The document discusses the reliability of the Bible by examining prophecy, integrity, and textual criticism. It outlines how prophecies in the Bible have been fulfilled, distinguishing it from other religious texts. Specific prophecies about Jesus' first coming are analyzed, showing how he fulfilled over 100 prophecies about characteristics like his birthplace, lineage, and manner of death. The accurate fulfillment of prophecies affirms the Bible's divine origin and reliability.
The document discusses signs of the end times and the return of Jesus Christ based on passages from Genesis, Revelation, and other books of the Bible. It examines biblical prophecies and timelines, including the seven seals, seven churches, four kingdoms, and seven feasts. It also discusses the bride of Christ and characteristics of believers who will be part of the bride, such as being elected, overcomers, and having their names in the Book of Life.
This document contains excerpts from various sources discussing the need for revival and reformation among Seventh-day Adventists. It warns that a lack of conversion and backsliding among church members is hindering God's work and that divisions within the church give Satan opportunity to weaken it. It calls Adventists to sacrifice fully to God, get ready for Christ's soon return through greater preparation and repentance from sin, and remove all hindrances to allow God to pour out His Spirit.
Sanctuary Presentation 4. The Sanctuary Finally CleansedSami Wilberforce
1) The document discusses the theme of Revival Week at Maseno University, focusing on the sanctuary.
2) It explains that Satan has used religious institutions like the Jewish and Catholic churches to block the light of Jesus in the sanctuary, and now wants to block Him in the Most Holy Place.
3) The cleansing of the sanctuary can only occur after God's people are cleansed of sin, as their defilement also defiles the sanctuary. This cleansing will happen at Jesus' second coming.
Contents of this presentation:
1. What is Christ?
- Direct statements of the Eternity and Deity of the Son of God
- Implications that the Son of God is Eternal
2. The importance of the Issue
3. Some clues to the possibility of the doctrine Myth, Art and Logic
4. Arguments for Christ’s Divinity
This document calls Christians to walk in holiness and defines holiness as sanctity and purity. It explains that God calls us to be holy and commands us to be holy like Him. The Bible teaches that those with impure hearts cannot enter God's kingdom. The document uses Daniel as an example of someone who was committed to not defiling himself and as a result, received favor and protection from God. It provides steps to living in holiness, such as repenting, renouncing sin, and resisting temptation.
The document provides an overview of the basics of the Bible, including:
- The Bible is a collection of 73 books written by various authors inspired by God between 1000 BC and 100 AD.
- The Old Testament canon contains 24 books for Jews and additional books for Catholics and Protestants have differing views on additional books.
- The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and later translated to Greek and Aramaic. The Greek translation is called the Septuagint.
- The Bible is both fully human and fully divine, using human authors and language but inspired by God without error on matters of salvation.
This document discusses the doctrine of speaking in tongues according to key biblical passages and systematic theology. It describes speaking in tongues as prayer or praise spoken in syllables not understood by the speaker and lists seven characteristics: (1) words directed to God, (2) not understood by the speaker, (3) prayer with the spirit rather than the mind, (4) self-controlled rather than ecstatic, (5) requiring interpretation for congregational use, (6) providing edification to the church when interpreted, and (7) not a gift given to all Christians.
The document discusses signs of the end times and the return of Jesus Christ based on passages from Genesis, Revelation, and other books of the Bible. It examines biblical prophecies and timelines, including the seven seals, seven churches, four kingdoms, and seven feasts. It also discusses the bride of Christ and characteristics of believers who will be part of the bride, such as being elected, overcomers, and having their names in the Book of Life.
This document contains excerpts from various sources discussing the need for revival and reformation among Seventh-day Adventists. It warns that a lack of conversion and backsliding among church members is hindering God's work and that divisions within the church give Satan opportunity to weaken it. It calls Adventists to sacrifice fully to God, get ready for Christ's soon return through greater preparation and repentance from sin, and remove all hindrances to allow God to pour out His Spirit.
Sanctuary Presentation 4. The Sanctuary Finally CleansedSami Wilberforce
1) The document discusses the theme of Revival Week at Maseno University, focusing on the sanctuary.
2) It explains that Satan has used religious institutions like the Jewish and Catholic churches to block the light of Jesus in the sanctuary, and now wants to block Him in the Most Holy Place.
3) The cleansing of the sanctuary can only occur after God's people are cleansed of sin, as their defilement also defiles the sanctuary. This cleansing will happen at Jesus' second coming.
Contents of this presentation:
1. What is Christ?
- Direct statements of the Eternity and Deity of the Son of God
- Implications that the Son of God is Eternal
2. The importance of the Issue
3. Some clues to the possibility of the doctrine Myth, Art and Logic
4. Arguments for Christ’s Divinity
This document calls Christians to walk in holiness and defines holiness as sanctity and purity. It explains that God calls us to be holy and commands us to be holy like Him. The Bible teaches that those with impure hearts cannot enter God's kingdom. The document uses Daniel as an example of someone who was committed to not defiling himself and as a result, received favor and protection from God. It provides steps to living in holiness, such as repenting, renouncing sin, and resisting temptation.
The document provides an overview of the basics of the Bible, including:
- The Bible is a collection of 73 books written by various authors inspired by God between 1000 BC and 100 AD.
- The Old Testament canon contains 24 books for Jews and additional books for Catholics and Protestants have differing views on additional books.
- The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and later translated to Greek and Aramaic. The Greek translation is called the Septuagint.
- The Bible is both fully human and fully divine, using human authors and language but inspired by God without error on matters of salvation.
This document discusses the doctrine of speaking in tongues according to key biblical passages and systematic theology. It describes speaking in tongues as prayer or praise spoken in syllables not understood by the speaker and lists seven characteristics: (1) words directed to God, (2) not understood by the speaker, (3) prayer with the spirit rather than the mind, (4) self-controlled rather than ecstatic, (5) requiring interpretation for congregational use, (6) providing edification to the church when interpreted, and (7) not a gift given to all Christians.
The document discusses the oneness of God based on scriptural evidence. It provides 12 rules for studying the Bible, with explanations for each rule. It examines passages from Isaiah and other books that reveal God as one, and shows Jesus' identity as the fulfillment of God and savior according to the Old Testament prophecies. The document aims to substantiate the oneness of God through the Bible.
This document provides an overview of the origins and history of the Bible. It discusses that the original languages of the Bible were Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. It also notes some of the important English translations of the Bible over time. Additionally, it outlines some of the key differences between Protestant and Catholic Bibles, specifically regarding the number of books in the Old Testament. Finally, it briefly discusses the process of authoring and interpreting the Bible.
The document discusses different views on the nature of God, specifically the Trinity. It explains that the Athanasian view sees God as three co-equal persons of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Alternatively, Oneness theology sees God manifesting in three forms but being one entity or person. The document analyzes scriptures like John 14:10 to argue that God dwells fully in Christ and the Spirit proceeded from him, supporting the Oneness view of one God manifest in three distinct forms.
The document discusses the holiness of God as presented in the Bible. It provides many scripture quotes to highlight that God is holy in his name, throne, habitation, works, words and desire for humanity. It notes that God revealed himself as holy, almighty, eternal and righteous. The document emphasizes that God's people and everything associated with him, such as his sanctuary, are also expected to be holy as he is holy.
The document discusses the composition of the Bible, including that it is a collection of 66 books written over 1500 years by over 40 authors. The Old Testament, consisting of 39 books written before Christ, foretold the coming of a savior. The New Testament, consisting of 27 books written after Christ, provides accounts of Christ's life, teachings, death, and resurrection, establishing him as the promised messiah. Together, the books tell a unified story despite being written over centuries by diverse human authors, pointing to God as the divine author.
This document provides commentary on Revelation 13, which describes two beasts. The first beast rises from the sea, representing the Roman Empire, having aspects of past empires. It exercises power for 1260 years and blasphemes God. The second beast comes from the earth, represented by the United States, with a lamb-like appearance but speaking like a dragon to lead the world to worship the first beast. The document analyzes these symbols and their fulfillment in history.
Upside Down Living: Blessed are those who mournStephen Palm
This is the second sermon in the Upside-Down Living series in which we look at Jesus' second beatitude, Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. We will explore the ways in which God comforts us, both during times of profound loss and times of conviction over personal and shared sin. We will also look at the way that God uses our fellow believers to comfort us in these same areas. The key challenge is to make ourselves available to God so that we can become a source of comfort to others.
The document examines the biblical nature of God as the Trinity - three persons in one essence. It provides scriptural evidence for God's unity as one God and plurality as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Definitions are given for the Trinity, and illustrations using water, an egg and the sun are presented. Two unbiblical views of the Trinity from Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses are described and refuted. The conclusion acknowledges that while the Trinity is not a logical contradiction, the exact nature of the relationship between the persons is mysterious.
