Lecture material for the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences's Winter School in Sport Management at the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.

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THE ROAD TO VOLUNTEERING
Kwok Ng
University of Eastern
Finland
University of Limerick
@kwokwng
THE ROAD TO VOLUNTEERING
Lecture Contents:
• Volunteers - Background
• Case Study London 2012 Volunteer Programme – Games Maker
• Process of Volunteer Recruitment
• Specific Case – Volleyball
• Being a Games Makers
• Training
• Experiences
• Examples of Studies on Training of Event Volunteers
• Reasons for Volunteering
• Importance of Roles and their Efficacy
• Exercise on Volunteer Training Management
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BACKGROUND TO
VOLUNTEERING
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WHAT IS A VOLUNTEER
European Youth Forum, 2012
A volunteer is a person who carries out
activities benefiting society1, by free
will5. These activities are undertaken
for a nonprofit cause2, benefiting the
personal development6 of the
volunteer, who commits their time3
and energy for the general good4
without financial reward7.
Volunteering in the EU 2010,
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Actions:
 Are performed with free will
 Are developed in non-profit, NGOs
 Have no professional character
 Are non-paid
 Carried out for the benefit of the
community or a third party
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WHAT IS VOLUNTEERING
Definition of volunteering activity
 Volunteering activities are undertaken by volunteers. The activity is undertaken for a
non-profit cause and does not replace paid staff. The activity can be done within the
framework of a volunteering provider or through a volunteer’s own initiative.
(European Youth Forum, 2012)
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FACTS ABOUT VOLUNTEERING
There is on going Political encouragement of the volunteering
movement within Europe
 In Member States, Regions and LA, volunteers are key agents of social inclusion (EP,
2008)
 2011 – year of volunteering
 2013 – year of citizens
Features in the Eurobarometer
 Do you engage in voluntary work that support sporting activities
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VOLUNTEERING IN FINLAND
The value of volunteering is equivalent to more than 2%
of Finland’s GDP and it is estimated to be between 0.1-
1.0% of its GDP is how much sport volunteering in Finland
should cost if all members of society were paid for their
services.
The level of volunteering in Finland is regarded as High
(30-39% of adults) amongst other EU member states
Out of all the other EU member states, Finland’s adult
population (16%) ranks the highest for sports volunteering
(Study on Volunteering in the European Union, Final
Report, 2010)
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ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
EU – 100Million people engaged in volunteering
$400B contribution to the global economy
Typically 3-5% of GDP
Globally 140M FTE
Volunteers would be 9th most populous nation
21% of volunteers do so in sport
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NON-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Promotes values (EU values):
 Civil participation… solidarity … social cohesion
Volunteers are more credible, legitimate, sincere
Can be more objective and critical
Have more control .. Therefore less stress (??)
May be more innovative
Good for PR!
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APPLICATIONS TO SPORT
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CASE STUDY 2012 LONDON Games Makers
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SUMMER 2012
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FACTS AND FIGURES OF THE GAMES
Olympic Games
26 sports, 39 disciplines
34 venues
8.8 million tickets
10,500 athletes
302 medal events
17 competition days
3,000 technical officials
205 NOC
7,500 team officials
5,000 WADA samples
Paralympic Games
20 sports, 21 disciplines
19 venues
2 million tickets
4,200 athletes
503 medal events
11 competition days
1,200 technical officials
170 NPC
2,300 team officials
1,250 WADA samples
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TYPES OF VOLUNTEERS
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ANNOUNCEMENT SINGAPORE 2005
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WE’LL HOST THE GAMES AND NOW?
