Khyber expedition and letters to emperors (islamiat work)GamingCousinz
The Khyber Expedition occurred in 7 AH/629 AD. Jews who had broken a treaty with Muslims in Medina took refuge in the fortress of Khyber and gained the support of local tribes to plot against Muslims. When the Prophet Muhammad learned of this, he led 1600 men in an attack on Khyber. The Muslims captured the fortresses easily except Qamus, which took 20 days to conquer. On the Prophet's order, Ali single-handedly conquered Qamus and killed the Jewish leader. The Jews surrendered and were allowed to remain in Khyber on the condition they give half their produce to Muslims. The spoils from Khyber were abundant.
The Prophet also sent letters
The day of the covenant and the battle of blood riverPeter Hammond
Piet Retief first reached UMgungundlovu on 5 November 1837. The king entertained him with war dances by thousands of his warriors. Owen warned him of the countless cruelties, tortures and executions that he had been forced to witness. However, Piet Retief seemed most impressed with the “sincerity”, “graciousness”, “intelligence”, and “goodwill” of Dingaan.
The Day of the Covenant and The Battle of Blood RiverPeter Hammond
This document provides background information on the Day of the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River in South Africa. It discusses the events leading up to the battle, including Shaka's rise to power over the Zulu nation, Dingaan's treachery in becoming king, and Piet Retief's failed negotiations with Dingaan. It summarizes that Piet Retief was warned not to trust Dingaan but did not heed the warnings, which led to Dingaan killing Retief and his men, prompting the Battle of Blood River in which the Voortrekkers were victorious.
The Day of the Covenant & the Battle of Blood RiverPeter Hammond
This document provides background information on the Day of the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River in South Africa. It discusses the events leading up to the battle, including Shaka's rise to power over the Zulu nation, Dingaan's treachery in becoming king, and Piet Retief's failed negotiations with Dingaan. It summarizes that Piet Retief was warned not to trust Dingaan but did not heed the warnings, which led to Dingaan killing Retief and his men, prompting the Battle of Blood River in response. The battle marked the beginning of Christianity among the Zulu people.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and surrounding the Tabuk expedition ordered by the Prophet Muhammad in 9 AH. It describes the conflicts with Roman forces that prompted the expedition, the preparations made by both Muslims and their opponents, and the outcome when the Muslim army arrived at Tabuk to find the Roman forces had withdrawn. The expedition demonstrated the strength and resolve of the growing Muslim community and helped extend its territorial control and influence.
The letter summarizes the contents of a letter sent by the Prophet Muhammad to Hercules, the Byzantine emperor. It invites him to accept Islam so that he may be safe and rewarded by God. It also references a verse from the Quran calling people of previous scriptures to worship only God. An envoy was chosen to deliver the letter to the king of Busra to send to Hercules. When Abu Sufyan met Hercules, he questioned him about Muhammad and the new religion, and Abu Sufyan responded by acknowledging Muhammad's noble lineage and honesty, though he had not yet accepted Islam himself.
The Quraysh pagans in Mecca imposed a 3-year economic and social boycott on the Banu Hashim clan in an attempt to pressure Abu Talib into withdrawing his protection of Muhammad and the Muslims. Abu Talib moved the Banu Hashim clan, including Muhammad, to a ravine for safety. Conditions were difficult, as food and water were scarce. A few friends risked their lives to secretly provide supplies, while the Quraysh intercepted other attempts. Abu Talib took great precautions to protect Muhammad throughout the boycott.
1. The Templar Knights were formed in 1118 AD after Christian pilgrims were massacred in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims making the dangerous journey. They took quarters near the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was located near Solomon's Temple.
2. Saladin's armies defeated the Templars and reclaimed Jerusalem for Islam in 1187. The Templars amassed great wealth through donations but also went into debt to European monarchs.