The document provides an introduction to the Bible, including what it is, how it is divided, who wrote it, and the process of canonization. It discusses that the Bible is a collection of 73 books written over time by various authors inspired by God. The books are divided into the Old and New Testaments. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and the New Testament in Greek. The Catholic and Protestant canons differ slightly in their inclusion of books in the Old Testament.
The document examines evidence for the resurrection of Jesus by outlining 4 historical facts agreed upon by the majority of biblical scholars: 1) Jesus was buried in a tomb by Joseph of Arimathea after crucifixion. 2) On Sunday, the tomb was found empty by women followers. 3) Jesus appeared to individuals and groups on multiple occasions after death. 4) The original disciples preached the resurrection despite having little to gain and facing persecution. The document argues these facts are best explained by the resurrection of Jesus, as opposed to alternative theories. It promises to address common objections to the resurrection in a subsequent discussion.
What is prophecy?
Test of a true prophet
The importance of prophecy
Messianic prophecies
The significance of messianic prophecies
Messianic prophecy issues
Probability of fulfillment of prophecies
Other Old Testament (OT) prophecies
Prophecy – the future told in advance by God through a prophet
John 5:39, “You search the Scriptures; for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me.”
The reliability of the Bible is confirmed by the accuracy of its prophecies
Cannot be said of any other “sacred writings”
Other writings make great claims but contain no prophecy unique to them that establishes “truth"
The document discusses biblical prophecies about the end times from books such as Daniel and Revelation. It analyzes prophecies about four kingdoms that would rule Israel and the world, culminating in a final world kingdom. It asserts that current global events like wars and rumors of wars match Jesus' description of signs that precede his second coming. The document aims to show that biblical prophecy provides confidence about what will happen in the end times.
The document discusses the biblical story of Jesus visiting Mary and Martha. It contrasts Mary, who sat at Jesus' feet listening to him, with Martha, who was distracted by preparations. While Martha wanted Mary's help, Jesus said Mary "chose what is better" by prioritizing time with him over tasks. The document also provides advice on overcoming worry and maintaining intimacy with Jesus through quiet time, prayer, and focusing on virtues.
This document discusses biblical prophecies about the sanctuary in heaven and the antichrist power that opposes God. It describes how the antichrist power thinks to change God's law and times, and commits spiritual fornication by leading people away from God's truth. It warns that this power will try to enforce false worship and a mark of authority against God's law, but calls God's people to remain faithful to his commandments.
The document provides an overview of three key events related to the second coming of Christ: 1) Christ's ministry in the heavenly sanctuary, 2) the second coming itself, and 3) the resurrection of the righteous. It discusses what the Bible teaches about each topic, including Christ's role as high priest interceding for humanity in heaven, the signs that will precede His return to earth, and how His resurrection guarantees believers will likewise be resurrected to eternal life. The overall message is one of hope for those awaiting Christ's return and the restoration of all things.
The second study in our "Growing Deep in the Gospel" series in which we answer the question, "What is the Gospel?" In answering the question we looked at how the word "gospel" was used in Jesus' day and how the Bible describes the gospel. We also looked at what is the heart of the gospel, a outline of the basic gospel message and an outline of the gospel based on the entire Bible.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Christian apologetics. It discusses defending the Christian faith through rational discourse. The ultimate goal of apologetics is to introduce people to the gospel of Jesus Christ. It covers various apologetics topics and methods. It emphasizes the importance of being prepared to give reasons for believing in Christianity and addressing common objections, while doing so with gentleness and respect.
Communion originates from the Trinity, where God exists as eternal love between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. God created humanity with the vocation and capacity for love and communion. Our highest calling is to enter into communion with God and one another. From the beginning, humanity was created for communion as seen in the union of man and woman. The Christian family, Church, and sacraments all serve to foster communion between people in line with our divine calling. Living in communion and unity as the Body of Christ is essential for our spiritual life and missionary work.
This presentation examines the character of the Bible - its inerrancy, sufficiency, authority, and more, and also exposes various myths and confusion concerning the Scripture's inerrancy.
The document discusses the oneness of God based on scriptural evidence. It provides 12 rules for studying the Bible, with explanations for each rule. It examines passages from Isaiah and other books that reveal God as one, and shows Jesus' identity as the fulfillment of God and savior according to the Old Testament prophecies. The document aims to substantiate the oneness of God through the Bible.
This document provides an overview of the origins and history of the Bible. It discusses that the original languages of the Bible were Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. It also notes some of the important English translations of the Bible over time. Additionally, it outlines some of the key differences between Protestant and Catholic Bibles, specifically regarding the number of books in the Old Testament. Finally, it briefly discusses the process of authoring and interpreting the Bible.
The document discusses different views on the nature of God, specifically the Trinity. It explains that the Athanasian view sees God as three co-equal persons of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Alternatively, Oneness theology sees God manifesting in three forms but being one entity or person. The document analyzes scriptures like John 14:10 to argue that God dwells fully in Christ and the Spirit proceeded from him, supporting the Oneness view of one God manifest in three distinct forms.
The document discusses the holiness of God as presented in the Bible. It provides many scripture quotes to highlight that God is holy in his name, throne, habitation, works, words and desire for humanity. It notes that God revealed himself as holy, almighty, eternal and righteous. The document emphasizes that God's people and everything associated with him, such as his sanctuary, are also expected to be holy as he is holy.
The document discusses the composition of the Bible, including that it is a collection of 66 books written over 1500 years by over 40 authors. The Old Testament, consisting of 39 books written before Christ, foretold the coming of a savior. The New Testament, consisting of 27 books written after Christ, provides accounts of Christ's life, teachings, death, and resurrection, establishing him as the promised messiah. Together, the books tell a unified story despite being written over centuries by diverse human authors, pointing to God as the divine author.
This document provides commentary on Revelation 13, which describes two beasts. The first beast rises from the sea, representing the Roman Empire, having aspects of past empires. It exercises power for 1260 years and blasphemes God. The second beast comes from the earth, represented by the United States, with a lamb-like appearance but speaking like a dragon to lead the world to worship the first beast. The document analyzes these symbols and their fulfillment in history.
Upside Down Living: Blessed are those who mournStephen Palm
This is the second sermon in the Upside-Down Living series in which we look at Jesus' second beatitude, Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. We will explore the ways in which God comforts us, both during times of profound loss and times of conviction over personal and shared sin. We will also look at the way that God uses our fellow believers to comfort us in these same areas. The key challenge is to make ourselves available to God so that we can become a source of comfort to others.
The document examines the biblical nature of God as the Trinity - three persons in one essence. It provides scriptural evidence for God's unity as one God and plurality as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Definitions are given for the Trinity, and illustrations using water, an egg and the sun are presented. Two unbiblical views of the Trinity from Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses are described and refuted. The conclusion acknowledges that while the Trinity is not a logical contradiction, the exact nature of the relationship between the persons is mysterious.
The document provides an introduction to the Bible, including what it is, how it is divided, who wrote it, and the process of canonization. It discusses that the Bible is a collection of 73 books written over time by various authors inspired by God. The books are divided into the Old and New Testaments. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and the New Testament in Greek. The Catholic and Protestant canons differ slightly in their inclusion of books in the Old Testament.
The document examines evidence for the resurrection of Jesus by outlining 4 historical facts agreed upon by the majority of biblical scholars: 1) Jesus was buried in a tomb by Joseph of Arimathea after crucifixion. 2) On Sunday, the tomb was found empty by women followers. 3) Jesus appeared to individuals and groups on multiple occasions after death. 4) The original disciples preached the resurrection despite having little to gain and facing persecution. The document argues these facts are best explained by the resurrection of Jesus, as opposed to alternative theories. It promises to address common objections to the resurrection in a subsequent discussion.
What is prophecy?
Test of a true prophet
The importance of prophecy
Messianic prophecies
The significance of messianic prophecies
Messianic prophecy issues
Probability of fulfillment of prophecies
Other Old Testament (OT) prophecies
Prophecy – the future told in advance by God through a prophet
John 5:39, “You search the Scriptures; for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me.”
The reliability of the Bible is confirmed by the accuracy of its prophecies
Cannot be said of any other “sacred writings”
Other writings make great claims but contain no prophecy unique to them that establishes “truth"
The document discusses biblical prophecies about the end times from books such as Daniel and Revelation. It analyzes prophecies about four kingdoms that would rule Israel and the world, culminating in a final world kingdom. It asserts that current global events like wars and rumors of wars match Jesus' description of signs that precede his second coming. The document aims to show that biblical prophecy provides confidence about what will happen in the end times.