Infrastructure
 Buildings (£4,103M)
 Landscape (£896M)
 Transport (£894M)
 Operations and Risk Assessment (£872M)
Sports Performance (BOA/BPA) (£447.8M)
 Athletes
 Officials
 Coaches
 Volunteers
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http://www.culture.gov.uk/publications/9134.aspx
http://www.uksport.gov.uk
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SPORTS FUNDING
TeamGB
 2006 Funding Announcements (£191.9M)
 2009 Funding Announcements (£255.9M)
 2013 Funding Announcements (£270M)
Traffic Light system
For
 Athletes
 Coaching
 Officials
 Sports Specific Volunteering
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VOLLEYBALL CASE
1 Sport, 2 Games, 3 Events
 2006 - £4M
 2009
 Indoor - £1.4M
 Beach - £.4M
 Sitting - £.7M
 2013
 Beach - £.4M
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VOLLEYBALL CASE
Sports Event Management
 European League
 2008 Men 27-29.6.2008
 Sheffield EIS
 2 matches per day
 2009-2010 Men and Women x 3 weekends
 Around GB
 2 matches over 2 days per gender
 Average 230 spectators
 2011 Men
 Friendlies with women
 Average 780 spectators
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VOLLEYBALL MANAGEMENT
Technical Officials
 Line Judges
 Scorers
Courtside
 Equipment
 Floor Mops
 Ball Retrievers
 Statisticians
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FACTS AND FIGURES OF VOLLEYBALL
Athletes
 288 Volleyball Athletes
 96 Beach Volleyball Athletes
 198 Sitting Volleyball Athletes
146 IF and ITOs
168 Volleyball Officials
550 Games Makers
 221 Indoor Volleyball Volunteers
 150 Beach Volleyball Volunteers
 179 Sitting Volleyball Volunteers
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CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS 2010
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GAMES MAKERS
Job Spec.
 Common Sense
 3 days of training
 10 days of work (8hour shifts)
Promises
 Part of it
 Food and water
 Not get paid
 Not get flown in
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GAMES MAKERS
800 roles
10 shifts
Usually 8 hours each
Labour worth £500
 Minimum wage
 Uniform
 Travel card
 Meal vouchers
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PROCESS OF VOLUNTEER RECRUITMENT
1st Phase
• 240,000
• Long
application
2nd Phase
• 100,00
• Interviews
3rd Phase
• 50,000
(OG) +
20,000
(PG)
• Role
Placements
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APPLICATION
25th July 2010 – Email from VE about instructions for Games Maker
application
27th July 2010 (2 years before Olympics) launched web application.
 3 Month Application window
16th September 2010 – student advertising
28th October 2010 – Applications Closed
12th November 2010 – Revisions Closed
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APPLICATION
February 2011 – March 2011 (7th & 15th April 2011) – Selection and
Confirmation events date selections around the country
 19th May 2011 – Telephone Interview
Late 2011 (21st September 2011) – Roles Confirmed
 4th October 2011 – Volleyball Roles Offered
 29th November 2011 – Paralympic Roles Offered
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UNIFORMS – 22/11/2011
Games Makers Technical Officials
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TRAINING
February 2012 – Orientation Training
February 2012 – Role-Specific Training
March 2012 – Event Leadership Training
 4th March – Volleyball Competitions
23rd March 2012 – Games Makers Shifts Online.
April 2012 – Distribution of Uniforms and Accreditation Passes Begin
April 2012 – Venue Training
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CONTENT OF TRAINING
Orientation Training
Role Training
 6 hours
 Games Time Operations and Communications
 Safety and Security
 Teamwork
 Sustainability
 Diversity and Inclusion
 Customer Service
Event Leadership
 4 hours
 Leadership Skills
 Leadership Knowledge
 Leadership Behaviours
Venue Specific Training
 4 hours, just before games
Online Training
 Fit-out pass. Health and Safety
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RESEARCH INSIGHTS European Youth Olympic
Festival 2009
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AIMS OF THE STUDY
This study examined the
level of
I. volunteer efficacy
from training,
II. the perceived value
of training, and
III. the relationship
between volunteer
efficacy themes and
volunteer roles
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VOLUNTEER ROLES VALUE OF TRAINING
0
1
2
3
4
5
General April General July Specific July
MeanValuesScores
All Attache Accomodation Transport OLV
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EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SPORTS WEEK
2016
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Transplant Sports Week Events
Competition
events
(sports
related
volunteers -
not in this
study)
•European
Transplant and
Dialysis Sports
Championships
•European
Heart and Lung
Transplant
Championships
Volunteer Events
Youth Camp
Transplant Symposium
& Researchers'
Workshops
Sport for All - Events
