A report published by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions in June 2013 which looks at how the use of natural gas can be paired with renewable energy sources in the coming years to further reduce so-called greenhouse gas emissions--carbon and methane--which theoretically will help reduce (don't laugh), "climate change." Of course the climate changes all the time, but don't tell the politicians and Mother Earth worshipers that.
World Energy Situation and 21st Century Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
An overview of the current power market in the US and the impact it may have on other parts of the world. This was first presented at a workshop held at the University of Tokyo in Japan on Feb 25, 2014
A report published by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions in June 2013 which looks at how the use of natural gas can be paired with renewable energy sources in the coming years to further reduce so-called greenhouse gas emissions--carbon and methane--which theoretically will help reduce (don't laugh), "climate change." Of course the climate changes all the time, but don't tell the politicians and Mother Earth worshipers that.
World Energy Situation and 21st Century Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
An overview of the current power market in the US and the impact it may have on other parts of the world. This was first presented at a workshop held at the University of Tokyo in Japan on Feb 25, 2014
Improvement in electrical network stability meshed with renewable Haim R. Branisteanu
A 3-page proposal that was submitted to Dr. Tatiana Mitrova
Director of the SKOLKOVO Energy Centre at (https://energy.skolkovo.ru/en/senec/team/) by e-mail over a year ago to encourage the Russian establishment to convert the Russian economy toward hydrogen. A similar request was also sent through the official website of Russian PM in Sept. 2019
I presented at Argus Methanol Forum yesterday. Talked about methanol as a renewable liquid fuel option that can offer efficient vehicle for large scale utilization and monetization of renewable energy resources.
The first quarter of 2009 has ushered in a new era for the alternate energy market in the US. This has resulted in a visible increase in interest on alternate energy technologies. Most would think the attention to alternate energy has come just in time, especially with the rise in fossil fuel prices, stringent environmental regulations, and significant changes in preferences among consumers.
Challenges Facing Grid Integration of Renewable Energy in the GCC RegionPower System Operation
The GCC is likely to have a larger current account surplus than either Japan
or Germany in 2012-13 as high oil prices boost exports. The actual spending of the
GCC countries is projected to be higher, and this means more projects will be carried
out in the region.
Over the past decades, the GCC countries have relied on oil as the main source
of income and the entire economy revolved around it. However, along with economic
development, growing industrial development has led to higher energy demand for
local needs. Fig. 2 shows the world electricity consumption growth from 2007 to
2050. Notice that the Middle East region is expected to reach 300 percent growth in
2050. GCC energy consumption has grown 74 percent since 2000 and is projected
to nearly double its current levels by 2020.
Introduction
With the development of the Renewable Energy Sources worldwide, the concept of a global electricity network has been imagined in order to take advantage of the diversity from different time zones, seasons, load patterns and the intermittency of the generation, thus supporting a balanced coordination of power supply of all interconnected countries.
In 2016, CIGRE decided to launch a feasibility study on this concept of global electricity network. In this respect, the WG C1.35 has been set up to provide a possible geographical and technical configuration and preconditions for its feasibility considering technology and economical aspects.
Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global EnergyLarry Smarr
10.06.08
Keynote Opening Talk
Xconomy Forum: The Rise of Smart Energy
Title: Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global Energy System
La Jolla, CA
Climate Change: Implications for EnergyECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base
that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the energy sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
Improvement in electrical network stability meshed with renewable Haim R. Branisteanu
A 3-page proposal that was submitted to Dr. Tatiana Mitrova
Director of the SKOLKOVO Energy Centre at (https://energy.skolkovo.ru/en/senec/team/) by e-mail over a year ago to encourage the Russian establishment to convert the Russian economy toward hydrogen. A similar request was also sent through the official website of Russian PM in Sept. 2019
I presented at Argus Methanol Forum yesterday. Talked about methanol as a renewable liquid fuel option that can offer efficient vehicle for large scale utilization and monetization of renewable energy resources.
