultrasonography in animal reproduction. This lecture would be useful for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers.
Pregnancy markers for early pregnancy diagnosisVarij Nayan
“Detection of the pregnant/ non-pregnant cow/ buffalo, heifer, as soon as possible after a successful/ unsuccessful insemination, is important to ensure good reproductive and / productive performance in dairy and beef animals”
-Omics revolution and integration of all -omics sciences with a systems approach could help find solutions towards finding early pregnancy biomarkers.
Fecal examination is commonly used to diagnose parasitic infections in animals. The process involves collecting a fresh fecal sample, preparing it using flotation or centrifugation with a flotation medium, and examining it under a microscope. Centrifugation speeds up the process by forcing heavier materials to the bottom and lighter parasite eggs to the top for easier identification. Examination of properly collected and prepared fecal samples can reveal evidence of parasitic infections and provide a diagnosis.
Andrology lecture 16 Semen collection from male animals and its evaluationDrGovindNarayanPuroh
This document discusses techniques for collecting and evaluating semen from male animals. There are three main techniques for collecting semen: using an artificial vagina, digital manipulation, or electro-ejaculation. The artificial vagina uses thermal and mechanical stimulation and comes in different models for various species. Semen is evaluated based on volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and other characteristics to assess fertility potential. Abnormal color, consistency or presence of flakes could indicate health issues.
This document discusses semen evaluation in animals. It defines semen as the liquid containing sperm and seminal plasma ejected from the male reproductive tract. Regular examination of semen is important for assessing breeding soundness, infertility, artificial insemination, and parasitic diseases. The document outlines the microscopic and macroscopic parameters examined during semen evaluation, including volume, color, motility, sperm concentration, and the presence of abnormalities. Normal semen values are provided for various species.
5th year practical revision 7 - fetotomyMohamed Wahab
This document outlines various fetotomy procedures including amputation of the head, forelimbs, and hindlimbs as well as transverse and diagonal fetotomies of different body parts of the fetus. Transverse fetotomy is listed twice and the document discusses fetotomy techniques for difficult breech births and multiple pregnancies.
The document describes a study of 65 cases of benign and malignant neoplasms in ruminants over a 3 year period. The neoplasms included 2 fibromas, 1 fibromatous epulis, 1 fibroadenoma, 4 fibropapillomas, 25 cutaneous papillomas, 8 keratoacanthomas, 2 fibrosarcomas, 21 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 lymphosarcoma. The neoplasms were surgically treated and followed up for 4-6 months. The study aimed to describe the gross and histopathological features of various ruminant neoplasms and determine which cases were suitable for surgical treatment.
Parturient Paresis, also known as milk fever or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disease that occurs in dairy cows within 12-72 hours of giving birth. It is characterized by low calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia) which causes general muscle weakness, paralysis, collapse and recumbence. The disease occurs due to a sudden increase in calcium demand for milk production at calving that the cow cannot meet due to impaired calcium mobilization from bones and intestines. Successful treatment involves rapid intravenous calcium supplementation to restore calcium levels while prevention focuses on dietary modifications pre-calving to optimize calcium metabolism and mobilization.
This lecture describes the use of ultrasonography in animal reproduction. This lecture would be useful for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers.
Pregnancy markers for early pregnancy diagnosisVarij Nayan
“Detection of the pregnant/ non-pregnant cow/ buffalo, heifer, as soon as possible after a successful/ unsuccessful insemination, is important to ensure good reproductive and / productive performance in dairy and beef animals”
-Omics revolution and integration of all -omics sciences with a systems approach could help find solutions towards finding early pregnancy biomarkers.
Fecal examination is commonly used to diagnose parasitic infections in animals. The process involves collecting a fresh fecal sample, preparing it using flotation or centrifugation with a flotation medium, and examining it under a microscope. Centrifugation speeds up the process by forcing heavier materials to the bottom and lighter parasite eggs to the top for easier identification. Examination of properly collected and prepared fecal samples can reveal evidence of parasitic infections and provide a diagnosis.
Andrology lecture 16 Semen collection from male animals and its evaluationDrGovindNarayanPuroh
This document discusses techniques for collecting and evaluating semen from male animals. There are three main techniques for collecting semen: using an artificial vagina, digital manipulation, or electro-ejaculation. The artificial vagina uses thermal and mechanical stimulation and comes in different models for various species. Semen is evaluated based on volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and other characteristics to assess fertility potential. Abnormal color, consistency or presence of flakes could indicate health issues.