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AIMS OF THE STUDY
Through the lens of social learning theories, report the
associations between changes in knowledge from
training and volunteer experience
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Ng, Salmikangas, 2019. doi:10.5507/euj.2019.008
TRAINING CONTENT
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20
th
April 2016 11 May 2016 8
th
June 2016 11
th
June 2016 7
th
July 2016
Volunteering, benefits and
responsibilities
Update of the arrangements Update of the events Repeated content as 8
th
June for another time with
latest updates
Updates, last minute information
and refresher of previous training
contentFacts about the event
European Championships
(timetable)
Facilities
Venues
Local Organising Committee
Health and Safety concerning transplants,
dialysis and sport
Safety issues and First aid
Crisis and emergency communication
protocol
Volunteer information
Uniform
Meals
Insurance
Transport
Shifts
Breaks
Organisations information and
other partners
Communications and public relations Refresher of previous content
Specific information about the non-
competition events
Youth Camp
Researchers event
Sport for all
First Aid Practices
Competition Schedule
Number of Participants
Volunteer assignments
Responsibilities
Benefits
Transport card
Division of Labour between
Competition Events (Sports Clubs)
and non-competition Events
(Volunteers)
Practical issues
Uniform
Photos
Volunteer Passport
Information Channel (Facebook)
Details of non-competition events
Information on Organ Donation
Ng, Salmikangas, 2019. doi:10.5507/euj.2019.008
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ATTENDANCE OF VOLUNTEER TRAINING
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Tx experience No Tx
experience
Total
Training
Frequency
N Column % N Column
%
N Column %
none 1 9.1 2 2.4 3 3.2
one 1 9.1 9 10.7 10 10.5
two 2 18.2 16 19.0 18 18.9
three 2 18.2 20 23.8 22 23.2
four 4 36.3 21 25.0 25 26.3
five 1 9.1 16 19.1 17 17.9
Ng, Salmikangas, 2019. doi:10.5507/euj.2019.008
CHANGES IN
KNOWLEDGE
Effect sizes (Cohen’s D) for
Experienced of Tx
 Before – Training 1.31
 Before – Event 1.27
No prior experience to Tx
 Before – Training 1.48
 Before – Event 2.36
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CONCLUSIONS
Social learning theory was used to help explain how the experience
of training and participating in the ETSW 2016 increased knowledge
of transplantation and sport among the volunteers
There is further evidence to find ways to recruit volunteers from sports
events to regular volunteering based on social learning
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VOLUNTEER EFFICACY
Self-efficacy is a psychological construct that is defined as
“Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources
of action required to manage prospective situations” (Bandura, 1986)
Mastery and Self Efficacy (Timmer, 2003)
 Global self-esteem
 Willingness to initiate behavior
 Persistence in the face of adversity
 Effort to complete behavior
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3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8AverageScores(1-5)
Volunteer Roles
Overall and Factor Efficacy of Volunteer Roles
SE initate Persist Complete Efficacy
CONCLUSION
This study examined the level of
 volunteer efficacy from training,
 There were significant improvements in effort to complete behaviours from taking part in the general trainings (April and
July)
 the perceived value of training
 Each training evaluations improved over time
 the relationship between volunteer efficacy themes and volunteer roles
 Initiate willingness of behaviour and persist in the face of adversity were more highly rated than self-esteem and having
efforts to complete behaviours.
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CONCLUSIONS
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• Attending more trainings is more beneficial
towards the efficacy of volunteers.
• Training had directed improvements in the
effort to complete behaviours, but it still
remains low among volunteers.
• Volunteers also reported low self-esteem.
• 1st timers had significantly lower levels of
persistence, which could indicate persistence is
an attribute necessary for volunteering.
AIMS OF THE STUDY
This study examined the
association between
I. First time and return
volunteers
II. Reasons for
volunteering
III. Future intention for
regular volunteering
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METHODS
Online interview of volunteers from the EYOF2009.
 248 responded (60%)
Which of these reasons are why you volunteer. MAIN reason, LEAST
reason
 Enjoy being part of community
 It is an opportunity to contribute
 High commitment to sport
 Job satisfaction
 Have free time to spare
 Gain further life experiences
 Looks good on my CV
Is this the first time you are volunteering? Yes/No
Has this experience made you want to do more volunteering at smaller
scale but more frequent tasks, like at your local sports club?