The document discusses the biblical story of Jesus visiting Mary and Martha. It contrasts Mary, who sat at Jesus' feet listening to him, with Martha, who was distracted by preparations. While Martha wanted Mary's help, Jesus said Mary "chose what is better" by prioritizing time with him over tasks. The document also provides advice on overcoming worry and maintaining intimacy with Jesus through quiet time, prayer, and focusing on virtues.
This document discusses biblical prophecies about the sanctuary in heaven and the antichrist power that opposes God. It describes how the antichrist power thinks to change God's law and times, and commits spiritual fornication by leading people away from God's truth. It warns that this power will try to enforce false worship and a mark of authority against God's law, but calls God's people to remain faithful to his commandments.
The document provides an overview of three key events related to the second coming of Christ: 1) Christ's ministry in the heavenly sanctuary, 2) the second coming itself, and 3) the resurrection of the righteous. It discusses what the Bible teaches about each topic, including Christ's role as high priest interceding for humanity in heaven, the signs that will precede His return to earth, and how His resurrection guarantees believers will likewise be resurrected to eternal life. The overall message is one of hope for those awaiting Christ's return and the restoration of all things.
The second study in our "Growing Deep in the Gospel" series in which we answer the question, "What is the Gospel?" In answering the question we looked at how the word "gospel" was used in Jesus' day and how the Bible describes the gospel. We also looked at what is the heart of the gospel, a outline of the basic gospel message and an outline of the gospel based on the entire Bible.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Christian apologetics. It discusses defending the Christian faith through rational discourse. The ultimate goal of apologetics is to introduce people to the gospel of Jesus Christ. It covers various apologetics topics and methods. It emphasizes the importance of being prepared to give reasons for believing in Christianity and addressing common objections, while doing so with gentleness and respect.
Communion originates from the Trinity, where God exists as eternal love between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. God created humanity with the vocation and capacity for love and communion. Our highest calling is to enter into communion with God and one another. From the beginning, humanity was created for communion as seen in the union of man and woman. The Christian family, Church, and sacraments all serve to foster communion between people in line with our divine calling. Living in communion and unity as the Body of Christ is essential for our spiritual life and missionary work.
This presentation examines the character of the Bible - its inerrancy, sufficiency, authority, and more, and also exposes various myths and confusion concerning the Scripture's inerrancy.
This document discusses the views of early Christian figures known as the Church Fathers on the inspiration and authority of the Bible. It outlines that the Apostolic and Sub-Apostolic Fathers from around 70-150 AD viewed the New Testament writings as Scripture. It then examines views from the Ante-Nicene and Nicene Fathers from 150-350 AD, as well as the Great Medieval Church Teachers from 350-1350 AD, finding that they overwhelmingly affirmed the divine inspiration of both the Old and New Testaments and regarded them as the authoritative word of God.
The document discusses various topics related to the New Testament including the canon, gospels, and historical Jesus. It provides information on the canonization process for both the Old and New Testaments. It examines perspectives on what constitutes a gospel and explores the sources and typical forms of material found within the gospels. The document also analyzes methods of interpreting scripture and redaction of the gospels.
"En la casa de mi Padre" de Mary A. Kassian es un discipulado que habla al corazón, que deja al descubierto la necesidad de todo ser humano de conocer a Dios como un Padre amoroso a pesar de la experiencia que hallamos tenido con nuestro padre terrenal. Dios quiere revelarse a tu vida como Papá porque quiere relacionarse de una manera íntima y profunda contigo!!!! te invitamos a leer esta adaptación del discipulado original.
The document summarizes the Teens Conference 2009 which discussed the validity and reliability of the Bible. It provides evidence for trusting the Bible such as its ancient origins, multiple authors across different times and languages, eyewitness accounts, historical corroboration, fulfilled prophecies, and archaeological findings. The document examines criticisms of the Bible and provides responses. It explores what the Bible means for Christians and their faith.
The document discusses how the Bible has been used both to support and oppose slavery, the Copernican theory of astronomy, and views on poverty. It notes that passages from both the Old and New Testaments were cited by proponents of slavery to argue it was sanctioned by God. It also discusses how Christian leaders like Martin Luther and John Calvin rejected Copernicus' findings because they contradicted literal interpretations of certain Bible passages. The document questions whether the Bible should be seen as a rule book or library open to different interpretations, and suggests seeing it through the lens of Jesus' life and teachings rather than taking every passage literally.
The document discusses how the Bible has been used both to support and oppose slavery, the Copernican theory of astronomy, and views on poverty. It notes that passages from both the Old and New Testaments were cited by proponents of slavery to argue it was sanctioned by God. It also discusses how Christian leaders like Martin Luther and John Calvin rejected Copernicus' findings because they contradicted literal interpretations of certain Bible passages. The document questions whether the Bible should be seen as a rule book or library open to different interpretations, and suggests seeing it through the lens of Jesus' life and teachings rather than taking every passage literally.
09/08/2015 - Rolling Hills Community Church, Lago Vista Texas. Men't Bible Study. Introduction Part 1 to The Story. Overview of the Bible and How to Study. Presented by Chris Reighley
The Word - The Science of Biblical Interpretation - Part 1Robin Schumacher
This presentation is the first part of a three part study of hermeneutics or the science of Biblical interpretation and focuses on the first step which is observation.
1) The document provides a summary of a Sunday school bible study on 1 Corinthians 2:1-5 about how Paul focused on preaching about Jesus Christ crucified with power from God rather than with human wisdom.
2) It also lists several biblical passages about prophecy from Isaiah, Joel, and Matthew that discuss signs in the heavens, wonders, and end times events like wars and famines.
3) The document defines biblical prophecy as involving divine inspiration, interpretation, or revelation of future events and discusses how to determine valid biblical interpretations using principles of biblical hermeneutics and exegesis.
This document provides evidence for why the Bible can be fully trusted. It discusses how the Bible claims to be inspired by God, how Jesus demonstrated His confidence in Scripture, how Bible prophecies have been fulfilled, how scientific and historical statements have been proven accurate, how biblical principles are relevant today, and how the Bible has changed lives. It examines over 125 prophecies about Jesus that were fulfilled, arguing this couldn't have happened by chance. The document asserts the Bible's unity and inspiration are confirmed by its profound impact on society.
The document provides an overview of the Teens Conference 2009 which focused on discussing the validity and reliability of the Bible. It includes quotes and facts about the Bible's authorship, history, translations, and textual reliability. Participants are encouraged to understand rather than just defend the Bible. The document examines arguments for and against the Bible's authority and inerrancy, and concludes that Jesus affirmed the Old Testament and promised the New Testament, establishing the Bible as the Word of God.
In this lesson we examine the Bible and what it says about itself. I show why I choose to believe in the Bible and how my faith is not a blind faith but based on evidence. Both audio and slides can be found together at www.cmcoc.org
Sermon by: Brian Birdow
Chritic about 101 contraditions on the biblejb1955
The document discusses the Muslim claim that the Bible contains contradictions. It presents three main points:
1. Christians believe the Bible is inspired by God but written by humans, so it does not need to meet the standard of no contradictions that Muslims believe the Quran meets as a divine revelation "sent down" without human involvement.
2. The Quran itself endorses the authority of the Torah and Gospel and does not warn that they are contradictory or corrupted.
3. Upon analysis, alleged Bible contradictions pointed out by Muslims are often not actual contradictions. The document maintains that the Bible is without error.
This document discusses different strategies for using apologetics in Christian outreach. It begins by defining apologetics as defending or making a case for the Christian faith. It then examines how the early church used apologetics in the Book of Acts to change the world. Specifically, it notes that the early Christians (1) knew Jesus personally, (2) made powerful truth claims about Jesus, and (3) lived ethically superior lives. The document then discusses engaging intellectually with the world by addressing questions about Christianity's truth claims and comparing the Christian worldview to other views. It analyzes episodes from Acts where Paul uses apologetics and examines how Christians can follow this approach today.
The document discusses how the Bible is the sole source of truth and how people can know if a preacher or church is true or false based on what is preached. It examines the four divisions of the New Testament and emphasizes that one must obey what the apostles preached to be saved, such as being baptized in water and spirit. False preachers may teach other ways of salvation or traditions of men rather than what is in the Bible.
Many books claim to be from God? How can you decided if a book really is from God? Here are four starting points for helping you to understand that the Bible really is the Word of God.
This document provides an overview of biblical inspiration and revelation. It discusses key passages that address these topics, such as 2 Peter 1:20-21 and 2 Timothy 3:16. The Bible testifies to itself as the word of God. While written through human authors, the Holy Spirit ensured the final text is infallible and without error. The mode of inspiration is mysterious but resulted in an authoritative text that is the final rule for faith and practice.