3. King Philip IV of France had the Templars arrested, tortured, and killed in 1307 to avoid repaying debts and seize their wealth. While charges of heresy were leveled, there was no solid evidence and their lands and
Khyber expedition and letters to emperors (islamiat work)GamingCousinz
The Khyber Expedition occurred in 7 AH/629 AD. Jews who had broken a treaty with Muslims in Medina took refuge in the fortress of Khyber and gained the support of local tribes to plot against Muslims. When the Prophet Muhammad learned of this, he led 1600 men in an attack on Khyber. The Muslims captured the fortresses easily except Qamus, which took 20 days to conquer. On the Prophet's order, Ali single-handedly conquered Qamus and killed the Jewish leader. The Jews surrendered and were allowed to remain in Khyber on the condition they give half their produce to Muslims. The spoils from Khyber were abundant.
The Prophet also sent letters
The day of the covenant and the battle of blood riverPeter Hammond
Piet Retief first reached UMgungundlovu on 5 November 1837. The king entertained him with war dances by thousands of his warriors. Owen warned him of the countless cruelties, tortures and executions that he had been forced to witness. However, Piet Retief seemed most impressed with the “sincerity”, “graciousness”, “intelligence”, and “goodwill” of Dingaan.
The Day of the Covenant and The Battle of Blood RiverPeter Hammond
This document provides background information on the Day of the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River in South Africa. It discusses the events leading up to the battle, including Shaka's rise to power over the Zulu nation, Dingaan's treachery in becoming king, and Piet Retief's failed negotiations with Dingaan. It summarizes that Piet Retief was warned not to trust Dingaan but did not heed the warnings, which led to Dingaan killing Retief and his men, prompting the Battle of Blood River in which the Voortrekkers were victorious.
The Day of the Covenant & the Battle of Blood RiverPeter Hammond
This document provides background information on the Day of the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River in South Africa. It discusses the events leading up to the battle, including Shaka's rise to power over the Zulu nation, Dingaan's treachery in becoming king, and Piet Retief's failed negotiations with Dingaan. It summarizes that Piet Retief was warned not to trust Dingaan but did not heed the warnings, which led to Dingaan killing Retief and his men, prompting the Battle of Blood River in response. The battle marked the beginning of Christianity among the Zulu people.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and surrounding the Tabuk expedition ordered by the Prophet Muhammad in 9 AH. It describes the conflicts with Roman forces that prompted the expedition, the preparations made by both Muslims and their opponents, and the outcome when the Muslim army arrived at Tabuk to find the Roman forces had withdrawn. The expedition demonstrated the strength and resolve of the growing Muslim community and helped extend its territorial control and influence.
The letter summarizes the contents of a letter sent by the Prophet Muhammad to Hercules, the Byzantine emperor. It invites him to accept Islam so that he may be safe and rewarded by God. It also references a verse from the Quran calling people of previous scriptures to worship only God. An envoy was chosen to deliver the letter to the king of Busra to send to Hercules. When Abu Sufyan met Hercules, he questioned him about Muhammad and the new religion, and Abu Sufyan responded by acknowledging Muhammad's noble lineage and honesty, though he had not yet accepted Islam himself.
The Quraysh pagans in Mecca imposed a 3-year economic and social boycott on the Banu Hashim clan in an attempt to pressure Abu Talib into withdrawing his protection of Muhammad and the Muslims. Abu Talib moved the Banu Hashim clan, including Muhammad, to a ravine for safety. Conditions were difficult, as food and water were scarce. A few friends risked their lives to secretly provide supplies, while the Quraysh intercepted other attempts. Abu Talib took great precautions to protect Muhammad throughout the boycott.
1. The Templar Knights were formed in 1118 AD after Christian pilgrims were massacred in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims making the dangerous journey. They took quarters near the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was located near Solomon's Temple.
2. Saladin's armies defeated the Templars and reclaimed Jerusalem for Islam in 1187. The Templars amassed great wealth through donations but also went into debt to European monarchs.