This document discusses semen evaluation in animals. It defines semen as the liquid containing sperm and seminal plasma ejected from the male reproductive tract. Regular examination of semen is important for assessing breeding soundness, infertility, artificial insemination, and parasitic diseases. The document outlines the microscopic and macroscopic parameters examined during semen evaluation, including volume, color, motility, sperm concentration, and the presence of abnormalities. Normal semen values are provided for various species.
5th year practical revision 7 - fetotomyMohamed Wahab
This document outlines various fetotomy procedures including amputation of the head, forelimbs, and hindlimbs as well as transverse and diagonal fetotomies of different body parts of the fetus. Transverse fetotomy is listed twice and the document discusses fetotomy techniques for difficult breech births and multiple pregnancies.
The document describes a study of 65 cases of benign and malignant neoplasms in ruminants over a 3 year period. The neoplasms included 2 fibromas, 1 fibromatous epulis, 1 fibroadenoma, 4 fibropapillomas, 25 cutaneous papillomas, 8 keratoacanthomas, 2 fibrosarcomas, 21 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 lymphosarcoma. The neoplasms were surgically treated and followed up for 4-6 months. The study aimed to describe the gross and histopathological features of various ruminant neoplasms and determine which cases were suitable for surgical treatment.
Parturient Paresis, also known as milk fever or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disease that occurs in dairy cows within 12-72 hours of giving birth. It is characterized by low calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia) which causes general muscle weakness, paralysis, collapse and recumbence. The disease occurs due to a sudden increase in calcium demand for milk production at calving that the cow cannot meet due to impaired calcium mobilization from bones and intestines. Successful treatment involves rapid intravenous calcium supplementation to restore calcium levels while prevention focuses on dietary modifications pre-calving to optimize calcium metabolism and mobilization.
Obstectrical instruments and their usesTanmay Tewari
This document describes various obstetrical instruments and their uses. It discusses instruments used for traction/extraction of the fetus like snares, chains, and hooks. Instruments used for incision/excision like embryotomy knives and wire saws are also outlined. Finally, instruments for repulsion and rotation of the fetus like the Kuhn crutch repeller and Caminerer's detorsion fork are mentioned. A variety of miscellaneous equipment needed for obstetrical procedures is also listed.
This document discusses caesarean section (C/S) in small animals. It covers indications for C/S including uterine inertia, pelvic obstruction, fetal oversize, and fetal death. It describes the C/S procedure including anesthesia, midline incision approach, and removal of puppies. Post-operative care is also discussed, as well as risks of the surgery and use of foster mothers. The overall risk of C/S is low but complications can include bleeding, infection, and wound issues.
Reproductive Ultrasonography in animalsSakina Rubab
This is a descriptive presentation on the ultrasonography of female reproductive system as well as male reproductive system too,focusing on disease diagnosis through ultrasonographic images and pregnancy diagnonsis.
Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitchsubhash gahlot
The document discusses reproductive physiology and breeding management in bitches. It covers topics like the ovarian cycle, signs of estrus, optimum mating times determined by vaginal cytology and hormones, pregnancy diagnosis and signs of impending parturition. Common reproductive problems mentioned include pyometra, dystocia from uterine inertia, prolonged heat and false pregnancy. Guidelines are provided for breeding management including timing of matings based on the estrous cycle and evaluating pregnancy through ultrasound rather than physical signs alone.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document discusses selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency, including:
1. The physiological functions of vitamin E in preventing muscle degeneration and supporting reproduction.
2. The role of selenium as a component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which acts with vitamin E to protect tissues from oxidative damage.
3. The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency in livestock such as cattle and sheep. Clinical signs include muscular dystrophy, lameness, and respiratory distress.
This document is the table of contents for the 10th edition of the Compendium of Animal Reproduction, edited by Monika Ptaszynska. It provides an overview of the chapters contained within the book, which cover topics such as the physiology of reproduction for various species including cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. It also discusses reproductive management, control of estrus, reproductive disorders and treatments, pregnancy diagnosis, induction of parturition, and issues related to males of each species. The editor's preface expresses hope that readers will find the Compendium a useful resource from both scientific and practical perspectives on the fascinating subject of animal reproduction.
