The document discusses the influence of civil society organizations on climate change policies in the Philippines. It outlines the political opportunity theory of social movements which argues that favorable political conditions enhance mobilization and influence over policy outcomes. The proposed research will use quantitative methods like Poisson regression to analyze the relationship between political opportunities like Typhoon Ondoy, and variables like political mobilization, organization formation, and climate policy outcomes. It will also conduct a qualitative comparative case study of recent and older climate laws to further understand the impact of issue-specific opportunities on the policy process.
Making myanmar national land use policy and legal framework work by thyn zar ...ThynZOo
MAKING MYANMAR NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK WORK: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT IN PEOPLE FOR MYANMAR'S INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
By
Thyn Zar Oo
Public Legal Aid Network (The PLAN)
legalaidnetwork.myanmar@gmail.com
Paper prepared for presentation at the
“2019 WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND AND POVERTY”
The World Bank - Washington DC, March 25-29, 2019
Copyright 2019 by author(s). All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies.
Abstract:
"There is no compensation for inaction and lack of policies", warned a panelist in "Leveraging Policies for Sustainable Development Goals", one of the seminars in 2018 Annual Meetings of the World Bank and IMF in Bali, urging governments' immediate actions to address global issues highlighting the only alternative be the devastating crises. In light of #AM2018Bali agendas, the paper explores the context of Myanmar's challenges and opportunities: how Myanmar could make its National Land Use Policy and Legal Framework work for all its populations, including the vulnerable and marginalized by fostering inclusion, equality, rule-of-law and ensuring leveled playing field for free and fair competition. By honestly looking deep into realities of the illicit unaccounted-for economies and their thriving financing models, could the country capture and incorporate correct data to formulate comprehensive policy and regulatory frameworks. Harnessing technology, innovation and investing in the future will help Myanmar achieve its full potential.
Key words: Land, Governance, Policy, Poverty, Trafficking, Refugees, Migration, Development, Innovation, Technology, Human Capital, Investment, Economy, Financing, Legal Framework, Legislation, Legislative Drafting
Making myanmar national land use policy and legal framework work by thyn zar ...ThynZOo
MAKING MYANMAR NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK WORK: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT IN PEOPLE FOR MYANMAR'S INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
By
Thyn Zar Oo
Public Legal Aid Network (The PLAN)
legalaidnetwork.myanmar@gmail.com
Paper prepared for presentation at the
“2019 WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND AND POVERTY”
The World Bank - Washington DC, March 25-29, 2019
Copyright 2019 by author(s). All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies.
Abstract:
"There is no compensation for inaction and lack of policies", warned a panelist in "Leveraging Policies for Sustainable Development Goals", one of the seminars in 2018 Annual Meetings of the World Bank and IMF in Bali, urging governments' immediate actions to address global issues highlighting the only alternative be the devastating crises. In light of #AM2018Bali agendas, the paper explores the context of Myanmar's challenges and opportunities: how Myanmar could make its National Land Use Policy and Legal Framework work for all its populations, including the vulnerable and marginalized by fostering inclusion, equality, rule-of-law and ensuring leveled playing field for free and fair competition. By honestly looking deep into realities of the illicit unaccounted-for economies and their thriving financing models, could the country capture and incorporate correct data to formulate comprehensive policy and regulatory frameworks. Harnessing technology, innovation and investing in the future will help Myanmar achieve its full potential.