3. King Philip IV of France had the Templars arrested, tortured, and killed in 1307 to avoid repaying debts and seize their wealth. While charges of heresy were leveled, there was no solid evidence and their lands and
This document summarizes the life of Saladin and the political context in which he rose to power in the late 12th century. It describes how the region of Syria and Egypt was fragmented and weak, occupied by Crusaders. Saladin was born in 1138 in what is now Iraq to a family with military connections. He accompanied his uncle Shirkuh on campaigns in Egypt, which enabled Saladin to eventually seize control of Egypt as vizier in 1169 after Shirkuh's death. Becoming vizier had a profound effect on Saladin and spurred him to devote himself to liberating Jerusalem and resisting the Crusaders.
The Letters of Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD PBUHZeeshan Latif
The document discusses various types of documents from the time of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, including letters inviting rulers to Islam, peace treaties with tribes, and terms of surrender for conquered territories. It provides examples of letters sent to the rulers of Byzantine and Persia, as well as treaties signed with tribes near Medina to establish alliances and define mutual rights and obligations. The language of the documents is described as clear, short, and establishing rewards for obedience or retribution for disobedience to establish Islam's religious and political systems.
The Western and Islamic concepts and practices of Just War, the ethical codes intended to minimize the violence done to the innocent and to fight when it is deemed necessary and just.
The documentary examines the Crusades between Christians and Muslims from the 11th to 13th centuries over control of holy sites in Jerusalem. It explores both the religious motivations for the bloody conflicts as well as the political and economic factors, as both sides sought to defend their faiths and control important trade routes. While the Crusades ended militarily in the 13th century, their legacy lives on in the charged language used today to describe religiously-motivated conflicts.
This document provides details about the history of Jerusalem, including:
1) Caliph Umar entered Jerusalem peacefully in 634 CE and granted protection and religious freedom to Christians in the city.
2) Under Muslim rule, Christians, Jews, and Muslims generally lived together in shared peace and prosperity in Jerusalem.
3) The Crusaders brutally massacred the city's population of 70,000 people when they captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE, in stark contrast to the peaceful Muslim conquest centuries earlier.
Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh in 712 on orders from the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Hijaj bin Yousaf. He began his campaign from Makran and conquered cities such as Debal, Sadusan, and Nerun before defeating Raja Dahir's forces at Ar-rur. Muhammad bin Qasim was a successful commander due to his superior military equipment, disciplined troops, use of jihad as a motivator, and administrative skills. However, he was ordered to return to Iraq after revolts broke out in the Umayyad empire and the new caliph succeeded, and was later murdered on his way back in 715.
Saladin, Muslim military hero,Ayyubids Dinasty,Saladin & the Crusaders , Elnara Miriam Mehdiyeva
Saladin was a prominent Muslim military leader in the late 12th century who unified Egypt and parts of the Middle East. He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, recapturing Jerusalem for Muslim rule. Though he faced ongoing conflicts with European Crusaders, Saladin was praised for his leadership, military prowess, and mercy towards captives by both Islamic/Arabic and Western cultures. The document discusses his background, achievements unifying the Ayyubid dynasty, battles against the Crusaders, and lasting popularity in history.
El Cid Campeador was the nickname of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, an 11th century Castilian nobleman and military leader who helped reclaim territory from Moorish rule and became a hero in Spanish literature and folklore. As a skilled warrior, he captured Valencia and established his own principality there while also serving Moorish kings for a time; after his death, he and his wife Ximena were originally buried in Burgos but their remains now rest in the city's cathedral.
1) The document discusses the early growth of Islam in Makkah and Madinah, including key events that strengthened the Muslim community such as the Pledge of Aqabah.
2) It describes the Quraysh's increasing concern over Islam and their plots against Muhammad, including a failed assassination attempt.
3) It outlines Muhammad's strategic expeditions targeting Quraysh trade routes to assert Muslim control and pressure the Quraysh. This sets the context for the Battle of Badr when a Quraysh caravan and army encountered the Muslims.