Understanding Grace - Blood Covenant and Prodigal.pdfEhab Roufail
How is Grace Defined?
What did the Lord Jesus do for us?
Old Testament Blood Covenant
What is Grace?
Prodigal Son
Is Divine Grace for all?
What do we have to do for it?
This document discusses the roles of men and women in the church. It outlines the seven clerical orders and notes that the priesthood is comprised of deacons, priests, and bishops, which are only open to men. It provides details on the roles of deacons and priests. While women cannot be priests, the document highlights examples of saintly women in the Bible and notes the important prophetic roles women have played in revealing aspects of the church. Overall, it examines the theological reasoning for distinguishing roles while emphasizing that roles do not determine relative value between men and women.
1. Evidence for a beginning of the Universe
2. Evidence for fine tuning in the Universe
3. Solar System’s fitness for life
4. Earth’s fitness for life
5. The miracle of life
When you say there is evil, aren’t you admitting there is good?
When you accept the existence of goodness, you must affirm a moral law on the basis of which to differentiate between good and evil.
But when you admit to a moral law, you must posit a moral lawgiver.[
“For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God.” (Romans 8:14)
Exactly how are we be led by the Holy Spirit?
Exactly how does the Holy Spirit communicate to all of us in this life?
If the Bible calls the Holy Spirit our Guide and Teacher in this life, then this means He will attempt to communicate to all of us from time to time.
Otherwise we will never be able to pick up from Him exactly what He is trying to teach us or tell us to do.
The very first thing we need to know if we want to learn how to be led by the Holy Spirit is that
We can develop a direct personal relationship with Him
Just like you already have with God and Jesus.
Here are two key verses from the apostle Paul telling us that we are allowed to have direct communication and direct fellowship with the Holy Spirit Himself:
“The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all.” (2 Corinthians 13:14)
“Therefore if there is any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit …” (Phillippians 2:1)
Types of Messiah
What is prophecy?
Test of a true prophet
The importance of prophecy
Messianic prophecies
The significance of messianic prophecies
Messianic prophecy issues
Probability of fulfillment of prophecies
Other Old Testament (OT) prophecies
End Time prophecies
The significance of the Apocalypse
The circumstances surrounding its writing
Who wrote it? To Whom? Where? Why?
Its structure and Content
Aids to interpretation
How can we benefit from it?
Biblical Dating
“Being the right person to serve my future spouse’s needs and be a God-glorifying husband or wife”
"Acceptable" is such a loose term, so it's hard to say what is "acceptable" for any given person. After all, everyone is a different individual and their situations and maturity will vary greatly. Something that is acceptable for one person may not be acceptable for another.
Also keep in mind 1 Corinthians 10:23 (NIV), which says, "'I have the right to do anything,' you say—but not everything is beneficial. 'I have the right to do anything'—but not everything is constructive." We have many freedoms through Christ, but that doesn't mean that everything will be healthy or good for you.
The document discusses the problem of suffering and evil in the world. It presents three main categories of suffering: 1) Suffering caused by man, 2) Natural disasters, and 3) Disease. It also notes that atheists use the pervasiveness of suffering to discredit the idea of a loving God. However, theists believe God may have reasons for allowing suffering that humans do not understand. The document argues that atheists must prove: 1) The impossibility of God using evil for a greater good, 2) That God could have no reasons for allowing suffering, and 3) An instance of definitively pointless suffering. But overall, humans may lack the information to make definitive judgments about God's reasons for permitting evil
Helmet of Salvation
Who do you think you are?
Problems of low self esteem
Satans psychological weapon
God’s view of me
Biblical
Our new position in Christ
Implications
Christian, Coptic, Christmas,
You Are Important To God
Your Life Matters To God
Your Faith Matters To God
The Relevance of Christmas
The Reality of Christmas
The Reason for Christmas
The Result of Christmas
The Seven Fasts of the Church – and the focus of the main Three
The Sunday readings before and During Advent
Other 40 Day Fasts
Praise during the month of Kiahk
This document discusses using an agile delivery model for strategic programs. It proposes that agile methodologies can be suitable for large organizations and problems by scaling up the approach. For example, a single scrum team may consist of 7-9 people planning in 2-week sprints with user stories, while a program may consist of 7-9 teams planning in quarterly iterations with customer features. The document outlines levels of planning from portfolio teams down to delivery teams. It also discusses estimating and planning milestone deliverables, iterating rather than incrementing work, and using an agile approach like "Ready...Fire...Aim" for large strategic programs and portfolios.
The document discusses views on sex, premarital relationships, and masturbation from a religious perspective. It presents arguments that:
1) Sex was created by God for the loving union of husband and wife within marriage to bond the couple and allow procreation. Premarital sex risks damaging future relationships and marriage.
2) Masturbation that involves lustful thoughts is sinful according to scripture. It can also lead to sexual addiction and experimentation with unclean acts.
3) Not masturbating is not unhealthy as the body naturally reabsorbs unused sperm cells, and any residual secretions are released through nocturnal emissions. Remaining pure allows one to live a holy life as called by God
St. Paul's life transformed dramatically from persecutor of Christians to their greatest advocate. After his encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus, where he was blinded by a bright light and heard Jesus' voice, Paul underwent a conversion and became a sincere disciple. He spent years preaching in Arabia, Damascus, Syria, and Cilicia before Barnabas took Paul under his wing and introduced him to other Christians. Together, they were then sent by the church in Antioch to preach in Cyprus, Pamphylia and Phrygia.
Jesus - the One I love
Let’s get to discuss a bit The Character of the One we love to follow
His Creativity
His Depth
His Righteousness
His Psychological insight
His Compassion
The document provides background information on the First Epistle of John. It was written by John the Apostle in Ephesus between 70-90 AD to counter heresies emerging in the church, including those denying Jesus's humanity. John's purposes in writing were to encourage fellowship with God and believers, fill them with joy, promote departure from sin, and correct false teachings. The letter addresses doctrines like Docetism and Gnosticism and aims to establish believers in the true faith.
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The Revelation Chapter 7 Working Copy.docxFred Gosnell
John witnesses the sealing of God's 144,000 witnesses, and he hears the crying out or shouting of an unnumbered multitude of those who have been saved during the great tribulation.
This is an intermission scene before opening the seventh seal. We have seen six seals opened revealing of the events that would shortly occur. The first 4 reveal what was to occur in the great tribulation during the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in AD70.
The fifth seal reveals the question from those slain as to when the Lord would avenge their death. The sixth seal reveals the answer to them from the One on the throne and of the Lamb which would be the punishment of their persecutors and accomplices. John sees four messengers/angels holding back the four winds of the earth & keeping them from blowing on the earth, the sea or any tree. In this figurative language, these are not heavenly messengers/angels. These represent those who are trying to restrain the word of God everywhere. Their efforts are restrained by the messenger in verse 2, preventing them from holding back the 4 winds, the spread of the gospel of Christ by His messengers/angels. These 4 winds stand on the four corners of the earth, Rome’s worldwide influence to stop its spread. But the gospel will be preached in all the earth. See the study for the Bible passages that support this. John hears the commands given relating to the sealing of the servants of God and the figurative number representing them. John sees a great multitude standing before the throne of all nations and kindreds and people and tongues who are clothed with white robes. All the messengers/angels stood around the throne and the elders and the four beasts fell before the throne and worshipped God. One of the elders asks John what those were that were wearing white robes. John said he knew and the elder identifies them. The chapter ends with his explanation.
PHASE-IV
The very deep experience of silence helps to expand from the 3 - dimensional awareness of the body to all pervasive awareness. The bed of silence becomes deeper and more expansive - an ocean of silence with waves on it merge into complete silence called Ajapa state of the mind. This silence is the source of Creativity, Power, Knowledge and Bliss.
PHASE V
From this deep ocean of silence in the heart region, let one OM emerge as an audible sound which diffuses into the entire body and the space all around. Enjoy the beautiful vibrations.
Blink the eyes slowly, gently open the eyes and come out of meditation.
taittreya upanishad - tradition of yoga and Upanishads, this concept of panch...Karuna Yoga Vidya Peetham
In his search towards reality or the unchanging fundamental unit of this universe, a scientist started with the external gross world of solid matter which is simple and easy to see, divide, and do experiments with.
This search led him through steps of understanding of this entire world of matter starting from elements, molecules, atoms, protons, neutrons and electrons;
He further understood that it is all packets of energy.
The atoms conglomerate together to form various chemicals; our body is therefore a permutation and combination of various chemicals. (Packets of energy in various configurations) When they join together they form molecules, cells, tissues organs, etc.