Key words: Land, Governance, Policy, Poverty, Trafficking, Refugees, Migration, Development, Innovation, Technology, Human Capital, Investment, Economy, Financing, Legal Framework, Legislation, Legislative Drafting
Community media and media policy reform in anglophone sub saharan africa (pub...Patrick Okon
the chapter examines the interventionists role of community media and activist media organizations in contemporary media policy reforms in South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana. Located within the broader framework of the debates about 'shapers' of media policy developments, it argues for a broader recognition of alternative and community media organizations as policy activists
INT’L COOPERATION POLICY SEMINAR (Prof. Hirotsune KIMURA)
December 11th, 2002
Tri Widodo W. Utomo (M1-DICOS)
John Pierre, DEBATING GOVERNANCE
Chapter 3: B. Guy Peter, GOVERNANCE AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Bachelor Degree Program (Bachelor in Commerce) Solved Question papers (sharing my solved question papers for easy learning experience, simple, easy, shortened and straight forward answers) If any error or mistake found please correct
This article reflects, from a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective, on the challenges surrounding the development of eParticipation in Europe, with special focus on EU programs. To this end, we firstly assess the field’s practical and theoretical achievements and limitations, and corroborate that the progress of eParticipation in the last decade has not been completely satisfactory in spite of the significant share of resources invested to support it. We secondly attempt to diagnose and enlighten some of the field’s systemic problems and challenges which are responsible for this unsettling development. The domain’s maladies are grouped under tree main categories: (1) lack of a proper understanding and articulation with regard to the “Participation” field; (2) eParticipation community’s ‘founding biases’ around e-Government and academy; and (3) inadequacy of traditional Innovation Support Programmes to incentivize innovation in the eParticipation field. In the context of the ‘Europe 2020 Strategy’ and its flagship initiative “Innovation Union”, our final section provides several recommendations which could contribute to enhance the effectiveness of future European eParticipation actions.
a product of my intense :) research about public administration's ethics, accountability and corruption. reported in partial fulfillment of the course Public Administration 208 or the Philippine Administrative System, at UP Diliman, QC
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education ApplyingAlleneMcclendon878
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education: Applying
a Multidimensional Framework of Power
Amy Krings , Vincent Fusaro , Kerri Leyda Nicoll, and Na Youn Lee
ABSTRACT
The call to promote social justice sets the social work profession in
a political context. In an effort to enhance social workers’ preparedness to
engage in political advocacy, this article calls on educators to integrate
a broad theoretical understanding of power into social policy curricula. We
suggest the use of a multidimensional conceptualization of power that
emphasizes mechanisms of decision making, agenda control, and attitude
formation. We then apply these mechanisms to demonstrate how two
prominent features of contemporary politics—party polarization and
racially biased attitudes—affect the ability of social workers to influence
policy. Finally, we suggest content that social work educators can integrate
to prepare future social workers to engage in strategic and effective social
justice advocacy.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted: January 2018
As part of their broader mandate, codified in the National Association of Social Workers (2017)
Code of Ethics, social workers are called to advance social and economic justice by participating in
political action with, or on behalf of, disadvantaged groups. The goals of such action are broad
democratic participation, a fair distribution of power and resources, and an equitable distribution of
opportunities (Reisch & Garvin, 2016). To achieve these goals, social workers must go beyond an
analysis of how existing policies reinforce or reduce social problems to recognize and strategically
engage with the power embedded in political processes themselves. This power not only influences
how problems are addressed or ignored but also how they are constructed and understood. Thus, to
be effective practitioners and change agents, it is necessary for social workers to “see power as central
to understanding and addressing social problems and human needs” (Fisher, 1995, p. 196).
At its inception, the social work profession emerged as a leader in shaping policies and programs
that improved the health and well-being of disadvantaged people and families. Social workers played
key roles in policy areas such as aid to families, Social Security, the juvenile court system, minimum
wage, and unemployment insurance (Axinn & Stern, 2012). Over time, external pressures, including
austerity-driven policies that emphasize market-based approaches to social service delivery and the
reduction of the social safety net, have limited the range of microlevel interventions and margin-
alized mezzo- and macrolevel community and policy practice (Abramovitz & Sherraden, 2016;
Reisch, 2000). Consequently, many social work educators have expressed concern that the profession
has become increasingly depoliticized and decontextualized by focusing disproportionately on
individual interventions at the expense of systematic interventions that could help individuals an ...