Ghazwat e Nabwi S.A.W.W. , Battles of IslamAamir Waqas
Ghazwat e Nabwi (S.A.W.W.), Ghazwa-e-Badr, Ghazwa-e-uhud. Hamra Al Asad, Battle of Trench, Invasion of Banu Quraiza, Battle of Khyber, Battle of Maut'ta, Battle of Hunain
The Meaning of the Qur'an is a fresh English rendering of Tafhim-ul-Qur’an, Maulana Syed Abu Ala Moududi’s monumental and masterly Urdu translation of the Qur’an and a selection of his commentary. The translator has undertaken the delicate and difficult task of rendering this work in English under the guidance of the Maulana himself. Here is a work with a difference, by a dedicated scholar of an entirely different sort. An immense wealth of profound understanding of the Qur’an is here, a vast treasure of knowledge and deep insight, and a valuable exposition of some social, political, economic and legal teachings of the Qur’an.
This comprehensive Tafsir answers contemporary questions, and makes the Qur’an fully relevant to the concerns of day, yet it loses nothing of its timelessness nor sacrifices any of the traditional understanding. It demonstrates the unity and coherence of the Qur’an by centring everything on its message, like gems hung on a single string.
This Tafsir is particularly suitable for Muslims with no direct access to the Arabic original.
Sealed nector prophet muhammad biography (may allaah grant him peace and se...Adnan Ali Raja
The document provides background information on the location and nature of Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It describes the Arabian Peninsula and notes that Arab tribes were divided based on lineage into three main groups: Perishing Arabs, Pure Arabs who originated from Qahtan, and Arabized Arabs who descended from Ishmael. It discusses the main tribes among the Pure Arabs, including Azd, Kahlan, Himyar and others, and their migration patterns across Arabia. It also briefly outlines Abraham's ancestry and family origins near modern-day Iraq before his journey to Egypt and Palestine with his wives Sarah and Hagar, and the birth of Ishmael.
The document provides background information on pre-Islamic Arabian society, including the location and nature of Arab tribes, religious practices, and social and economic aspects. It discusses the lineage and family of Muhammad prior to detailing the major events in his life and the rise of Islam, including the different phases of receiving revelation, opposition from Quraysh, the early converts, persecution of Muslims, and the migration to Abyssinia and Madinah. The summary focuses on setting the context for understanding Muhammad's biography.
The document provides background information on the location and nature of Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It describes the Arabian Peninsula and notes that Arab tribes were divided based on lineage into three main groups: Perishing Arabs, Pure Arabs who originated from Qahtan, and Arabized Arabs who descended from Ishmael. It discusses the main tribes among the Pure Arabs, including Azd, Kahlan, Himyar and others, and their migration patterns across Arabia. It also briefly outlines Abraham's ancestry and family origins near modern-day Iraq before his journey to Egypt and Palestine with his wives Sarah and Hagar, and the birth of Ishmael.
The document provides background information on Arab tribes and society prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the location and nature of various Arab tribes, their social structures, religions, and economic situations. It also gives brief biographical details about Muhammad's lineage and early life in Mecca before the start of his prophethood. The document aims to provide context for understanding Muhammad's mission and the spread of the early Islamic message.
The Battle of Badr was fought between 313 Muslim fighters led by the Prophet Muhammad and a force of 1,000 Quraysh disbelievers. The Muslims were poorly equipped with few weapons, while the Quraysh army was large and well-armed. Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims were victorious through divine assistance, inflicting a crushing defeat on the disbelievers. The battle marked an important turning point, establishing the strength of the growing Muslim community in Arabia.
The document summarizes the population groups in Madinah before and after the Hijrah. The main groups were Arab tribes like the Aus and Khazraj, and Jewish tribes like the Bani Qaynuqa, Bani Al-Nadir, and Bani Qurayza. After conflicts with the Muslims, the Bani Qaynuqa and Bani Al-Nadir were banished, while the Bani Qurayza broke a treaty and were punished. After the Hijrah, the key characteristics of Madinan society were sincerity to Allah, unity among diverse groups, collectivism in decision making, and competition to do good works and seek knowledge.