These follow certain well defined laws of nature and are controlled by nervous (electrical) and chemical (hormones) mechanisms to bring about movement and action in each and every cell.
Thus annamaya kosha is the physical frame which the grossest of the five Koshas.
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...OmarBarrezueta1
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
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God calls us to a journey of worshiping Him. In this journey you will encounter different obstacles and derailments that will want to sway you from worshiping God. You got to be intentional in breaking the barriers staged on your way of worship in order to offer God acceptable worship.
The Power of Actions Slideshow by: Kal-elKal-el Shows
This message, “The Power of Actions”, emphasizes just how powerful moving actions are and gives us strong actions of advice as to how we use to do with actions.
ACTIONS is EVERYTHING! They bless or they curse, lift up or known down,
embrace it or unbrace it!
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
1. The Reliability of the BibleThe Reliability of the Bible
All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking,
correcting and training in righteousness, so that the servant of
God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.
2 Timothy 3:16-17
2. OutlineOutline
Why the Bible?Why the Bible?
Evaluating the integrity of Ancient WritingsEvaluating the integrity of Ancient Writings
ProphecyProphecy
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
Questions to ask to affirm the reliability of theQuestions to ask to affirm the reliability of the
GospelsGospels
– Where were they written?Where were they written?
– Do the writers use the right names?Do the writers use the right names?
– Geography: Do they know the places described?Geography: Do they know the places described?
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
3. What is theWhat is the
Bible?Bible?
39 in the OT, 10-14 Deuterocanonical Books39 in the OT, 10-14 Deuterocanonical Books
27 in the NT27 in the NT
Written over a period of 1600 yearsWritten over a period of 1600 years
Has more than 40 authorsHas more than 40 authors
It was originally written inIt was originally written in
– HebrewHebrew: Old Testament books: Old Testament books
– AramaicAramaic: Daniel, Ezra and a few of the Deuterocanonical: Daniel, Ezra and a few of the Deuterocanonical
BooksBooks
– GreekGreek: The New Testament: The New Testament
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
4. Why the Bible?Why the Bible?
What distinguishes the Bible from otherWhat distinguishes the Bible from other
religious sacred texts like: The Koran, thereligious sacred texts like: The Koran, the
Hindu VedasHindu Vedas, the Bhagavad Gita, the Buddhist, the Bhagavad Gita, the Buddhist
Tripitaka, TheTripitaka, The book of Mormon etc…book of Mormon etc…
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
5. Why theWhy the
Bible?Bible?
How do we know thatHow do we know that
the bible isn't just anthe bible isn't just an
ancient book ofancient book of
mythology?mythology?
That it isn’t inspiredThat it isn’t inspired
by the lore of nearbyby the lore of nearby
cultures whosecultures whose
religions sharereligions share
similar plot lines?similar plot lines?
Is it just man madeIs it just man made
creations ofcreations of
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
6. SScientificcientific
ValidationValidation
• The Bible was completed long before theThe Bible was completed long before the
invention ofinvention of microscopes, telescopes, satellites,microscopes, telescopes, satellites,
and all the other technological innovations thatand all the other technological innovations that
have allowed us to investigate certainhave allowed us to investigate certain
phenomenon of the world and the universe.phenomenon of the world and the universe.
• That the Bible not only does not contain anyThat the Bible not only does not contain any
scientific errors, but anticipates later discoveries,scientific errors, but anticipates later discoveries,
in expressions contrary to the opinions of theirin expressions contrary to the opinions of their
day denotes a divine authorship and is powerfulday denotes a divine authorship and is powerful
support for inerrancy.support for inerrancy.
• Compare: Without exception, every ancientCompare: Without exception, every ancient
religious writing has certain unscientific views ofreligious writing has certain unscientific views of
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
7. CCompare -ompare -
VedasVedas
For example, the Hindu Vedas
teach that
1.The Earth is flat and
triangular.
2.Earthquakes are the result of
elephants shaking their bodies
underneath the ground.
3.They also claim that
civilizations live on the back
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
8. CoCompare –mpare –
QuranQuran
The Qur'an frequently describes the earth as "spread out", often
comparing it to a "carpet".
"And the earth have We spread out, and placed therein firm
hills, and caused each seemly thing to grow therein,"
(Qur'an 15:19).
The Quran says that the Sun sets in a muddy spring.
"when he reached the setting- place of the Sun, he
found it setting in a muddy spring.” (Surah 18:86)
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
9. Astounding
ScientificScientific
Foresight in theForesight in the
BibleBible
* The Greek astronomer and mathematician Hipparchus (190-120 B.C.) said there were exactly 1,026
stars, Ptolemy (c. 85-
A.D. 165) said there were 1,056 stars, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) counted 1,006. When Galileo
DESCRITPION REFERENCE
1.The Sun on a circuit through space. Psalm 19:6
2.The Earth is Spherical Job 26:10
3.Earth suspended on nothing Job 26:7
4.The stars are beyond ability to count * Jeremiah 33:3
5.The universe had a beginning in space and time Genes
1:1
6.The universe is sustained with immutable laws Jeremi
33:25
•Universe subjected to law of decay Romans 8: 18
(2nd law of thermodynamics)
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
10. 1010
What isWhat is
Prophecy?Prophecy?
ProphecyProphecy – the future told in advance by God– the future told in advance by God
through a prophetthrough a prophet
John 5:39John 5:39, “You search the Scriptures; for in, “You search the Scriptures; for in
them you think you have eternal life; and thesethem you think you have eternal life; and these
are they which testify of Me.”are they which testify of Me.”
The reliability of the Bible is confirmedThe reliability of the Bible is confirmed
by the accuracy of its propheciesby the accuracy of its prophecies
– Cannot be said of any other “sacred writings”Cannot be said of any other “sacred writings”
– Other writings make great claims but contain noOther writings make great claims but contain no
prophecy unique to them that establishes “truth”prophecy unique to them that establishes “truth”
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
11. 1111
Test of a TrueTest of a True
ProphetProphet
Deut. 18:22Deut. 18:22, “When a prophet speaks in, “When a prophet speaks in
the name of the Lord, if the thing does notthe name of the Lord, if the thing does not
happen or come to pass, that is the thinghappen or come to pass, that is the thing
which the Lord has not spoken; thewhich the Lord has not spoken; the
prophet has spoken it presumptuously;prophet has spoken it presumptuously;
you shall not be afraid of him.”you shall not be afraid of him.”
True Prophet – prophecy is fulfilledTrue Prophet – prophecy is fulfilled
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
12. 1212
Why Did GodWhy Did God
UseUse
Prophecy?Prophecy?
Is. 48:3-5Is. 48:3-5, “I have declared the former things, “I have declared the former things
from the beginning; they went forth from Myfrom the beginning; they went forth from My
mouth, and I caused them to hear it. Suddenly Imouth, and I caused them to hear it. Suddenly I
did them, and they came to pass. Because Idid them, and they came to pass. Because I
know that you were obstinate, and your neckknow that you were obstinate, and your neck
was an iron sinew, and your brow bronze, evenwas an iron sinew, and your brow bronze, even
from the beginning I have declared it to you;from the beginning I have declared it to you;
before it came to pass I proclaimed it to you, lestbefore it came to pass I proclaimed it to you, lest
you should say, ‘My idol has done them, and myyou should say, ‘My idol has done them, and my
carved image and my molded image havecarved image and my molded image have
commanded them.’”commanded them.’”
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
13. 1313
The ImportanceThe Importance
of Prophecyof Prophecy
Is. 46:9-10Is. 46:9-10, “Remember the former things of, “Remember the former things of
old, For I am God, and there is no other; I amold, For I am God, and there is no other; I am
God, and there is none like Me, Declaring theGod, and there is none like Me, Declaring the
end from the beginning, And from ancientend from the beginning, And from ancient
times things that are not yet done, Saying, ‘Mytimes things that are not yet done, Saying, ‘My
counsel shall stand, And I will do all Mycounsel shall stand, And I will do all My
pleasure.’”pleasure.’”