This document provides information on common diseases in sheep and goats. It lists 11 diseases alphabetically and provides sections on the cause, risk factors, clinical signs, treatment, and prevention for each one. The diseases covered include acidosis, bloat, copper toxicity, enterotoxemia, milk fever, poisonings, polioencephalomalacia, pregnancy toxemia, scours, urinary calculi, and white muscle disease. For each disease, the summary provides a brief overview of the cause and affected animals as well as the most significant clinical signs and treatments.
- Cats reach sexual maturity between 6-9 months of age. Their breeding season runs from February to December.
- During estrus, females will call for males and rub themselves on the floor with their tails raised. Mating is brief, lasting 0.3-8 minutes.
- Gestation lasts approximately 63-66 days from ovulation. Pregnancy can be diagnosed through weight gain, abdominal palpation starting at 17-25 days, and ultrasound starting at 11-14 days.
- Litters usually consist of 1-15 kittens, with an average of 3-4 kittens. Birth, or queening, takes place in a warm, quiet nesting area selected by
1. Hereditary causes of infertility include freemartins and hermaphrodites. Freemartins are sterile heifers born as twins with males due to placental fusion, which results in abnormal sexual differentiation. Hermaphrodites exhibit both male and female genital characteristics due to genetic factors.
2. Male pseudohermaphroditism in goats is caused by an autosomal recessive gene and results in phenotypic males with some female characteristics. Freemartins and hermaphrodites increase infertility and should be identified and managed to improve herd fertility.
The document discusses parturition, or birth, in domestic animals. It covers:
- The stages of labor, including preparation, fetal expulsion, and placental expulsion.
- Signs that labor is approaching in various species like cows, mares, and dogs.
- Theories on what initiates parturition, involving physical, biochemical, and neuroendocrine factors.
- Fetal changes that prepare it for life outside the womb, like lung and liver maturation.
- Species-specific details on the duration of labor stages in animals like cows, buffalo, mares, sheep, sows, dogs, and cats.
- Diagrams illustrating the sequence of birth events
Common frauds in the sale of livestock productsVivek Joshi
This document discusses common frauds in the sale of livestock, livestock products, milk, ghee, and meat. It describes several methods used to adulterate these products, such as altering the description of livestock, reducing fat or adding thickeners to milk, adding vegetable oils to ghee, and mixing meats from different animals. It also provides details on detection techniques for these frauds, including physical examination, chemical tests, serological tests, chromatography, electrophoresis, and analyzing enzyme profiles. Penalties are outlined for food adulteration under Indian law.
The document discusses the utility of dogs, preparation of dogs for dog shows, and principles of dog training. It outlines several ways dogs can be useful, such as assisting blind or disabled people, detecting drugs, gas leaks, and explosives. It provides details on preparing a dog for a dog show, including bathing, grooming, packing necessary items, and tips for the show. The principles of dog training are explained as knowing how to train, repetition, patience, praise for correct behavior, and correction for mistakes.
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Body condition scoring is a management practice used to evaluate the amount of body fat and muscle in livestock. It is important for optimizing production, health, and nutritional status. Animals should be scored at critical times like pre-breeding, mid-gestation, parturition, and weaning. Scoring systems range from 1 to 9 or 1 to 5, with lower numbers indicating emaciation and higher numbers indicating obesity. Scoring involves examining fat cover and muscle at key anatomical points by visual and tactile inspection.
Dog vaginal cytology by Dr.mehdi moradimehdi moradi
This document provides instructions for preparing and analyzing canine vaginal smears to examine the epithelial cells and determine the stage of the female dog's estrous cycle. It describes how to take a vaginal sample using a cotton swab, make a smear on a microscope slide, and stain it. The stages of the estrous cycle - anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus - are characterized by the types of epithelial cells seen (parabasal, intermediate, superficial). Analyzing changes in these cells over multiple smears allows determining the cycle stage and fertility window.