There was a mutual defense treaty between Muslims and nearby Jews in Madinah. The Jews betrayed the treaty by planning to kill the Prophet and allying with enemies including the Quraysh tribe and Ghatafan tribe, amassing an army of 10,000 to fight the Muslims. In response, upon the suggestion of Salman Farsi, the Muslims dug a trench to defend Madinah. When the enemy forces arrived and saw the trench, which was an unfamiliar defense tactic, they were shocked. After over 20 days of siege involving arrow fights and challenges between warriors, the failure to overcome the trench defense marked the beginning of Muhammad's growing political strength in Madinah.
Salahuddin Ayyubi is a brilliant hero in Islamic history who is respected by Muslims and Christians alike for his justice and kindness. This is about 1137 AD. In the Iraqi city of Tikrit, in the house of Amir Najmuddin Ayyub of a Zengid dynasty, a boy was born, who was named Yusuf, and today the whole world knows the name of Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi.
La usabilidad web es un aspecto importante del diseño de sitios y aplicaciones. Se refiere a qué tan fácil es para los usuarios navegar e interactuar con un sitio web, y si pueden encontrar rápidamente lo que buscan. Los principios clave de la usabilidad incluyen diseños simples, navegación intuitiva y contenido relevante para el usuario.
This document summarizes the life of Saladin and the political context in which he rose to power in the late 12th century. It describes how the region of Syria and Egypt was fragmented and weak, occupied by Crusaders. Saladin was born in 1138 in what is now Iraq to a family with military connections. He accompanied his uncle Shirkuh on campaigns in Egypt, which enabled Saladin to eventually seize control of Egypt as vizier in 1169 after Shirkuh's death. Becoming vizier had a profound effect on Saladin and spurred him to devote himself to liberating Jerusalem and resisting the Crusaders.
The Letters of Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD PBUHZeeshan Latif
The document discusses various types of documents from the time of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, including letters inviting rulers to Islam, peace treaties with tribes, and terms of surrender for conquered territories. It provides examples of letters sent to the rulers of Byzantine and Persia, as well as treaties signed with tribes near Medina to establish alliances and define mutual rights and obligations. The language of the documents is described as clear, short, and establishing rewards for obedience or retribution for disobedience to establish Islam's religious and political systems.
The Western and Islamic concepts and practices of Just War, the ethical codes intended to minimize the violence done to the innocent and to fight when it is deemed necessary and just.
The documentary examines the Crusades between Christians and Muslims from the 11th to 13th centuries over control of holy sites in Jerusalem. It explores both the religious motivations for the bloody conflicts as well as the political and economic factors, as both sides sought to defend their faiths and control important trade routes. While the Crusades ended militarily in the 13th century, their legacy lives on in the charged language used today to describe religiously-motivated conflicts.
This document provides details about the history of Jerusalem, including:
1) Caliph Umar entered Jerusalem peacefully in 634 CE and granted protection and religious freedom to Christians in the city.
2) Under Muslim rule, Christians, Jews, and Muslims generally lived together in shared peace and prosperity in Jerusalem.
3) The Crusaders brutally massacred the city's population of 70,000 people when they captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE, in stark contrast to the peaceful Muslim conquest centuries earlier.
Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh in 712 on orders from the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Hijaj bin Yousaf. He began his campaign from Makran and conquered cities such as Debal, Sadusan, and Nerun before defeating Raja Dahir's forces at Ar-rur. Muhammad bin Qasim was a successful commander due to his superior military equipment, disciplined troops, use of jihad as a motivator, and administrative skills. However, he was ordered to return to Iraq after revolts broke out in the Umayyad empire and the new caliph succeeded, and was later murdered on his way back in 715.
Saladin, Muslim military hero,Ayyubids Dinasty,Saladin & the Crusaders , Elnara Miriam Mehdiyeva
Saladin was a prominent Muslim military leader in the late 12th century who unified Egypt and parts of the Middle East. He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, recapturing Jerusalem for Muslim rule. Though he faced ongoing conflicts with European Crusaders, Saladin was praised for his leadership, military prowess, and mercy towards captives by both Islamic/Arabic and Western cultures. The document discusses his background, achievements unifying the Ayyubid dynasty, battles against the Crusaders, and lasting popularity in history.