Community media and media policy reform in anglophone sub saharan africa (pub...Patrick Okon
the chapter examines the interventionists role of community media and activist media organizations in contemporary media policy reforms in South Africa, Nigeria and Ghana. Located within the broader framework of the debates about 'shapers' of media policy developments, it argues for a broader recognition of alternative and community media organizations as policy activists
INT’L COOPERATION POLICY SEMINAR (Prof. Hirotsune KIMURA)
December 11th, 2002
Tri Widodo W. Utomo (M1-DICOS)
John Pierre, DEBATING GOVERNANCE
Chapter 3: B. Guy Peter, GOVERNANCE AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Bachelor Degree Program (Bachelor in Commerce) Solved Question papers (sharing my solved question papers for easy learning experience, simple, easy, shortened and straight forward answers) If any error or mistake found please correct
This article reflects, from a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective, on the challenges surrounding the development of eParticipation in Europe, with special focus on EU programs. To this end, we firstly assess the field’s practical and theoretical achievements and limitations, and corroborate that the progress of eParticipation in the last decade has not been completely satisfactory in spite of the significant share of resources invested to support it. We secondly attempt to diagnose and enlighten some of the field’s systemic problems and challenges which are responsible for this unsettling development. The domain’s maladies are grouped under tree main categories: (1) lack of a proper understanding and articulation with regard to the “Participation” field; (2) eParticipation community’s ‘founding biases’ around e-Government and academy; and (3) inadequacy of traditional Innovation Support Programmes to incentivize innovation in the eParticipation field. In the context of the ‘Europe 2020 Strategy’ and its flagship initiative “Innovation Union”, our final section provides several recommendations which could contribute to enhance the effectiveness of future European eParticipation actions.
a product of my intense :) research about public administration's ethics, accountability and corruption. reported in partial fulfillment of the course Public Administration 208 or the Philippine Administrative System, at UP Diliman, QC
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education ApplyingAlleneMcclendon878
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education: Applying
a Multidimensional Framework of Power
Amy Krings , Vincent Fusaro , Kerri Leyda Nicoll, and Na Youn Lee
ABSTRACT
The call to promote social justice sets the social work profession in
a political context. In an effort to enhance social workers’ preparedness to
engage in political advocacy, this article calls on educators to integrate
a broad theoretical understanding of power into social policy curricula. We
suggest the use of a multidimensional conceptualization of power that
emphasizes mechanisms of decision making, agenda control, and attitude
formation. We then apply these mechanisms to demonstrate how two
prominent features of contemporary politics—party polarization and
racially biased attitudes—affect the ability of social workers to influence
policy. Finally, we suggest content that social work educators can integrate
to prepare future social workers to engage in strategic and effective social
justice advocacy.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted: January 2018
As part of their broader mandate, codified in the National Association of Social Workers (2017)
Code of Ethics, social workers are called to advance social and economic justice by participating in
political action with, or on behalf of, disadvantaged groups. The goals of such action are broad
democratic participation, a fair distribution of power and resources, and an equitable distribution of
opportunities (Reisch & Garvin, 2016). To achieve these goals, social workers must go beyond an
analysis of how existing policies reinforce or reduce social problems to recognize and strategically
engage with the power embedded in political processes themselves. This power not only influences
how problems are addressed or ignored but also how they are constructed and understood. Thus, to
be effective practitioners and change agents, it is necessary for social workers to “see power as central
to understanding and addressing social problems and human needs” (Fisher, 1995, p. 196).
At its inception, the social work profession emerged as a leader in shaping policies and programs
that improved the health and well-being of disadvantaged people and families. Social workers played
key roles in policy areas such as aid to families, Social Security, the juvenile court system, minimum
wage, and unemployment insurance (Axinn & Stern, 2012). Over time, external pressures, including
austerity-driven policies that emphasize market-based approaches to social service delivery and the
reduction of the social safety net, have limited the range of microlevel interventions and margin-
alized mezzo- and macrolevel community and policy practice (Abramovitz & Sherraden, 2016;
Reisch, 2000). Consequently, many social work educators have expressed concern that the profession
has become increasingly depoliticized and decontextualized by focusing disproportionately on
individual interventions at the expense of systematic interventions that could help individuals an ...
1. Public Policy Understanding public policy is both an art a.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Public Policy
“Understanding public policy is both an art and a craft.” (Dye, 2010, p. 8). Explain how policy makers can perfect their craft for the betterment of society. Respond to at least two of your fellow students’ postings.