The document discusses factors that can cause repeat breeding in cattle, which is when a female shows normal heat symptoms but does not conceive after more than 2-3 services. It lists congenital and acquired factors in both females and males that can be responsible, including defects in the genital tract, endocrine disorders, disease, semen quality issues, and nutritional/management deficiencies. It provides examples for each category and recommends treatments like hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, and improved management practices.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
The Mallein test is used to diagnose Glanders, a bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, in a sensitive and specific manner. Mallein, a glycoprotein fraction of B. mallei, is injected via eye-drop. If the animal has Glanders, it will produce antibodies and show swelling, secretion and conjunctivitis in the eye within 48 hours. While Mallein is the most common test, some cross-reactivity with Streptococcus equi can produce false positives. The test takes advantage of the infected animal's hypersensitive reaction to Mallein.
This document provides an overview of ecosystem relationships and balances in nature. It describes several examples of predator-prey relationships and symbiotic relationships that help regulate populations and maintain ecosystems, such as the relationship between alligators and other marsh animals, honeyguides and ratels, bats and moths, starfish and barnacles/mussels. It also discusses the impacts of invasive species and provides details on the interaction between great white sharks and elephant seals.
1) The 3-spined stickleback fish is favored for studies of animal behavior because it displays great morphological variation, lives in both saltwater and freshwater, and exhibits elaborate breeding behaviors like nest-building and parental care.
2) Males build nests out of plant materials and defend territories during breeding season, courting females and caring for eggs until they hatch about a week later.
3) Some evidence shows cooperative behavior between sticklebacks, such as cooperative predator inspection following a tit-for-tat strategy, and partner-dependence where fish consider their partner's size when inspecting predators.
Obstectrical instruments and their usesTanmay Tewari
This document describes various obstetrical instruments and their uses. It discusses instruments used for traction/extraction of the fetus like snares, chains, and hooks. Instruments used for incision/excision like embryotomy knives and wire saws are also outlined. Finally, instruments for repulsion and rotation of the fetus like the Kuhn crutch repeller and Caminerer's detorsion fork are mentioned. A variety of miscellaneous equipment needed for obstetrical procedures is also listed.
This document discusses caesarean section (C/S) in small animals. It covers indications for C/S including uterine inertia, pelvic obstruction, fetal oversize, and fetal death. It describes the C/S procedure including anesthesia, midline incision approach, and removal of puppies. Post-operative care is also discussed, as well as risks of the surgery and use of foster mothers. The overall risk of C/S is low but complications can include bleeding, infection, and wound issues.
Reproductive Ultrasonography in animalsSakina Rubab
This is a descriptive presentation on the ultrasonography of female reproductive system as well as male reproductive system too,focusing on disease diagnosis through ultrasonographic images and pregnancy diagnonsis.
Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitchsubhash gahlot
The document discusses reproductive physiology and breeding management in bitches. It covers topics like the ovarian cycle, signs of estrus, optimum mating times determined by vaginal cytology and hormones, pregnancy diagnosis and signs of impending parturition. Common reproductive problems mentioned include pyometra, dystocia from uterine inertia, prolonged heat and false pregnancy. Guidelines are provided for breeding management including timing of matings based on the estrous cycle and evaluating pregnancy through ultrasound rather than physical signs alone.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document discusses selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency, including:
1. The physiological functions of vitamin E in preventing muscle degeneration and supporting reproduction.
2. The role of selenium as a component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which acts with vitamin E to protect tissues from oxidative damage.
3. The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency in livestock such as cattle and sheep. Clinical signs include muscular dystrophy, lameness, and respiratory distress.
This document is the table of contents for the 10th edition of the Compendium of Animal Reproduction, edited by Monika Ptaszynska. It provides an overview of the chapters contained within the book, which cover topics such as the physiology of reproduction for various species including cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. It also discusses reproductive management, control of estrus, reproductive disorders and treatments, pregnancy diagnosis, induction of parturition, and issues related to males of each species. The editor's preface expresses hope that readers will find the Compendium a useful resource from both scientific and practical perspectives on the fascinating subject of animal reproduction.
This document provides information on common diseases in sheep and goats. It lists 11 diseases alphabetically and provides sections on the cause, risk factors, clinical signs, treatment, and prevention for each one. The diseases covered include acidosis, bloat, copper toxicity, enterotoxemia, milk fever, poisonings, polioencephalomalacia, pregnancy toxemia, scours, urinary calculi, and white muscle disease. For each disease, the summary provides a brief overview of the cause and affected animals as well as the most significant clinical signs and treatments.