El Cid Campeador was the nickname of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, an 11th century Castilian nobleman and military leader who helped reclaim territory from Moorish rule and became a hero in Spanish literature and folklore. As a skilled warrior, he captured Valencia and established his own principality there while also serving Moorish kings for a time; after his death, he and his wife Ximena were originally buried in Burgos but their remains now rest in the city's cathedral.
1) The document discusses the early growth of Islam in Makkah and Madinah, including key events that strengthened the Muslim community such as the Pledge of Aqabah.
2) It describes the Quraysh's increasing concern over Islam and their plots against Muhammad, including a failed assassination attempt.
3) It outlines Muhammad's strategic expeditions targeting Quraysh trade routes to assert Muslim control and pressure the Quraysh. This sets the context for the Battle of Badr when a Quraysh caravan and army encountered the Muslims.
Ghazwat e Nabwi S.A.W.W. , Battles of IslamAamir Waqas
Ghazwat e Nabwi (S.A.W.W.), Ghazwa-e-Badr, Ghazwa-e-uhud. Hamra Al Asad, Battle of Trench, Invasion of Banu Quraiza, Battle of Khyber, Battle of Maut'ta, Battle of Hunain
The Meaning of the Qur'an is a fresh English rendering of Tafhim-ul-Qur’an, Maulana Syed Abu Ala Moududi’s monumental and masterly Urdu translation of the Qur’an and a selection of his commentary. The translator has undertaken the delicate and difficult task of rendering this work in English under the guidance of the Maulana himself. Here is a work with a difference, by a dedicated scholar of an entirely different sort. An immense wealth of profound understanding of the Qur’an is here, a vast treasure of knowledge and deep insight, and a valuable exposition of some social, political, economic and legal teachings of the Qur’an.
This comprehensive Tafsir answers contemporary questions, and makes the Qur’an fully relevant to the concerns of day, yet it loses nothing of its timelessness nor sacrifices any of the traditional understanding. It demonstrates the unity and coherence of the Qur’an by centring everything on its message, like gems hung on a single string.
This Tafsir is particularly suitable for Muslims with no direct access to the Arabic original.
Sealed nector prophet muhammad biography (may allaah grant him peace and se...Adnan Ali Raja
The document provides background information on the location and nature of Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It describes the Arabian Peninsula and notes that Arab tribes were divided based on lineage into three main groups: Perishing Arabs, Pure Arabs who originated from Qahtan, and Arabized Arabs who descended from Ishmael. It discusses the main tribes among the Pure Arabs, including Azd, Kahlan, Himyar and others, and their migration patterns across Arabia. It also briefly outlines Abraham's ancestry and family origins near modern-day Iraq before his journey to Egypt and Palestine with his wives Sarah and Hagar, and the birth of Ishmael.
The document provides background information on pre-Islamic Arabian society, including the location and nature of Arab tribes, religious practices, and social and economic aspects. It discusses the lineage and family of Muhammad prior to detailing the major events in his life and the rise of Islam, including the different phases of receiving revelation, opposition from Quraysh, the early converts, persecution of Muslims, and the migration to Abyssinia and Madinah. The summary focuses on setting the context for understanding Muhammad's biography.
The document provides background information on the location and nature of Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It describes the Arabian Peninsula and notes that Arab tribes were divided based on lineage into three main groups: Perishing Arabs, Pure Arabs who originated from Qahtan, and Arabized Arabs who descended from Ishmael. It discusses the main tribes among the Pure Arabs, including Azd, Kahlan, Himyar and others, and their migration patterns across Arabia. It also briefly outlines Abraham's ancestry and family origins near modern-day Iraq before his journey to Egypt and Palestine with his wives Sarah and Hagar, and the birth of Ishmael.