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
14. 1414
Prophecy …Prophecy …
1.1. Proves the existence of GodProves the existence of God
2.2. Proves Scripture and CreationProves Scripture and Creation
3.3. Proves the divine origin of ScriptureProves the divine origin of Scripture
4.4. Fulfilled in Jesus’ First ComingFulfilled in Jesus’ First Coming
5.5. Proves Jesus is coming againProves Jesus is coming again
6.6. Motivates believersMotivates believers
7.7. Proves God loves usProves God loves us
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
15. 1515
Prophecy ProvesProphecy Proves
The Existence ofThe Existence of
GodGod
Prophecy is “history written in advance”Prophecy is “history written in advance”
Eschatology is the study of end timesEschatology is the study of end times
(last things)(last things)
Over 1000 prophecies (when written) foundOver 1000 prophecies (when written) found
in Scripture (28% of Scripture)in Scripture (28% of Scripture)
– Over 500 already fulfilledOver 500 already fulfilled
– We can trust God for the fulfillment of theWe can trust God for the fulfillment of the
remaining 500remaining 500
Fulfilled prophecy credentials the BibleFulfilled prophecy credentials the Bible
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
16. 1616
The Lord SavesThe Lord Saves
IsraelIsrael
Ezekiel 38 and 39Ezekiel 38 and 39
– 8 times God declares that He will destroy8 times God declares that He will destroy
the enemies of Israel on the mountains ofthe enemies of Israel on the mountains of
IsraelIsrael
– God declares “I am the Lord”God declares “I am the Lord”
Soul harvest described inSoul harvest described in RevelationRevelation
– Every tongue, nation, peopleEvery tongue, nation, people
– 2 witnesses2 witnesses
– 144,000 Jewish witnesses144,000 Jewish witnesses
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
17. 1717
Prophecy Fulfilled inProphecy Fulfilled in
Jesus’ First ComingJesus’ First Coming
Prophets – holy men of God who spoke asProphets – holy men of God who spoke as
they were moved by the Holy Spiritthey were moved by the Holy Spirit
Jesus is the only person who fulfilled allJesus is the only person who fulfilled all
109 prophecies of the Messiah109 prophecies of the Messiah
– Seed of the womanSeed of the woman
– Born of tribe of Judah … in the line of DavidBorn of tribe of Judah … in the line of David
– Born of a virginBorn of a virgin
– Born in BethlehemBorn in Bethlehem
Jesus is the one and only MessiahJesus is the one and only Messiah
– 1 in 13 billion people who have ever lived!1 in 13 billion people who have ever lived!
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
18. 1818
MessianicMessianic
PropheciesProphecies
The only one who fulfilled 109 propheciesThe only one who fulfilled 109 prophecies
Jesus is the only way of salvationJesus is the only way of salvation
Jesus to be brought out of Egypt,Jesus to be brought out of Egypt, Hos.Hos.
11:111:1
He will reclaim sight to the blind,He will reclaim sight to the blind, Is. 42:7Is. 42:7
50 prophecies about His death:50 prophecies about His death:
– Sold for 30 pieces of silver,Sold for 30 pieces of silver, Zech. 11:12Zech. 11:12
– Betrayed by a friend,Betrayed by a friend, Ps. 41:9Ps. 41:9
– Slain between two malefactors,Slain between two malefactors, Is. 53:12Is. 53:12
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
20. 2020
Psalm 22 & IsaiahPsalm 22 & Isaiah
52:13-53:1252:13-53:12
They tell stories that perfectly parallelThey tell stories that perfectly parallel
events in the life of Christ that took placeevents in the life of Christ that took place
much later (700 to 1000 years later)much later (700 to 1000 years later)
Psalm 22 – predicted 11 separate thingsPsalm 22 – predicted 11 separate things
about Jesus’ crucifixionabout Jesus’ crucifixion
Isaiah chapters 9 and 53 refer to manyIsaiah chapters 9 and 53 refer to many
attributes of the Messiah to comeattributes of the Messiah to come
The Bible was inspired by God!The Bible was inspired by God!
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
21. 2121
MessianicMessianic
Prophecies - 1Prophecies - 1
Event Prophecy Fulfillment
Born of the “seed” of a
woman
Gen. 3:15 Luke 1:34-35
Raised from the dead Ps. 16:10,11 Luke 24:4-7
Would cry out to God Ps. 22:1 Matt. 27:46
Would be forsaken by
God
Ps. 22:1 Mark 15:34
Crucified (hands & feet
pierced)
Ps. 22:16 Luke 24:39-40
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
22. 2222
MessianicMessianic
Prophecies - 2Prophecies - 2
Event Prophecy Fulfillment
“He trusted God, let
Him deliver Him”
Ps. 22:8 Matt. 27:41-43
Would thirst Ps. 22:15 John 19:28
No bones broken Ps. 22:17 John 19:32-33,36
Garments divided Ps. 22:18 John 19:23-24
Betrayed by a friend Ps. 41:9 John 13:18-21
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Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
23. 2323
MessianicMessianic
Prophecies - 3Prophecies - 3
Event Prophecy Fulfillment
Ascend to heaven Ps. 68:18 Luke 24:51
Born of a virgin Is. 7:14 Luke 1:26-35
Called Immanuel Is. 7:14 Matt. 1:23
Ministry in Galilee Is. 9:1-2 Matt. 4:12-16
Light to the Gentiles Is. 9:1-2 Luke 2:28-32
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
24. 2424
MessianicMessianic
Prophecies - 4Prophecies - 4
Event Prophecy Fulfillment
Born as a male Is. 9:6-7 Mark 1:1
John 1:1-3, 14
Would be Son of God Is. 9:6 Luke 1:35
Despised Is. 53:3 Luke 4:28-29
Rejected Is. 53:3 Matt. 27:21-23
Side pierced Zech. 12:10 John 19:34,37
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25. 2525
MessianicMessianic
Prophecies - 5Prophecies - 5
Event Prophecy Fulfillment
Silent when accused Is. 53:7 Matt. 27:12-14
Buried by a rich man Is. 53:9 Luke 23:50-53
Die for all mankind Is. 53:11 John 12:27
Condemned with
criminals
Is. 53:12 Luke 23:32-33
Part of new and
everlasting covenant
Is. 55:3-4 Matt. 26:28;
Mark 14:24
OverviewOverview
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ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
26. 2626
MessianicMessianic
Prophecies - 6Prophecies - 6
Event Prophecy Fulfillment
Born in Bethlehem Micah 5:2 Luke 2:4-7
Enter Jerusalem on a
donkey
Zech. 9:9 Matt. 21:1-11
Sold for 30 pieces of
silver
Zech. 11:12 Matt. 26:15
Silver used to buy a
potter’s field
Zech. 11:13 Matt. 27:7
Forerunner to prepare
the way
Mal. 3:1 Matt. 11:10
OverviewOverview
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Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
27. 2727
Significance of theSignificance of the
MessianicMessianic
PropheciesProphecies
Prophecies written down later on?Prophecies written down later on?
– NO, early documents found as part of the DeadNO, early documents found as part of the Dead
Sea Scrolls confirm the dates of the propheciesSea Scrolls confirm the dates of the prophecies
How do we know these are Messianic?How do we know these are Messianic?
– They were recognized and discussed by the JewsThey were recognized and discussed by the Jews
before Jesus’ birthbefore Jesus’ birth
Two missions fulfilled in one person?Two missions fulfilled in one person?
– Is. 61:1-3Is. 61:1-3 – Good News & Day of Wrath– Good News & Day of Wrath
– Made possible by Jesus’ resurrectionMade possible by Jesus’ resurrection
OverviewOverview
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IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
28. 2828
Couldn’t SomeoneCouldn’t Someone
Else Fulfill TheseElse Fulfill These
Prophecies?Prophecies?
Couldn’t anyone else have fulfilledCouldn’t anyone else have fulfilled
these prophecies if they really tried?these prophecies if they really tried?
How do we know Jesus is THEHow do we know Jesus is THE
Messiah?Messiah?
– Other religions say they have a ProphetOther religions say they have a Prophet
that followed in Jesus’ footsteps – the realthat followed in Jesus’ footsteps – the real
Messiah?Messiah?
Jews are still waiting for the MessiahJews are still waiting for the Messiah
– The “real” Messiah still to come?The “real” Messiah still to come?