Policy Analysis
“Policy analysis is finding out what governments do, why they do it, and what difference, if any, it makes” (Dye, 2010, p. 4). Discuss your understanding of what policy analysis contains and what policy makers can learn from policy analysis. Provide at least two examples to support your argument.
2 Models of Politics Some Help in Thinking About Public Policy
Models for Policy Analysis
A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of the real world. It may be an actual physical representation—a model airplane, for example, or the tabletop buildings that planners and architects use to show how things will look when proposed projects are completed. Or a model may be a diagram—a road map, for example, or a flow chart that political scientists use to show how a bill becomes law.
Uses of Models.
The models we shall use in studying policy are conceptual models. These are word models that try to
•Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy.
•Identify important aspects of policy problems.
•Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life.
•Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is important and what is unimportant.
•Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences.
Selected Policy Models.
Over the years, political science, like other scientific disciplines, has developed a number of models to help us understand political life. Throughout this volume we will try to see whether these models have any utility in the study of public policy. Specifically, we want to examine public policy from the perspective of the following models:
•Institutional model
•Process model
•Rational model
•Incremental model
•Group model
•Elite model
•Public choice model
•Game theory model
Each of these terms identifies a major conceptual model that can be found in the literature of political science. None of these models was derived especially to study public policy, yet each offers a separate way of thinking about policy and even suggests some of the general causes and consequences of public policy.
These models are not competitive in the sense that any one of them could be judged “best.” Each one provides a separate focus on political life, and each can help us to understand different things about public policy. Although some policies appear at first glance to lend themselves to explanation by one particular model, most policies are a combination of rational planning, incrementalism, interest group activity, elite preferences, game playing, public choice, political processes, and institutional influences. In later chapters these models will be employed, singularly and in combination, to descr ...
Citizen and Administration - Plutus IAS.pdfPlutus IAS
Specificity refers to the strictly limited zone of interaction between administration and the clients as formally defined by the organisation. In a public transport, the passenger pays the fare and
the conductor assures him a travel up to a definite distance.
A Reflection On Public Administration Essay
Public Administration
Essay on Approaches to Public Administration
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Public Administration
Reflection On Public Administration
Public Administration And The Public Sector
Importance Of Leadership In Public Administration
Public Administration: Accountability
The Field Of Public Administration Essay
Essay about The Study of Public Administration
Importance of Public Administration
Characteristics of Public Administration
Traditional Public Administration
public administration Essay
The Five Paradigms Of Public Administration
Essay on Public Policy and Administration
Public Administration and Ethics Essay
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
3. • Recent government regulations like the
Smoking Ban in Metro Manila and the No
Plastic campaigns of some local
government units zero in on environmental
issues
• Popular campaigns like the “No to Mining
in Palawan” among others is also gaining
currency in policy advocacy networks
• Generally, after Ondoy, there seem to be
spike in the number of groups carrying
environmental issues in their agenda
4. “How do civil society organizations
influence state programs and
policies particularly on climate
change?”
• What mechanisms do they use to influence?
• Does the influence come from the group as a
collective or from individual members comprising
the group?
• What are the overt indicators of this influence?
• What is their degree of influence relative to other
groups with different advocacies?
• Why is the influence seemingly more apparent
just recently?
5. • Foremost, to provide some
explanation to the phenomenon of
“enhanced” civil society participation
on issues related to the environment
particularly on climate change
• To examine the result of the
“enhanced” activity based on the
response of the state as the main
political actor in policy formulation and
implementation
6. The significance in understanding this
interplay of political opportunity,
mobilization and political influence is
that “it is important, both as scholars
and citizens, to understand how
activists can make the most of their
opportunities and maximize their
influence under particular historical
circumstances”
(Meyer and Minkoff 2004)
7. •Period starting 1986 when democratization
opened the room for more political
participation
• Extensive data gathering will have to be
employed in so far as for example, getting
the number of environmental organizations
formed on a yearly basis
• Limit to a qualitative comparative case
study of the enactment of the Climate
Change Act of 2009 vis-à-vis older
landmark legislation
8. • Governance Framework of Policy
Formulation (i.e. State-Society Nexus)
There is an interplay between two main parties: the
“non-state actors were able to develop access to power
and resources and interacted with the state on their
concerns” and the state, on the other hand, uses “its
powers to accommodate and respond to non-state
actors according to its constitution, laws, policies and
administrative system”(Rebullida 2003:39).