The first quarter of 2009 has ushered in a new era for the alternate energy market in the US. This has resulted in a visible increase in interest on alternate energy technologies. Most would think the attention to alternate energy has come just in time, especially with the rise in fossil fuel prices, stringent environmental regulations, and significant changes in preferences among consumers.
Challenges Facing Grid Integration of Renewable Energy in the GCC RegionPower System Operation
The GCC is likely to have a larger current account surplus than either Japan
or Germany in 2012-13 as high oil prices boost exports. The actual spending of the
GCC countries is projected to be higher, and this means more projects will be carried
out in the region.
Over the past decades, the GCC countries have relied on oil as the main source
of income and the entire economy revolved around it. However, along with economic
development, growing industrial development has led to higher energy demand for
local needs. Fig. 2 shows the world electricity consumption growth from 2007 to
2050. Notice that the Middle East region is expected to reach 300 percent growth in
2050. GCC energy consumption has grown 74 percent since 2000 and is projected
to nearly double its current levels by 2020.
Introduction
With the development of the Renewable Energy Sources worldwide, the concept of a global electricity network has been imagined in order to take advantage of the diversity from different time zones, seasons, load patterns and the intermittency of the generation, thus supporting a balanced coordination of power supply of all interconnected countries.
In 2016, CIGRE decided to launch a feasibility study on this concept of global electricity network. In this respect, the WG C1.35 has been set up to provide a possible geographical and technical configuration and preconditions for its feasibility considering technology and economical aspects.
Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global EnergyLarry Smarr
10.06.08
Keynote Opening Talk
Xconomy Forum: The Rise of Smart Energy
Title: Limiting Global Climatic Disruption by Revolutionary Change in the Global Energy System
La Jolla, CA
Climate Change: Implications for EnergyECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base
that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the energy sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
Green Hydrogen Energy Fuel for the Future in Indiaijtsrd
Hydrogen has an important potential role in a net zero economy as it has no carbon emissions at the point of use. Hydrogen fuels are versatile, capable of being produced and used in many ways, including production from renewable sources and applications to decarbonize challenging areas, such as heavy transport, industry, and heat, as well as the storage and transport of energy. It is already widely used in industry and agriculture, but their current production carries a high greenhouse gas footprint. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions could be achieved through decarbonization of production for both existing and new applications. However, it currently faces challenges that require technological advances, including in their generation, storage, and use, particularly the costs involved in achieving net zero life cycle emissions. Further research, development, demonstration, and deployment are required to identify the areas where hydrogen can make a critical difference in practice. Dr. Arvind Kumar | Prabhash Kumar "Green Hydrogen - Energy Fuel for the Future in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52815.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/52815/green-hydrogen--energy-fuel-for-the-future-in-india/dr-arvind-kumar
Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities and Challenges for a Sustainable FutureChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, Rajini K R Karduri, "Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities and Challenges
for a Sustainable Future", International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST), Volume 6,Issue 2,February 2020,pp:69-76
Secure Supply USA FIlls the GREEN H2 Energy Storage and Mw Class Energy Generation application which provide's a unique place within the Hydrogen Council's project's.
www.securesupplyusa.com
In the quest for sustainable and clean energy solutions, hydrogen has emerged as a promising candidate, offering a myriad of possibilities to reshape the global energy landscape. Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, holds the potential to revolutionize the way we produce, store, and consume energy. This article explores the advancements in hydrogen energy technology and its role in fostering a more sustainable and greener future.
Hydrogen storage - Final Piece of the Renewable Energy Puzzle?BXD
According to the IEA Electricity Market Report of Feb 2023, by 2025 world electricity demand will increase to 2,500 TWh above 2022 levels, meaning that over the next three years the annual increase in electricity consumption will be approximately equivalent to that of Germany and the United
Kingdom combined. A sobering thought!
Renewables and nuclear energy will dominate the growth of global electricity supply over this period, together meeting on average more than 90% of the additional demand, with their share of the power
generation mix rising from the 2022 level of 29% to 35% in 2025. China is set to meet more than 45% of renewables generation, and the EU 15%.