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
29. 2929
MessianicMessianic
Prophecy IssuesProphecy Issues
Many of the prophecies are not underMany of the prophecies are not under
human controlhuman control
– Born in BethlehemBorn in Bethlehem
– Born of a virginBorn of a virgin
– Come out of Egypt (as a young child)Come out of Egypt (as a young child)
Many have proclaimed to be theMany have proclaimed to be the
MessiahMessiah
– Some have founded religions and cultsSome have founded religions and cults
Jesus Himself warned of falseJesus Himself warned of false
MessiahsMessiahs
– Matt. 7:15Matt. 7:15;; 24:1124:11,, 23-2523-25;; Mark 13:21-Mark 13:21-
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IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
30. # of
manuscripts
copies
When more than one ancient
manuscript is considered
excellent, and when 6 or
more is deemed an
embarrassment of riches,
what shall we say when the
New Testament has
24,970
Evaluating theEvaluating the
integrity of Ancientintegrity of Ancient
WritingsWritings
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
31. Evaluating theEvaluating the
integrity of Ancientintegrity of Ancient
WritingsWritings
Documented manuscripts and fragmentsDocumented manuscripts and fragments
Papyrus and ParchmentPapyrus and Parchment
There are over 5,800 Greek manuscripts of theThere are over 5,800 Greek manuscripts of the
New TestamentNew Testament
The earliest manuscriptThe earliest manuscript
P52, a fragment from John 18, discovered in 1934P52, a fragment from John 18, discovered in 1934
Dan Wallace’s recent discovery has been datedDan Wallace’s recent discovery has been dated
back to the 1st centuryback to the 1st century
OverviewOverview
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ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
32. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
# of Manuscript
Copies
Evaluating theEvaluating the
integrity of Ancientintegrity of Ancient
WritingsWritings
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
33. Time gap between authorship and earliest extant
copies
Time Span (years)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Evaluating theEvaluating the
integrity of Ancientintegrity of Ancient
WritingsWritings
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
34. “The interval, then, between the dates of
original composition and the earliest
extant evidence becomes so small as to be
in fact negligible, and the last foundation
for any doubt that the Scriptures have
come down to us substantially as they
were written has now been removed.
Both the authenticity and the general
integrity of the books of the New
Testament may be regarded as finally
established.”
– Frederic G. Kenyon
Former director/principal librarian of the British Museum
Evaluating the integrity of AncientEvaluating the integrity of Ancient
WritingsWritings
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
35. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 3535
Important NTImportant NT
ManuscriptsManuscripts
John Rylands’ MS (125 AD)John Rylands’ MS (125 AD)
– Oldest extant fragment of Gospel of JohnOldest extant fragment of Gospel of John
– Found in EgyptFound in Egypt
Bodmer papyrus II (150-200 AD)Bodmer papyrus II (150-200 AD)
– Purchased in Egypt in 1950’s and 1960’sPurchased in Egypt in 1950’s and 1960’s
– Fragments of Gospels of John and LukeFragments of Gospels of John and Luke
Chester Beatty papyri (200 AD)Chester Beatty papyri (200 AD)
– Purchased from Egyptian dealer in 1930’sPurchased from Egyptian dealer in 1930’s
– Contains major portions of the NTContains major portions of the NT
– Includes “Harmony of four gospels” composed byIncludes “Harmony of four gospels” composed by
Tatian, an Assyrian Christian, in 160 ADTatian, an Assyrian Christian, in 160 AD
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36. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 3636
More ImportantMore Important
NT MSSNT MSS
Codex Vaticanus (325-350 AD)Codex Vaticanus (325-350 AD)
– Maintained in Vatican libraryMaintained in Vatican library
– Contains most of the BibleContains most of the Bible
– Considered one of the most trustworthy MS of the NTConsidered one of the most trustworthy MS of the NT
texttext
Codex Sinaiticus (350 AD)Codex Sinaiticus (350 AD)
– Discovered in Mt. Sinai Monastery in 1859Discovered in Mt. Sinai Monastery in 1859
– Contains most of NT and half of the OTContains most of NT and half of the OT
– Also contains many other early writingsAlso contains many other early writings
Various Codex’s dated in 400’s and 500’s ADVarious Codex’s dated in 400’s and 500’s AD
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37. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 3737
Accuracy ofAccuracy of
MSS -MSS -
TranslationsTranslations
Translated into multiple languagesTranslated into multiple languages
– NT translated into Syriac in 150 ADNT translated into Syriac in 150 AD
– NT translated into Coptic in 2NT translated into Coptic in 2ndnd
/3/3rdrd
century ADcentury AD
– NT translated into Latin in 3NT translated into Latin in 3rdrd
century ADcentury AD
– Armenian, Gothic in 4Armenian, Gothic in 4thth
/5/5thth
century ADcentury AD
– Georgian in 5Georgian in 5thth
century ADcentury AD
– Ethiopic and Nubian in 6Ethiopic and Nubian in 6thth
century ADcentury AD
Accuracy of MSS supported by various versionsAccuracy of MSS supported by various versions
More than 19,000 MSS in other languagesMore than 19,000 MSS in other languages
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38. New TestamentNew Testament
ManuscriptsManuscripts
Languag
e
Earliest Manuscript
s
Greek 130 AD 5,800
Armenian 862 AD 2,000
Coptic Late 200’s AD 975
Gothic 400 - 600 AD 6
Ethiopian 500’s AD 600
Latin 300’s AD 10,000
Syriac Early 400’s AD 350
Georgian 400’s AD 89
Slavic 900’s AD 4,000
OverviewOverview
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ProphecyProphecy
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Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
39. @ Dr. Heinz Lycklama@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama 3939
Accuracy of MSSAccuracy of MSS
– Church Fathers– Church Fathers
Early church fathers quoted NT in their writingsEarly church fathers quoted NT in their writings
Numerous quotations (up to early 4Numerous quotations (up to early 4thth
century) fromcentury) from
Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement, Origen, Tertullian,Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement, Origen, Tertullian,
Hippolytus, Eusebius – 36,289 in allHippolytus, Eusebius – 36,289 in all
86,489 quotations counted by one historian when86,489 quotations counted by one historian when
later century writings are includedlater century writings are included
NT could be recreated from the writings of the earlyNT could be recreated from the writings of the early
church fathers alone!church fathers alone!
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40. Early Churh
Father Lived
New
Testament
Citations
Justin Martyr 100 – 165 AD 300
Irenaeus 130 – 202 AD 1,800
Clement of
Alexandria
150 – 215 AD 2,500
Origen 185 – 254 AD 18,000
Tertullian 160 – 220 AD 7,200
Hippolytus 170 – 235 AD 1,300
Eusebius 263 – 339 AD 5,200
Cyprian 200 – 258 AD 1,000
New TestamentNew Testament
ManuscriptsManuscripts
OverviewOverview
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ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
41. 4141
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
Four different kinds of variantsFour different kinds of variants
1.1.Spelling/NonsenseSpelling/Nonsense readings- 75% of all variantsreadings- 75% of all variants
2.2.Untranslatable wordsUntranslatable words – do not change the meaning– do not change the meaning
of the textof the text
3.3.Meaningful, non-viable variantsMeaningful, non-viable variants -- variants that wouldvariants that would
make a difference, but do not claim to be original Lukemake a difference, but do not claim to be original Luke
16:22-late manuscript doesn’t include ‘son of man’16:22-late manuscript doesn’t include ‘son of man’
4.4.Meaningful and viable variantsMeaningful and viable variants - less than 1% of all- less than 1% of all
variants.variants.
OverviewOverview
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IntegrityIntegrity
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
42. 4242
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
Meaningful and viable variantsMeaningful and viable variants - less than 1% of all- less than 1% of all
variants.variants.
– Differences affect what particular passage teaches, but doDifferences affect what particular passage teaches, but do
not jeopardize essential beliefsnot jeopardize essential beliefs
– Acts 7:4- additional phraseActs 7:4- additional phrase
– Mark 16:9-20- longer endingMark 16:9-20- longer ending
– John 7,9- woman caught in adulteryJohn 7,9- woman caught in adultery
– In handwritten ancient documents, this is to be expectedIn handwritten ancient documents, this is to be expected
and actuallyand actually adds to the credibility of the New Testamentadds to the credibility of the New Testament
as a historical, reliable documentas a historical, reliable document..
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Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
43. 4343
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
Do the writers use the right names?Do the writers use the right names?
Tal Ilan: The Lexicon of Jewish names in later antiquity – MohrTal Ilan: The Lexicon of Jewish names in later antiquity – Mohr
SiebeckSiebeck
– The right pattern of names for the area signifying they have eyewitnessThe right pattern of names for the area signifying they have eyewitness
accessaccess
Richard Bauckham; Jesus and the EyewitnessesRichard Bauckham; Jesus and the Eyewitnesses
– Correlates 1st century Jewish Palestinian names with those of the Gospels andCorrelates 1st century Jewish Palestinian names with those of the Gospels and
Acts: results within 1%Acts: results within 1%
– Comparison with nearby countries – popular namesComparison with nearby countries – popular names
The right features of namesThe right features of names
– The popularity of Simon – Simon Cephas, the Zealot, the Leper, of Cyrene, theThe popularity of Simon – Simon Cephas, the Zealot, the Leper, of Cyrene, the
tannertanner
– Matthew 10:2-4, disambiguation of namesMatthew 10:2-4, disambiguation of names
– Only most common names have qualifiers in this listOnly most common names have qualifiers in this list
OverviewOverview
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TextualTextual CriticismCriticism
44. 4444
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
The top 6 male names in first century Palestine are:
1.Simon/Simeon [Freq 8]
2.Joseph/Joses [Freq 6]
3.Lazarus/Eleazar [Freq 1]
4.Judas/Judah [Freq 5]
5.John/Yohanan [Freq 5]
6.Jesus/Joshua [Freq 2]
7.We can see, therefore, that there exists a remarkable correlation
between first century Palestinian names outside and inside the
New Testament.