- Cats reach sexual maturity between 6-9 months of age. Their breeding season runs from February to December.
- During estrus, females will call for males and rub themselves on the floor with their tails raised. Mating is brief, lasting 0.3-8 minutes.
- Gestation lasts approximately 63-66 days from ovulation. Pregnancy can be diagnosed through weight gain, abdominal palpation starting at 17-25 days, and ultrasound starting at 11-14 days.
- Litters usually consist of 1-15 kittens, with an average of 3-4 kittens. Birth, or queening, takes place in a warm, quiet nesting area selected by
1. Hereditary causes of infertility include freemartins and hermaphrodites. Freemartins are sterile heifers born as twins with males due to placental fusion, which results in abnormal sexual differentiation. Hermaphrodites exhibit both male and female genital characteristics due to genetic factors.
2. Male pseudohermaphroditism in goats is caused by an autosomal recessive gene and results in phenotypic males with some female characteristics. Freemartins and hermaphrodites increase infertility and should be identified and managed to improve herd fertility.
The document discusses parturition, or birth, in domestic animals. It covers:
- The stages of labor, including preparation, fetal expulsion, and placental expulsion.
- Signs that labor is approaching in various species like cows, mares, and dogs.
- Theories on what initiates parturition, involving physical, biochemical, and neuroendocrine factors.
- Fetal changes that prepare it for life outside the womb, like lung and liver maturation.
- Species-specific details on the duration of labor stages in animals like cows, buffalo, mares, sheep, sows, dogs, and cats.
- Diagrams illustrating the sequence of birth events
Common frauds in the sale of livestock productsVivek Joshi
This document discusses common frauds in the sale of livestock, livestock products, milk, ghee, and meat. It describes several methods used to adulterate these products, such as altering the description of livestock, reducing fat or adding thickeners to milk, adding vegetable oils to ghee, and mixing meats from different animals. It also provides details on detection techniques for these frauds, including physical examination, chemical tests, serological tests, chromatography, electrophoresis, and analyzing enzyme profiles. Penalties are outlined for food adulteration under Indian law.
The document discusses the utility of dogs, preparation of dogs for dog shows, and principles of dog training. It outlines several ways dogs can be useful, such as assisting blind or disabled people, detecting drugs, gas leaks, and explosives. It provides details on preparing a dog for a dog show, including bathing, grooming, packing necessary items, and tips for the show. The principles of dog training are explained as knowing how to train, repetition, patience, praise for correct behavior, and correction for mistakes.
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Body condition scoring is a management practice used to evaluate the amount of body fat and muscle in livestock. It is important for optimizing production, health, and nutritional status. Animals should be scored at critical times like pre-breeding, mid-gestation, parturition, and weaning. Scoring systems range from 1 to 9 or 1 to 5, with lower numbers indicating emaciation and higher numbers indicating obesity. Scoring involves examining fat cover and muscle at key anatomical points by visual and tactile inspection.
Dog vaginal cytology by Dr.mehdi moradimehdi moradi
This document provides instructions for preparing and analyzing canine vaginal smears to examine the epithelial cells and determine the stage of the female dog's estrous cycle. It describes how to take a vaginal sample using a cotton swab, make a smear on a microscope slide, and stain it. The stages of the estrous cycle - anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus - are characterized by the types of epithelial cells seen (parabasal, intermediate, superficial). Analyzing changes in these cells over multiple smears allows determining the cycle stage and fertility window.
The document discusses factors that can cause repeat breeding in cattle, which is when a female shows normal heat symptoms but does not conceive after more than 2-3 services. It lists congenital and acquired factors in both females and males that can be responsible, including defects in the genital tract, endocrine disorders, disease, semen quality issues, and nutritional/management deficiencies. It provides examples for each category and recommends treatments like hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, and improved management practices.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
The Mallein test is used to diagnose Glanders, a bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, in a sensitive and specific manner. Mallein, a glycoprotein fraction of B. mallei, is injected via eye-drop. If the animal has Glanders, it will produce antibodies and show swelling, secretion and conjunctivitis in the eye within 48 hours. While Mallein is the most common test, some cross-reactivity with Streptococcus equi can produce false positives. The test takes advantage of the infected animal's hypersensitive reaction to Mallein.
