The Rhetoric | NurSyazreen
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A powerpoint slide presentation on The Rhetoric. A topic under Communication Theory subject. The best way to become public speakers based on Aristotle theory. By Nursyazreen Marican
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· Free speech, which is the right that one has to freely express ideas or information without having to worry about government restrictions or any other limitations as guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution is of importance to a public speaker since public speaking generally entails the passage of information and ideas to the public allowing them to consider multiple points of view (Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias, Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking, 2011).
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Chapter Three: The Importance of Listening
· When we hear, we choose to filter out the sounds that we are of less meaning to us and pay attention to the more meaningful sounds.
· When we listen, we are motivated by a purpose to exert effort to pay attention to something, such as when working, something which we do only at given times.
· For a person to listen critically, an activity which goes hand in hand with critical thinking, he/she engages in a systematic thought process to determine whether the message received is sensible enough.
· Some of the main ways for developing critical listening are uncovering assumptions, recognizing the differences between facts and opinions, relating new ideas to old ones, being open to new ideas and relying on reason and common sense (Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias, The Importance of Listening, 2011).
· To listen ethically entails giving the speaker a fair opportunity to speak make himself clearly understood, and being mindful and respectful of him as well.
Chapter Four: Ethics Matter: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking
· Based on the ethics pyramid, the three basic concepts of ethics in public speaking are ends (what a person hopes to achieve), means (how a person intends to achieve the outcome he desires) and intention.
· For ethics to be exercised efficiently in public speaking, the speaker should be able to strike a balance between these three basic concepts.
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· What each of these principles have in common is that they acknowledge that while it is necessary for public speakers to speak up/communicate whenever they feel it is necessary, they should do so while considering the impact of their communication to others.
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Wrench, Goding, Johnson, & Attias. (2011). Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking. In Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking. Flatworld Knowledge.
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Canons of Rhetoric: Speech Analysis
So what are the characteristics of an effective public speaker?
When beginning public speaking, students are asked the above question. It is often met with responses such as a strong voice, charisma, gestures, addressing the audience in a friendly tone, use of humor, and eye contact. These responses are very similar to one another; they are addressing a speaker's ability to perform for an audience. But this performance is complex, often including other important attributes, such as reasoning with solid information, explaining complex ideas clearly, and providing the audience a clear direction of where the presentation is heading.
Situations similar to this one are not uncommon. Many people think of public speaking as the ability to control nerves in front of a group but neglect considering the importance of having ideas well organized before presenting them or practicing a lot to reduce those nerves. Some people think that because they have apprehension about speaking in front a group, they are completely inept in a public speaking situation. They are often surprised to find out that they are only looking at one piece of the puzzle.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle and his contemporaries began writing about what has become the field of communication today. In writing about what was called the canons of rhetoric, they were laying the foundation for public speaking as we know it today.
Four canons, or categories of criticism, were established:
· invention,
· arrangement,
· style, and
· delivery.
Invention looks at the creation of ideas. When evaluating a speaker from this point of view, the critic may note whether or not the speaker was found to be an authority on the subject matter. This was known as ethos. The critic also may question the use of evidence presented by the speaker (known as logos) and whether the evidence seems to prove what the speaker leads the audience to think it proves. A speaker's credibility would be examined under this canon, and though opinion based, it plays an important role in a speaker's success.
Questions asked under the invention canon might include the following:
· How well informed is this speaker?
· Does the speaker support claims with reliable evidence that is current and from a credible source?
Arrangement allows a critic to analyze the components of a presentation to determine whether or not they accomplish what the speaker intends. For example, a strong introduction usually allows the speaker to capture the audience's attention, to address a central message concisely, and to provide the audience with a clear sense of what path the presentation will be taking. A critic looking at arrangement would be examining the arrangement of ideas and how they contribute to the overall message the speaker intends.
Questions for this canon might include the following:
· Were things presented in a way that was easy to understand and follow?
· Do the introduction, body, and conclusion .
Public Speaking Presentation- Author Sherry.ppt
This document provides information about an international public speaking coach and mentor who has helped create over 30,000 public speakers. It mentions that they are the founder and managing director of the Public Speaking Institute, which aims to create 1 million public speakers by 2030. It also notes that they are the founder and CEO of MS Talks, a public speaking platform that has hosted over 40,000 speakers worldwide. The document promotes an upcoming public speaking workshop.