• Political Opportunity Theory of Social
Movements
In brief, this theory assumes that movements increase
when there are favorable exogenous opportunities and
conversely, they fade when there are increasing
9.
10. • “…it is a contested term with many definitions. Even
after 25 years of debate, there are still almost as
many notions of what civil society actually is as
academics who have tried to ‘tame’ this concept”
(Thomson 2006)
• In general though, civil society is usually held to be
the collective intermediary between the individual
and the state (Whaites 2000)
• It is “the arena, outside of the family, the state and
the market where people associate to advance
common interests.” (CIVICUS Civil Society Index
2006:11)
11. • Social movements as organized
collectivities aiming at some social change or
resisting that change (Kourvetaris 1996)
• They are “an organized and sustained
effort of a collectivity of interrelated
individuals, groups, and organizations to
promote or to resist social change with the
use of public protest activities.” (Neidhardt
and Rucht)
12. “What distinguishes social movements
from their institutional counterparts is
their political situation, that is, their
relative lack of direct power in the
government which causes them to rely
heavily on a repertoire of disorderly
tactics such as strikes, demonstrations,
violence, and protest activities to
accomplish political ends.”
(Morris and Herring 1987: 145)
13. “Movements are better defined as collective
challenges by people with common purposes and
solidarity in sustained interaction with elites,
opponents and authorities…they are created when
political opportunities open up for social actors who
usually lack them and that triggered by the incentives
created by political opportunities, combining
conventional and challenging forms of action and
building on social networks and cultural frames is
how movements overcome the obstacles to collective
action and sustain their interactions with opponents
and with the state.”
(Tarrow 1994)
14. • Primacy of power struggles
• Assumes a pluralistic structure where there will always
be political realignment because there will always be a
ground for discontent and protest
• Pluralistic nature of society accords it with the
necessary resources for mobilization
• Competing social movement organizations
continuously interact, realign and even transform each
other
• Social movements have organizational bases and a
definite leadership
• Participants are rational decision makers who analyze
their collective action efforts by weighing cost and
benefits and therefore that goals are worth pursuing
15. “The active role of civil society groups specifically in
policy formulation, the collaboration between state
and civil society actors and the strong support of
the administration are three important factors in
the making of the IPRA.”
(Lusterio-Rico 2006)
• Historically though, the governance framework
that is currently at work did not emerge until the
more democratic 1987 Constitution was framed
and more recently, and to a greater extent, until
the enactment of the Local Government Code of
1991.
16. “In the governance framework, a new power relationship
has taken place between the people and the state,
between civil society and the state. Through its organizing
and mobilizing efforts, civil society has developed access
to governmental decision making and the people have
become empowered to participate in government. The
1987 Philippine Constitution and especially the 1991 Local
Government Code established a more people-oriented
governance system by mandating governing principles
and the mechanisms for civil society participation in the
government. In this new democratic space, the urban
poor sector’s coalition and network of non-government
organizations and people’s organizations succeeded in
exacting state response… by breakthrough and landmark
legislation and executive policies at national and local
levels of government. “
(Rebullida 2003)
17. “The state as a caretaker of the public domain and
provider of access to natural resources,
nevertheless, still determines the boundaries by
which resources could be used either in a
sustainable or unsustainable manner. Thus, the
nexus of interactions and transactions between the
state, on the one hand, and politicians, private
interests, environmental non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and local communities, on
the other, would have to be taken into account in
any thoughtful assessment of the trajectory of
environmental politics in the Philippines.”
(Magno 2003)
18. •“Four decades of environmental awareness-
raising and campaigns for various
environmental causes” (Efreneo 2010)
• The democratization following the end of
the period of martial law opened more
doors for political participation and from
that point on, the environmental movement
emerged to grow and succeed in the arena
of policy formulation.