OverviewOverview
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ProphecyProphecy
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TextualTextual CriticismCriticism
45. 4545
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
What is especially remarkable about this is that the rankings of
names in Palestine does not correspond with the rankings of those
names in other regions. For example, the rankings of names in Egypt
during that period are:
1) Eleazar (ranked 3rd in Palestine)
2) Sabbataius (ranked 68= in Palestine)
3) Joseph (ranked 2 in Palestine)
4) Dositheus (ranked 16 in Palestine)
5) Pappus (ranked 39= in Palestine)
6) Ptolemaius (ranked 50= in Palestine)
7) Samuel (ranked 23 in Palestine)
Such a correlation clearly suggests a close connection to the time
and place (first century Palestine) in which the events that the
gospels narrate unfolded.
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TextualTextual CriticismCriticism
46. 4646
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
Curiously, this contrasts strikingly with the second century apocryphal
gospels in which such a correlation is not borne out.
But we can go further. Consider the following excerpt from Matthew 10
(verses 2-4) where we are given the names of the twelve disciples. Where
these names feature in the top 90 names, their ranking is given in brackets:
“Simon (1), called Peter, and Andrew his brother, and James (11) the son of
Zebedee, and John (5) his brother; Philip (61=) and Bartholomew (50=);
Thomas and Matthew (9) the tax collector; James (11) the son of Alphaeus,
and Thaddaeus (39=); Simon (1) the Cananaean, and Judas (4) Iscariot,
who also betrayed him.”
Notice that there is correlation between those names that have a high
ranking and those names that are assigned a qualifier. The lower ranked
names do not have a qualifier.
OverviewOverview
Why the BibleWhy the Bible
ProphecyProphecy
IntegrityIntegrity
TextualTextual CriticismCriticism
47. 4747
Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
Geography: Do they know the places described?
The four gospels mention 12-14 towns each, for a total of 23
places including tiny villages
– The Gospel of Philip only mentions Jerusalem and Nazareth
– The Gospel of Peter mentions only Jerusalem
– Other 2nd/3rd century gospels mention no specific places
What if the four New Testament gospels told things as they really
happened?
They mention the place names naturally, not in a way that’s
intrusive.
This is about a real time and place.
OverviewOverview
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ProphecyProphecy
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TextualTextual CriticismCriticism
48. BookBook
RecommendationsRecommendations
Norman Geisler and William E. Nix,
From God to Us
F. F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents:
Are They Reliable
Craig Blomberg and William Lane Craig,
Reasonable Faith
John W. Wenham
Inerrancy
OverviewOverview
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Editor's Notes
Fa
The Qur'an frequently describes the earth as "spread out", often comparing it to a "carpet". Unless you have some kind of freaky 3D carpet, that's pretty flat.
"And the earth have We spread out, and placed therein firm hills, and caused each seemly thing to grow therein," (Qur'an 15:19).
"He Who has, made for you the earth like a carpet spread out; has enabled you to go about therein by roads (and channels); and has sent down water from the sky." With it have We produced diverse pairs of plants each separate from the others." (Qur'an 20:53, Yusuf Ali).
"(Yea, the same that) has made for you the earth (like a carpet) spread out, and has made for you roads (and channels) therein, in order that ye may find guidance (on the way);" (Qur'an 43:10, Yusuf Ali).
"And the earth — We have spread it out, and set thereon mountains standing firm, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs)" (Qur'an 50:7, Yusuf Ali).
"And the earth have We laid out, how gracious is the Spreader (thereof)!" (Qur'an 51:48).
DESCRITPIONREFERENCE
The Sun on a circuit through space.Psalm 19:6
The Earth is SphericalJob 26:10
Earth suspended on nothingJob 26:7
The stars are beyond ability to count *Jeremiah 33:32
The universe had a beginning in space and timeGenesis 1:1
The universe is sustained with immutable lawsJeremiah 33:25
Universe subjected to law of decay (2nd law of thermodynamics)Romans 8: 18-21
In this lexicon, Tal Ilan collects all the information on names of Jews in lands west of Palestine, in which Greek and Latin was spoken, and on the people who bore them between 330 BCE, a date which marks the Hellenistic conquest of East, and 650 CE, approximately the date when the Muslim conquest of East and the southern Mediterranean basin was completed. The corpus includes names from literary sources, but those mentioned in epigraphic and papyrological documents form the vast majority of the database. This lexicon is an onomasticon in as far as it is a collection of all the recorded names used by the Jews of the western Diaspora in the above-mentioned period. Tal Ilan discusses the provenance of the names and explains them etymologically, given the many possible sources of influence for the names at that time. In addition she shows the division between the use of biblical names and the use of Greek, Latin and other foreign names, and points out the most popular names. This book is also a prosopography since Ilan analyzes the identity of the persons mentioned therein.The lexicon is accompanied by a lengthy and comprehensive introduction that scrutinizes the main trends in name giving current at the time. A large part of it is devoted to the question of how one can identify a Jew in a mostly non-Jewish society.
In this lexicon, Tal Ilan collects all the information on names of Jews in lands west of Palestine, in which Greek and Latin was spoken, and on the people who bore them between 330 BCE, a date which marks the Hellenistic conquest of East, and 650 CE, approximately the date when the Muslim conquest of East and the southern Mediterranean basin was completed. The corpus includes names from literary sources, but those mentioned in epigraphic and papyrological documents form the vast majority of the database. This lexicon is an onomasticon in as far as it is a collection of all the recorded names used by the Jews of the western Diaspora in the above-mentioned period. Tal Ilan discusses the provenance of the names and explains them etymologically, given the many possible sources of influence for the names at that time. In addition she shows the division between the use of biblical names and the use of Greek, Latin and other foreign names, and points out the most popular names. This book is also a prosopography since Ilan analyzes the identity of the persons mentioned therein.The lexicon is accompanied by a lengthy and comprehensive introduction that scrutinizes the main trends in name giving current at the time. A large part of it is devoted to the question of how one can identify a Jew in a mostly non-Jewish society.
In this lexicon, Tal Ilan collects all the information on names of Jews in lands west of Palestine, in which Greek and Latin was spoken, and on the people who bore them between 330 BCE, a date which marks the Hellenistic conquest of East, and 650 CE, approximately the date when the Muslim conquest of East and the southern Mediterranean basin was completed. The corpus includes names from literary sources, but those mentioned in epigraphic and papyrological documents form the vast majority of the database. This lexicon is an onomasticon in as far as it is a collection of all the recorded names used by the Jews of the western Diaspora in the above-mentioned period. Tal Ilan discusses the provenance of the names and explains them etymologically, given the many possible sources of influence for the names at that time. In addition she shows the division between the use of biblical names and the use of Greek, Latin and other foreign names, and points out the most popular names. This book is also a prosopography since Ilan analyzes the identity of the persons mentioned therein.The lexicon is accompanied by a lengthy and comprehensive introduction that scrutinizes the main trends in name giving current at the time. A large part of it is devoted to the question of how one can identify a Jew in a mostly non-Jewish society.
But we can go further. Consider the following excerpt from Matthew 10 (verses 2-4) where we are given the names of the twelve disciples. Where these names feature in the top 90 names, their ranking is given in brackets:
Simon (1), called Peter, and Andrew his brother, and James (11) the son of Zebedee, and John (5) his brother; Philip (61=) and Bartholomew (50=); Thomas and Matthew (9) the tax collector; James (11) the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus (39=); Simon (1) the Cananaean, and Judas (4) Iscariot, who also betrayed him.
Notice that there is correlation between those names that have a high ranking and those names that are assigned a qualifier. The lower ranked names do not have a qualifier.
But we can go further. Consider the following excerpt from Matthew 10 (verses 2-4) where we are given the names of the twelve disciples. Where these names feature in the top 90 names, their ranking is given in brackets:
Simon (1), called Peter, and Andrew his brother, and James (11) the son of Zebedee, and John (5) his brother; Philip (61=) and Bartholomew (50=); Thomas and Matthew (9) the tax collector; James (11) the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus (39=); Simon (1) the Cananaean, and Judas (4) Iscariot, who also betrayed him.
Notice that there is correlation between those names that have a high ranking and those names that are assigned a qualifier. The lower ranked names do not have a qualifier.