This document provides an overview of ecosystem relationships and balances in nature. It describes several examples of predator-prey relationships and symbiotic relationships that help regulate populations and maintain ecosystems, such as the relationship between alligators and other marsh animals, honeyguides and ratels, bats and moths, starfish and barnacles/mussels. It also discusses the impacts of invasive species and provides details on the interaction between great white sharks and elephant seals.
1) The 3-spined stickleback fish is favored for studies of animal behavior because it displays great morphological variation, lives in both saltwater and freshwater, and exhibits elaborate breeding behaviors like nest-building and parental care.
2) Males build nests out of plant materials and defend territories during breeding season, courting females and caring for eggs until they hatch about a week later.
3) Some evidence shows cooperative behavior between sticklebacks, such as cooperative predator inspection following a tit-for-tat strategy, and partner-dependence where fish consider their partner's size when inspecting predators.
Male deer grow antlers annually that are shed each year. Antlers are used for establishing dominance and attracting mates. Deer have a lifespan of 11-12 years in the wild but most die younger from predators, cars or hunting. Their diet consists of plants, fruits, mushrooms and they communicate through sounds and scent marking. Female deer reproduce annually during the rut in late October/early November.
The document discusses rattlesnakes found in California, describing the six native species, their identifying characteristics like triangular heads and rattlers, behavior such as foraging and hibernation, and reproduction through live birth. It also covers rattlesnake bites, first aid, and prevention methods. Recommendations are provided for habitat modification, exclusion, and control methods to discourage rattlesnakes near homes and gardens while protecting the important role they play in the ecosystem.
Raccoons are omnivorous mammals commonly found near woodlands and water. They have a stocky build, short legs, and distinctive black face masks. Raccoons are nocturnal and excellent climbers who spend their days in tree cavities or dens. They are known for their habit of dunking food in water and using their dexterous front paws like hands. Raccoons can carry rabies, so people should avoid contact with wild raccoons and ensure pets are vaccinated.
Elephant shrews are small, insectivorous mammals found in Africa. They resemble rodents but have elongated snouts and scaly tails. Their sizes vary from 10-30 cm long and they weigh 50g to over 500g. They are insectivores, using their long noses to find prey like insects and their tongues to flick food into their mouths. Some eat small plants. The short-eared elephant shrew lives in southern Africa and inhabits desert and semi-desert areas, burrowing in sand. They breed in warm seasons, with females having multiple pregnancies. Elephant shrews have economic importance by controlling pest populations and being used for research and education.
Education About Shark Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Education About Shark Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
This document describes the physical characteristics of 14 different vertebrate species. It provides details on size, weight, coloration, locomotion abilities, diet, and other distinguishing physical traits for each species. The species described include the Great Horned Owl, Black Bear, Siberian Tiger, White Rhinoceros, Nile Crocodile, Blue Poison Dart Frog, Leatherback Sea Turtle, Platypus, Red Kangaroo, and Ball Python.
Storks are large white birds that migrate long distances between Europe and Africa. They have long red beaks and legs. Storks nest in groups on trees, buildings, and rocky areas, building large nests of branches that are added to over the years. They eat small animals like frogs, mice, and insects. In late summer, storks migrate south in large flocks to winter in places like the Sahara desert, flying as far as 10,000 km, then return north to Europe in spring to breed.
Desert animals have evolved adaptations to help them survive in harsh desert conditions with little water and high temperatures. Camels can go weeks without water and their nostrils and eyelashes protect against sand. Many desert animals like fennec foxes are nocturnal to avoid the heat of the day. Desert animals have characteristics like the ability to go long periods without water, stay cool, and protect themselves from sand and heat.
- Horseshoe crabs have a complex life cycle that begins with eggs buried in the sand for 2-4 weeks before hatching into larvae. The larvae swim for 6 days before settling on the ocean floor.
- They then undergo metamorphosis and molting over 2 years to develop into juveniles with tails, growing through this stage near where they were born.
- Mature horseshoe crabs reach breeding age around 10 years old, coming ashore annually to spawn in huge numbers, with females laying up to 88,000 eggs per season through multiple nests to ensure survival of offspring despite high predation rates.
The students had many misconceptions about leopards. They investigated leopards further by bringing in information from their families and researching online. They learned that:
1) Leopards live in the savannas of Africa and forests of Asia, often living near zebras, lions, monkeys and ostriches in Africa.