The difficulty is that, while being an excellent medium for renewable energy storage, hydrogen itself is
tricky to store.
This is because it has a low volumetric energy density compared with other gases — such as natural
gas — meaning it takes up much more space. Also, hydrogen has a boiling point close to absolute zero
and so in its liquid form requires cryogenic storage. Furthermore, under certain conditions, it can
cause cracks in metals, particularly in iron and high strength steel. This is known as ‘hydrogen embrittlement’. However it’s a potential issue that can be resolved.
Flexibility with renewable(low-carbon) hydrogenIEA-ETSAP
Flexibility with renewable hydrogen
Paul Dodds, Jana Fakhreddine & Kari Espegren, IEA ETSAP
16–17th november 2023, Turin, Italy, etsap meeting, etsap winter workshop, semi-annual meeting, november 2023, Politecnico di Torino Lingotto, Torino
The world is facing a pressing need to find sustainable energy solutions, and one promising tool in the fight to cut carbon emissions and switch to cleaner energy sources is hydrogen technology. Being a flexible and plentiful element, hydrogen has the power to completely transform a range of industries, including transportation and manufacturing. This essay will examine the condition of hydrogen technology solutions today and how they can help us move toward a more sustainable future.
Green Hydrogen Market worth $7,314 million by 2027 growing at a CAGR of 61.0%. The mobility industry accounted for a share of 58% in terms of value in the Green Hydrogen Market in 2022 and is projected to reach USD 4,550 million by 2027 at a CAGR of 63.4%. The power sector is projected to witness the second-highest CAGR of 63.0%, growing from USD 88.5 million in 2022 to USD 1018 million by 2027.
"The captivating journey of ever-changing horizons of the Energy Industry, where innovation meets sustainability and revolution reshapes the future. Witness the dynamic tapestry of technological advancements, renewable solutions, and groundbreaking discoveries, as the landscape of energy unfolds before your eyes. Uncover the driving forces propelling humanity towards a world that is cleaner and more efficient. Witness the transformative shift of traditional paradigms and the emergence of new frontiers, where the power to shape a brighter tomorrow rests firmly within our reach.. Embark on a remarkable odyssey through the evolving landscape of the Energy Industry, where progress and potential intertwine to illuminate a path towards a greener and more sustainable future."
From Coal to Clean Energy: The Evolution of Domestic Fuel Sourcespaulgreeen90
Domestic fuel sources have undergone a remarkable evolution over the years, driven by technological advancements, environmental concerns, and shifting energy priorities. One of the most significant transitions has been the move away from coal towards cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives. In this blog, we'll explore the historical trajectory of domestic oil sources, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by this evolution.
From Coal to Clean Energy: The Evolution of Domestic Fuel Sourcespaulgreeen90
Domestic fuel sources have undergone a remarkable evolution over the years, driven by technological advancements, environmental concerns, and shifting energy priorities. One of the most significant transitions has been the move away from coal towards cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives. In this blog, we'll explore the historical trajectory of domestic oil sources, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by this evolution.
The Long-Term Energy Storage Conundrum and its Impact on the Clean Energy Tra...BXD
A key factor holding back the transition from CO2 intensive fossil fuel based power generation to clean (green) energy-based sustainable production is that of how to store energy that is essentially
intermittently produced.
In an exclusive interview with BXD, Mark Howitt, CTO of Manchester, UK, based Storelectric, discusses the current state of the clean energy transition worldwide, the need for long-duration energy storage, the place for hydrogen in national grids, and a way to eliminate the renewable
energy intermittency issue, reduce energy wastage and increase efficiency.