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The Rhetoric | NurSyazreen
- 1. THE RHETORIC
- 2. “Character may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion.” - Aristotle
- 3. The Rhetorical Tradition: History In ancient Greece, there were no professional attorneys. Citizens will hire Sophists (Teachers of public speaking) To instruct in basic principles of persuasion Established small schools and public speaking handbook The handbooks were problematic for Aristotle Too focused on judicial system and ways to arouse judges and juries Neglect other contexts, such as logic
- 4. Definition • Aristotle’s define rhetoric as: the ability, in each case, to see all of the available means of persuasion • The key to persuasion • An art of using language • For speakers to work beyond their first instincts when they persuade others • Consider all aspects of speech making
- 5. Assumptions of The Rhetoric Effective public speakers must consider their audience Effective public speakers employ number of proofs in their presentations
- 6. Effective public speakers must consider their audience • Speaker-audience relationship • Audience analysis (age, sex, educational level, etc) • Rhetoric is about gaining compliance, thus audience must be considered “Of the three elements in speech-making – speaker, subject, and person addressed – it is the last one, the hearer, that determines the speech’s end and object” – Aristotle
- 7. PM Speech Gain People Trust
- 8. Effective public speakers employ a number of proofs in their presentations • What speakers do in their speech preparation and speech making • Three proofs exist: ethos, pathos and logos
- 10. Example videos • Learn English | Meghan Markle's Fight Speech For Feminism (https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=-ICZ2RkGdnY)
- 11. The Syllogism: A Three-Tiered Argument • Major Premise: Drunk driving kill people • Minor Premise: Chinese drink and drive • Conclusion: Therefore, Chinese can kill others (by drinking and driving) Therefore, A C A B B C • Major Premise: BN stole people money • Minor Premise: Do not vote people who steal • Conclusion: Therefore, do not vote for BN • Major Premise: Drunk driving kill people • Minor Premise: Chinese drink and drive • Conclusion: Therefore, Chinese can kill others (by drinking and driving) Recent Case: Before GE14th:
- 12. Canons of Rhetoric (Guidelines) INVENTION ARRANGEMENT STYLE DELIVERY MEMORY
- 13. Aristotle’s Canons of Rhetoric CANON DEFINITION DESCRIPTION Invention Integration of reasoning and arguments in speech • Use logic and evidence in speech • makes a speech more powerful and more persuasive Arrangement Organization of speech • Maintain a speech structure • Introduction, Body, Conclusion • Increase speaker credibility • Reduce listener frustration Style Use of language in speech • To ensure a speech is memorable • Speaker’s ideas are clarified Delivery Presentation of speech • Eye contact, body language that complements a speaker’s words Memory Storing information in speaker’s mind • To know what to say and when to say • Reduce anxiety
- 15. Example videos • Obama's 2004 DNC keynote speech (https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ueMNqdB1QIE) • The 7 secrets of the greatest speakers in history | Richard Greene | TEDxOrangeCoast (https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=i0a61wFaF8A)
- 17. Example videos • Deliberative: Aku Akan Pergi Tak Lama Lagi - Dr Mahathir Mohamad (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swYHH3lM_UE) • Judicial: Meghan Markle Delivers Emotional Speech About George Floyd's Death (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL6mvL4DCRA) • Epideictic: Alicia Keys Pays Tribute tonight to Kobe Bryant at the 2020 Grammy Awards (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRmL4INaf2U)
- 18. Integration • Communication Tradition: Rhetorical • Communication Context: Public/Rhetorical • Approach to Knowing: Interpretive/Hermeneutic & Critical
- 19. Critique Logical Consistency: Aristotle has been criticized for contradiction and incoherence, especially on the importance of presenting emotions (pathos). Heurism: Most heuristic theories Been used not only in communication, but also in writing of public speaking. Test of Time: It’s hard to believe that any other communication theory will ever achieve such longevity.
- 20. Closing • In this 21st century, some may reject this theory from Aristotle and consider it as outdated. • However, many believe that this theory is still used and help many people in public speaking. • Thus, the Rhetoric should not be ignored as it focus on how speakers use and engender emotions, logic and trustworthiness.