2) Leopards hunt many animals like monkeys, ostrich chicks, zebras, gazelles, deer and crocodiles. They sneak up on prey and wait in tall grass to attack.
3) Leopards sleep in trees, hanging upside down with their paws dangling.
4) The mother leopard gives birth and cares for the cubs
- The document provides information on several different protected animal species found in Malta and Europe, including the lesser horseshoe bat, grey long-eared bat, pipistrelle bat, Maltese freshwater crab, and painted frog.
- It describes the physical characteristics, habitats, behaviors, diets, and conservation status of these various species.
- Several of the species described such as the lesser horseshoe bat and Maltese freshwater crab are considered threatened or vulnerable due to habitat loss and other human impacts.
There are 12 species of hornbills found at Temenggor Lake in Malaysia. Hornbills are a family of birds characterized by a long, down-curved bill and are found throughout tropical Africa and Asia. They exhibit considerable variation in size and show sexual dimorphism. Hornbills are omnivorous, eating fruit, insects, and small animals. They nest in tree cavities or cliffs, with females sealing themselves into the nest during incubation, relying on males to pass food through a small opening.
The document discusses several bird species found in the Wadden Sea region. It begins by describing how the unique birds of the Wadden Sea are vital to the local ecosystem and attract tourists, supporting conservation efforts. It then provides details on the starling, including its social behaviors, varied habitats and diets, complex vocalizations, and brightly colored plumage derived from feather structure rather than pigments. Details are also given about the buzzard, describing its size, range, diet of small mammals and ability to adapt, and mating displays. The redshank is also outlined, noting the differences between the spotted and common varieties and how they feed by wading and plunging their beaks into water.
Killer whales, also known as orcas, are highly intelligent apex predators found in oceans around the world. They live in family pods that are led by the oldest females and can include up to four generations. While highly social, pods do not interbreed with closely related whales. Killer whales communicate using distinct dialects and vocalizations. Though fearsome hunters, there are no recorded wild killer whale attacks on humans. However, whales in captivity face serious health and behavioral issues due to the stressful conditions of captivity.
ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Covey says most people look for quick fixes. They see a big success and want to know how he did it, believing (and hoping) they can do the same following a quick bullet list.
But real change, the author says, comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out. And the most fundamental way of changing yourself is through a paradigm shift.
That paradigm shift is a new way of looking at the world. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People presents an approach to effectiveness based on character and principles.
The first three habits indeed deal with yourself because it all starts with you. The first three habits move you from dependence from the world to the independence of making your own world.
Habits 4, 5 and 6 are about people and relationships. The will move you from independence to interdependence. Such, cooperating to achieve more than you could have by yourself.
The last habit, habit number 7, focuses on continuous growth and improvement.
1. Chapter 4: Mating season
“The rut and roar”
The mating season, better known as the “rut” and “roar” is the most exciting time of year for red deer and for red deer
trophy hunters. Mature stags roar, moan and bellow--an eerie sound for the uninitiated--calling hinds to become part of
their “harem” to be protected from the sexual advances of other stags. Stags also roar to announce their presence to
rival stags and aggressively roar back and forth at each other. For trophy hunters the roar is their favoured time of the
year, as this is one of the few times when the largest, wiliest stags with the biggest antlers willingly show themselves.
Topics covered in this chapter:
Pre-rut
Stag signs
The rut or roar
Stag roars
Stag antlers
Stag movements
Stag harems
In Southeast Queensland (SEQ), usually just prior to Easter (See Moon Phase Data), from the new moon when it
starts to get cooler, stags begin to roar. The sound of a stag roaring is similar to a bull‟s bellow, but more drawn
out, usually ending in a grunt or two. However stags will make all sorts of moans, grunts, and even bark like a
hind, during the rut. This time of year is certainly the „silly season‟ for stags, when even the most cunning and shy
stags--usually the really big ones!--throw caution to the wind as their raging hormones take over. If you want to
bag a silly, smelly stag, then the roar is the best time to do it.
For trophy hunters, those hunters who are looking for the biggest set of antlers, the beginning of the rut is the
crucial time for finding the big stags with the best antlers in a particular area. The reason for this is that the
biggest stags with the best antlers are dominant in their realm. Due to their dominance, big stags roar less