Hydrogen is perfect for the gas grid: up to 10-15% mix with natural gas can be achieved with minimal network modifications and upgrades. Beyond that, it's inappropriate until you hit 100%. That's because a mix is only useful where it's being burned. But the applications for which hydrogen is best suited require 100% purity – applications such as fuel cells, transportation, fuel and chemical synthesis, iron smelting, steel production, and so on.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEijsrd.com
In the history of internal combustion engine development, hydrogen has been considered at several phases as a substitute of hydrocarbon-based fuels. Starting from the 70’s, there have been several attempts to convert engines for hydrogen operation. Together with the development in gas injector technology it has become possible to control precisely the injection of hydrogen for safe operation. Here we are using stainless steel plate as electrode in the electrolytic cell, the electrolyte being water and NACL salt. The electrolytic cell we used is a 12V battery case made of plastic. The cross sectional layers are cut such that the stainless steel plate fix in the battery case. The plates are separated by very small distance and the plates are given parallel holes for electron flow to be uniform. The power source to the kit is provided by a 12V and 9Ams battery. We used a transparent tube to supply the hydrogen produced in the kit to the air hose tube of our motor cycle. In order to keep the battery charged we used two 6 Amp diode to power the battery while running. There is a separate switch to power the kit and to protect the battery from getting drained. The stainless steel plates are of 50cm length, 25cm height, 2 millimeter thickness. The battery case can hold up to 5 liters of electrolyte. The use of hydrogen with petrol to power the vehicle has resulted in increase in vehicle mileage, accelerating speed with most important task of reduction in exhaust emission.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
2. 01 ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In May 2019, the Energy Research Partnership brought
together key industry and government stakeholders to
conduct a ‘state of the industry’ review of the potential role of
hydrogen in future energy systems.
Falling costs of renewable generation, particularly
wind and solar, have led to good progress being
made to decarbonise the electricity sector. This
is now driving demand for new and innovative
methods for providing storage and flexibility in the
electricity system.
The next challenge is widely accepted to be
delivering similar results for the transport and
heating sectors. Electrification of cars is gathering
pace, but there are still broader challenges around
the decarbonisation of heavy goods movement,
shipping and aviation.
Similarly, in heat, improving energy efficiency will
play a significant role in reducing the scale of the
decarbonisation challenge, but will not avoid the
significant seasonal fluctuations associated with
heat demand. With this, electrification will play
a role in new building stock, however it will be
challenging to deliver for Britain’s homes built
before the 21st Century.
The Energy Research Partnership has concluded
that hydrogen, together with the advances made
in the electricity system, has a potential role to
play in meeting the needs of a low or zero-carbon
energy system.
Recent research and demonstrator projects have
shown that integrating the use of hydrogen into
Britain’s energy system is technically feasible.
Furthermore, for many sectors such as domestic,
commercial and industrial heating, the adoption
of hydrogen presents an opportunity to upgrade
existing technology without significant changes in
consumer behaviour.
While there is considerable debate over whether
future energy systems should remain highly
centralised or take a more decentralised
architecture, Energy Systems Catapult analysis
indicates that either scenario will require some
dependence on hydrogen to meet the
Government’s legally binding targets on climate
change.
The use of hydrogen as a means to store and
transfer energy will not be without its challenges.
Currently sources of hydrogen are reliant upon the
process of Steam Methane Reformation (SMR)2
of
natural gas, which requires Carbon Capture Use
and Storage (CCUS) to ensure net carbon emissions
are as close to zero as possible.
Looking forward, hydrogen production could
come from a wider range of sources as more
renewable generation sources drive the
economics to support hydrogen adoption,
in turn leading to reductions in electrolyser
costs through deployment, thereby reducing
hydrogen costs further.
In domestic heating,Worcester Bosch, a leading
boiler manufacturer, has demonstrated that
hydrogen can be safely integrated into the home
with no increase in harmful Nitrous Oxide emissions
and with overall lower risk to safety than natural
gas.While uptake of new technologies can take
decades, the uptake of hydrogen in heating is
expected to require evolution of existing designs
rather than revolutionary new systems.
Britain is in a unique position to lead the way in
adapting its energy system to accommodate
hydrogen as a new energy vector. It presents
an opportunity to develop new skills to support
clean growth and the industrial strategy, while
refocussing existing expertise in financing,
developing, designing and deploying complex
energy solutions. This strategy won’t be without
risk; it will require bold decision making from
policymakers, regulators and industry and strong
consumer engagement as we adapt to a
zero-carbon emitting energy system.
3. ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR 02
AN EMERGING ROLE FOR HYDROGEN
AS A NEW ENERGY VECTOR
‘Falling costs of renewable generation, particularly wind and
solar are driving demand for new and innovative energy
storage solutions. However, the decarbonisation of the
energy system has the potential to remove significant long-
term storage solutions in the form of fossil fuels that provide
inherent resilience to our energy system.’
The extent of the future application of hydrogen
in the energy system is currently unclear,
however, if the major challenges of large-
scale production and storage are understood,
hydrogen could play a significant part in the
future UK energy system.
A combination of energy efficiency and
electrification based on zero-carbon electricity can
take the UK a great deal of the way towards near-
full decarbonisation of the whole energy system.
But it is a strategy that, alone, may not be
enough. Producing hydrogen in low-carbon
ways and using it to meet challenging demands
(e.g. for heat in industrial processes, for heating
buildings on colder winter days and for heavy
transport) is likely to be an important part of the
next stage of the UK’s energy transition1
.
Hydrogen has the potential to capture and
store renewable energy resource at locations
distant from demand centres. Energy that would
otherwise not be available for useful deployment.
Hydrogen holds the potential to work closely
together with renewable generation by creating a
firm energy commodity. Hydrogen is well suited
to longer storage horizons, including the inter-
seasonal storage needed to accommodate winter
peaks in energy demand.
4. 03 ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR
HYDROGEN ALLOWS
MULTISECTOR APPLICATIONS
‘Hydrogen has the advantage of a multisector application and
will be a key enabler for a future net-zero energy system. This
flexibility will help optimise its applications to reduce carbon
emissions in as cost-effective manner as possible.’
Hydrogen in transport has the potential to
decarbonise larger vehicle applications (heavy
goods vehicles, trains and public transport
systems) where battery capacity and recharging
times may make battery technology less viable.
Reduced vehicle emitted pollutants in cities will
also contribute to improved air quality and the
associated health impacts3
.
The application of hydrogen to industry
offers considerable process and heating
decarbonisation opportunities and focusing
on a more regional application will optimise
infrastructure requirements and associated
costs.
The application of ‘hydrogen ready’ heating
boilers4
, coupled with heat pump technology,
would enable intelligent hybrid heating systems,
offering the potential to manage effectively,
system heating peaks whilst utilising existing
gas and electricity infrastructure to domestic
premises.
Innovation in end user applications are likely
to develop rapidly once a commitment to a
widespread hydrogen conversion is made.
Consumers will be able to either opt for basic
replacement appliances or select more novel
solutions. These choices will be determined by
a combination of capital and running costs and
the functionality they provide.
5. ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR 04
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
IS A KEY CHALLENGE
‘The large-scale production of hydrogen presents considerable
challenges both in scaling of existing technology but also the
extent of the supply chain that will need to be established to
support such high volumes of hydrogen.’
Whilst hydrogen production in the chemicals
industry is not new, production at the levels
required to facilitate a meaningful hydrogen
economy will have considerable challenges
to overcome. The true costs of hydrogen
as part of the energy system will need to be
fully understood as early as possible.
Currently the largest method of hydrogen
production is by Steam Methane Reformation
(SMR)2
. To significantly reduce the carbon
footprint of this process, Carbon Capture
Use and Storage (CCUS) technology must be
applied to capture the carbon dioxide that is
produced from the process. Methane-derived
hydrogen is inextricably tied to the successful
deployment of CCUS, a process that is not
zero-carbon. Further research is needed to
demonstrate that fossil fuel derived hydrogen
with CCUS is compatible with decarbonisation
targets.
Whilst these technologies are in widespread
use, work is currently being undertaken on more
innovative reformation processes which are
more efficient and have a lower CO2
footprint.
Electrolysis via renewables is a method in
which the generated electricity splits water into
hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen can then
be stored, and the oxygen can be released into
the air or stored. Whilst this method has a near
zero-carbon footprint, challenges associated
with volume production and costs, currently limit
the extent of its early application at volume2
.