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OVERVIEW OF REASONS, X2 TEST
First Time
Gain Life
Experiences
Regular volunteering
Background Reasons Future Intentions
Looks good on CV
High Commitment to
Sport
Part of the
Community
Opportunity to
Contribute
First Time volunteering is associated
to reasons for volunteering when
they have
• high commitment to sport,
• want to gain life experiences and
• knows that it looks good on CV
Regular volunteering
intentions are associated with
• high commitment to sport,
• gaining life experiences in
volunteering,
• knowing that it looks
good on the CV,
• being part of the
community, and
• an opportunity to
contribute
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MAIN REASONS
First Time
Not First Time
Gain Life
Experiences
Enjoy being part of
community
Opportunity to
Contribute
No Regular
volunteering
Local Regular
volunteering
Significant results from X2 tests
Background Main Reasons Future Intentions
First time volunteers that would want to take part to gain life experiences are at risk in dropping out
from volunteering in the future
People with experience in
volunteering continue as they enjoy
being part of the community
People who feel it is an opportunity
to contribute are most likely to
continue volunteering regularly
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LAST REASONS
First Time
Not First Time
High Commitment to
Sport
Looks Good on My
CV
No Regular
volunteering
Significant results from X2 tests
Background Last Reasons Future Intentions
Local Regular
volunteering
First time volunteers often would not have high commitment to sport and they are also not likely to
continue volunteering regularly
People with experience in volunteering do not continue to
volunteer because it looks good on their CV
There were no known last
reasons whereby people would
continue to volunteer regularly
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CONCLUSIONS
Volunteers who are motivated to volunteer in the future do so because
of “belonging to a community”.
The assumption that people who have a high commitment to sport
would be recruited into multi-sports events so they would be interested
to continue volunteering was not demonstrated.
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DAY TO DAY RUNNING
Shifts
 8hour shifts, 5days on, 1 day off
Accreditation
 Transport around Tube Network
 Entrance to accessible areas
Food
 70p per person
 Food vouchers
Reward/Recognition
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MEET THE VOLUNTEERS, CHAMPIONS OF 2012 GAMES
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsxEd3MLdg8
REWARDS/RECOGNITION
Pins for hours banked (time bank)
Certificate pack from IOC President
Thank you Letter from Prime Minister
Discounts from Sponsored Products
Games Makers Qualification Award
Awards (50th Big Society Award, Institute of internal communication,
Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Volunteering Award)
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TOKYO 2020 GAMES
Recruiting around 80,000 (66-94,000) volunteers in 10 roles
1. Any Role
2. Guidance around city (16-25,000)
3. Events to support operations (15-17,000)
4. Mobility Support (driving, etc) (10-14,000)
5. Personal Support, mainly language and VIP (8-12,000)
6. Operational support – uniforms and kit (8-10,000)
7. Emergency Healthcare (4-6,000)
8. Technology through data entry (2-4,000)
9. Media support (2-4,000)
10. Ceremonies to provide smiles on cameras! (1-2,000)
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https://tokyo2020.org/en/special/volunteer
OPPORTUNITIES NEAR YOU/US
Special Olympics Sweden Invitational Games 2020 (pre games). The
Games, that will be held in Åre and Östersund February 1-4 2020.
“To empower persons with disabilities and engagement in the community.”
“I would like to cheer on fellow athletes and telling them that they did
their best.”
“I have been volunteering with Special Olympics throughout the years. I
have awesome memories of the bowling tournaments, dances, and touch
runs. I have a nephew with Down Syndrome I would love to volunteer in
any way I can.”
“To gain experience on how to handle and organize events pertaining
people with or without intellectual disabilities.”
“To meet great people.”
Apply to become a volunteer at the Special Olympics Sweden
Invitational Games 2020.
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"SERVICE TO OTHERS IS THE RENT
YOU PAY FOR YOUR ROOM HERE
ON EARTH."
--Muhammad Ali
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2021 WORLD
WINTER GAMES
HOSTS
Your city has been chosen to host the
Winter Special Olympics World
Gamesin 2021. Discuss and share with
us some thoughts on the following
areas.
Training Volunteers
• Content
• Contentment
• Culture
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