19. • when social movements that were initiated
during martial law became legal organizations
with more definite structures that address the
environmental agenda
• the theme of environmental organizations
shifted from environmental conservation to
sustainable development
• the congregation of different environmental
groups into larger alliances within the
movement
(Leonen 2000)
20.
21.
22. In summary, the researchers,
labeled the groups as “new
environmental movement” since
they go beyond the fundamentalist
norms of using only unconventional
tactics and instead use a large
degree of variation of activities
which include the conventional
mode like contacts with the
government.
23. •“Environmental groups have asserted that the
environmental issue in the Philippines is, more
than anything else, an equity issue.”
• “Among the essential purpose of the
environmental movement therefore is to
ensure that management of resources is given
to the small communities who should be the
main managers of the resources within their
localities.”
(Magno 2003)
24.
25. The basic premise of the Political
Opportunity Theory in Social Movements is
that exogenous factors enhance or inhibit
prospects for mobilization, for particular
sorts of claims to be advanced rather than
others, for particular strategies of influence
to be exercised and for movements to affect
mainstream institutional politics and policy
(Meyer and Minkoff 2004).
26. POLITICAL
OPPORTUNITIES
STRUCTURAL
ISSUE-BASED
MOVEMENT
ACTIVITY
POLICY
OUTCOMES
In the Political Opportunity Theory of Social
Movements, augmented political opportunities,
whether structural in nature or issue-based, opens a
space that is more conducive to political participation
of movements and advocacies which in turn lead to
the effective integration of these policy platforms into
actual policy outcomes like Republic Acts and
Congressional bills or resolutions.
27. • The structural model includes variables that track
formal changes in rules and policies affecting
political access, as well as the changed practices
that follow from them.
(Meyer and Minkoff 2004:1467-1468)
• “Activists and officials monitor changes in the
political environment, looking for encouragement
for mobilization and for advocating policy reforms.
The model includes issue-specific and general
opportunity variables that savvy activist
entrepreneurs could read as invitations to
mobilize” (Meyer and Minkoff: 1470).
28. VARIABLE DATA NEEDED AND HOW IT WILL BE GATHERED
Political
Mobilization
Number of events and activities initiated by
environmental organizations in relation to their
environmental advocacy; this will be gathered through
organizational records through interviews
Organization
Formation
Number of environmental organizations that are
formed on a yearly basis; this will be gathered through
records from the Securities and Exchange Commission
where most NGOs are registered as a matter of
protocol
Policy
Outcome
Number of laws related to the environment that are
enacted per year; this can be taken from either the
journals of the House of Representatives or the Senate
or from the committee report of the concerned
legislative committee
29.
30. • This proposed research will use both
quantitative and qualitative data
collection tools but will be centered on a
quantitative epistemological position
based on the Poisson regression analysis
patterned after Meyer and Minkoff’s
study of the relationship between
political opportunity and the dependent
variables of political mobilization, group
formation and policy outcome.
31. • A qualitative study based on Meyer
and Minkoff’s Poisson regression analysis
will be conducted on the data that will
be gathered.
• From this quantative analysis where
we aim to highlight the correlation of
Ondoy as an independent, issue-specific
variable of Political Opportunity on
mobilization, formulation and policy
response, we will take off to a
comparative qualitative analysis to
further elucidate our findings.
32. • The comparative case study will look into how
the Climate Change Act of 2009 was enacted after
Ondoy vis-à-vis how an older similar landmark
legislation (like maybe the Clean Air Act or the
Renewable Energy Act) was passed. In this
qualitative comparative analysis, we will look into
the significance of the variations in the elements
of the policy formulation process (i.e. which
groups were active in the enactment of the bill,
how did these groups lobby for the bill, what were
the issues at that time, how was it covered by
media groups) as can be explained by issue-
specific political opportunities that could largely
determine political mobilization and the resulting
policy response of the state.
33. • Level of Analysis: National in scope (but may
cover several significant legislations at the local
government level in line with the decentralization
of some policy formulation process after the
passing of the LGC of 1991, as the case may apply)
• Units of Analysis: Environmental Organizations
that are registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission (some analysis may also
focus on the works of broader alliances of these
Environmental Organizations as parts of the
Environmental Movement, as the case may apply)