Although indigenous UK hydrogen production
through renewable or other decarbonised
means will be important, there is an emerging
perspective which envisages globally traded
hydrogen moving from parts of the world with
ubiquitous renewable resource to those areas
which are less well provisioned.
Hydrogen storage will become an increasingly
important component of the overall supply
chain. There is an opportunity for the UK to
explore and lead in this area of large-scale
hydrogen storage technology.
6. 05 ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR
HYDROGEN CAN UTILISE EXISTING
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS
‘One of the major advantages of the supply of hydrogen as a
replacement for natural gas is the repurposing of the existing
natural gas network to distribute hydrogen to industry and
domestic properties. This repurposing of existing natural gas
network assets will considerably improve the viability of the wider
application of hydrogen.’
Following the H21 Leeds City Gate5
study,
which demonstrated the technical feasibility
of repurposing the gas distribution network
for hydrogen, there are now a number of
research projects underway, largely funded by
government bodies and the gas distribution
companies. These are looking at a diverse range
of issues including safety, technical feasibility,
economics and consumer acceptance.
This repurposing of existing natural gas
network6
assets will considerably improve the
viability of the wider application of hydrogen.
It is the co-ordination between government
and industry players that is the key challenge
in converting this infrastructure from natural
gas to hydrogen. This will not be the first time
such a large-scale repurposing of an energy
distribution asset has taken place in the UK.
In the 1960’s the gas network was converted
from “town gas”, manufactured from coal to
“natural gas” from the North Sea. A very
similar process would be required to convert
to hydrogen.
7. ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR 06
HYDROGEN IS LIKELY TO HAVE LOW
CONSUMER BEHAVIOURAL IMPACT
‘Hydrogen, particularly when replacing natural gas for
domestic heating, has the potential for minimal consumer
behavioural impact.’
Manufacturers of hydrogen boiler technology
have produced prototype boilers which are
physically similar to natural gas boilers4
with
similar functionality and performance. This
approach has been driven by the technology
but also very significantly by hydrogen
technology having little or no negative impact
on daily life, promoting consumer acceptance.
Whilst the impact of hydrogen technology
offers the potential of least behavioural
impact, consumer acceptance7
of the hybrid
applications of hydrogen and other low carbon
technologies will be fundamental to its wider
application.
8. 07 ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR
HYDROGEN – A GLOBAL
OPPORTUNITY FOR THE UK
‘The UK has accumulated significant knowledge and experience
in the production, application and distribution of hydrogen and
the potential exists to create a new exportable opportunity for
the UK to lead globally in hydrogen economy technologies and
systems.’
In recent years considerable progress has been
made within the UK hydrogen industry with
projects across production, transportation and
application, projects include:
• Orkney Surf Turf8
and Levenmouth Bright
Green Hydrogen9
demonstrators
• Health and Safety Executive approval for
the HyDeploy6
, a project trialling up to 20%
hydrogen blend in the gas network
• Transport sector using hydrogen-powered
trains10
, buses11
and fleet vehicles
• Demonstrations of hydrogen fuelled domestic
central heating boilers4
Britain is in a unique position to lead the way in
adapting its energy system to accommodate
hydrogen as a new energy vector. It presents
an opportunity to develop new skills to support
clean growth and the industrial strategy, while
refocussing existing expertise in financing,
developing, designing and deploying complex
energy solutions.
9. INITIATION OF PILOTS AND
‘AT SCALE DEMONSTRATIONS’
To support the development of policy,
business cases, technology, consumer
confidence and build supply chain
capacity.
IMPROVE PUBLIC
UNDERSTANDING
Improve consumer understanding
of potential application of hydrogen
to the energy system and determine
consumer acceptability of differing
hydrogen-based solutions to ensure
adoption risks are reduced to a
minimum.
COORDINATED RESEARCH
Formation of a centrally coordinated
group from across academia and
industry to determine knowledge
gaps and agree a portfolio of
evidence gathering research.
ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR 08
HYDROGEN ECONOMY
FUTURE ACTIONS
‘The Energy Research Partnership considers that hydrogen has
the potential to play a significant role in the future low or zero-
carbon economy. A co-ordinated approach to a cost-effective
low carbon hydrogen economy is now required.’
WHOLE CARBON ANALYSIS
OF HYDROGEN DEPLOYMENT
Implications for decarbonisation
require further analysis, in particular
taking a whole system view, including
production, carbon storage, transport
of CO2
and H, as well as hydrogen end
product.
INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATION
Whilst the UK is leading some
elements of the hydrogen economy,
there are opportunities to learn and
build on best practice from across the
world, from advanced blending to
repurposing transmission pipelines.
POLICY AND MARKET DESIGN
Government and industries must work
together to develop innovative market
structures that provide value for
money for taxpayers and offer options
to de-risk for the industry.
The ERP has concluded that the following actions are required:
10. 09 ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR
REFERENCES
1 Hydrogen in a low-carbon economy
Committee on Climate Change November 2018
www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Hydrogen-in-a-low-carbon-economy.pdf
2 Global Trends and Outlook for Hydrogen
IEA Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Program (TCP)
http://ieahydrogen.org/pdfs/Global-Outlook-and-Trends-for-Hydrogen_Dec2017_WEB.aspx
3 Clockwork Patchwork
UK Energy System Scenarios – ETI 2018
https://d2umxnkyjne36n.cloudfront.net/insightReports/Options-Choices-Actions-Updated-Low-
Res.pdf?mtime=20181003113219
4 The Future of Fuel
Worcester Bosch
https://www.worcester-bosch.co.uk/professional/hydrogen-future-of-fuel
5 Leeds City Gate H21 Project
Northern Gas Networks, Wales and West Utilities, Kiwa, AMEC Foster Wheeler
https://www.northerngasnetworks.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/H21-Report-Interactive-
PDF-July-2016.compressed.pdf
6 Hydeploy
Cadent,Northern Gas Networks, Keele University, Health and Safety Laborator, ITM Power,
Progressive Energy
https://hydeploy.co.uk/
7 Net Zero The UK’s contribution to stopping global warming
Committee on Climate Change 2019
https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Net-Zero-The-UKs-contribution-to-
stopping-global-warming.pdf
8 Orkney Surf Turf
Community Energy Scotland
http://www.surfnturf.org.uk/page/introduction
9 Levenmouth Project
Bright Green Hydrogen
https://www.brightgreenhydrogen.org.uk/levenmouth-community-energy-project/
10 Alstom and Eversholt Rail unveil a new hydrogen train design for the UK
Alstom
https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2019/1/alstom-and-eversholt-rail-unveil-new-
hydrogen-train-design-uk
11 London to have world-first hydrogen-powered double decker buses
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/10/london-to-have-world-first-hydrogen-
powered-doubledecker-buses
11. ENERGY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP | THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROGEN TO HELP DECARBONISE THE UK ENERGY SECTOR 10
ABOUT THE ENERGY RESEARCH
PARTNERSHIP
ERP is a public private partnership which brings together
a diverse range of participants from across the energy sector,
with senior level representation from industry, academia and
government. Its primary purpose is to offer a consultative
forum, which aims to accelerate innovation in the energy
sector through enhanced dialogue and communication
across industry and government. It is an independent,
not for profit organisation whose activities are funded by
Member contributions.
www.erpuk.org
CONTRIBUTING ERP MEMBERS
TO THIS REPORT
ABB
ARUP
Atkins – member of SNC-Lavalin Group
Worcester Bosch
Carbon Trust
Committee on Climate Change
Department for Business, Energy Industrial
Strategy
Department for Transport
EDF Energy
Energy Saving Trust
Energy Systems Catapult
Environment Agency
Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council (EPSRC)
Hitachi
Innovate UK
National Grid
National Infrastructure Commission
Origami Energy
Turquoise International
Scottish Enterprise
Welsh Government
UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)