The document provides background information on Arab tribes and society prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the location and nature of various Arab tribes, their social structures, religions, and economic situations. It also gives brief biographical details about Muhammad's lineage and early life in Mecca before the start of his prophethood. The document aims to provide context for understanding Muhammad's mission and the spread of the early Islamic message.
The Battle of Badr was fought between 313 Muslim fighters led by the Prophet Muhammad and a force of 1,000 Quraysh disbelievers. The Muslims were poorly equipped with few weapons, while the Quraysh army was large and well-armed. Despite being outnumbered, the Muslims were victorious through divine assistance, inflicting a crushing defeat on the disbelievers. The battle marked an important turning point, establishing the strength of the growing Muslim community in Arabia.
The document summarizes the population groups in Madinah before and after the Hijrah. The main groups were Arab tribes like the Aus and Khazraj, and Jewish tribes like the Bani Qaynuqa, Bani Al-Nadir, and Bani Qurayza. After conflicts with the Muslims, the Bani Qaynuqa and Bani Al-Nadir were banished, while the Bani Qurayza broke a treaty and were punished. After the Hijrah, the key characteristics of Madinan society were sincerity to Allah, unity among diverse groups, collectivism in decision making, and competition to do good works and seek knowledge.
There was a mutual defense treaty between Muslims and nearby Jews in Madinah. The Jews betrayed the treaty by planning to kill the Prophet and allying with enemies including the Quraysh tribe and Ghatafan tribe, amassing an army of 10,000 to fight the Muslims. In response, upon the suggestion of Salman Farsi, the Muslims dug a trench to defend Madinah. When the enemy forces arrived and saw the trench, which was an unfamiliar defense tactic, they were shocked. After over 20 days of siege involving arrow fights and challenges between warriors, the failure to overcome the trench defense marked the beginning of Muhammad's growing political strength in Madinah.
Salahuddin Ayyubi is a brilliant hero in Islamic history who is respected by Muslims and Christians alike for his justice and kindness. This is about 1137 AD. In the Iraqi city of Tikrit, in the house of Amir Najmuddin Ayyub of a Zengid dynasty, a boy was born, who was named Yusuf, and today the whole world knows the name of Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi.
La usabilidad web es un aspecto importante del diseño de sitios y aplicaciones. Se refiere a qué tan fácil es para los usuarios navegar e interactuar con un sitio web, y si pueden encontrar rápidamente lo que buscan. Los principios clave de la usabilidad incluyen diseños simples, navegación intuitiva y contenido relevante para el usuario.
The document summarizes several central banking institutions:
1) The US Federal Reserve (Fed) was founded in 1913 and oversees monetary policy and acts as lender of last resort. It aims to control interest rates and inflation.
2) The European Central Bank (ECB) was founded in 1998 and manages the eurozone's monetary policy, with the primary aim of maintaining price stability.
3) The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) is Canada's financial services regulator, supervising banks, insurers, private pensions and more since 1987. It ensures safety and soundness through rule-making and oversight.
This document provides guidance on coping with difficult people. It outlines that (1) managing one's own emotions is key before dealing with difficult individuals, as it allows for clearer thinking. (2) Our emotions are shaped more by our own beliefs and self-talk rather than external events. (3) When upset by others, we have given them permission to disturb us by the beliefs and demands we place on their behavior. The document then provides strategies for coping with difficult people, including acknowledging one's preferences rather than demands, expressing annoyance constructively, and managing one's emotional reaction.
Bonny Taylor is seeking a customer service position that allows her to use her communication, analytical, and personal skills. She has over 30 years of experience in customer service roles, most recently as a Sales Consultant at Clayton Homes where she helps customers find homes that fit their needs. Prior to that, she held various roles at M&T Bank including Teller Manager and Teller, and also worked as a Shift Manager at Aldi. She aims to provide excellent customer service in any role.
This document discusses ethics in teaching. It provides definitions of ethics from studies, including considering responsibilities to students and colleagues. It discusses situations faculty may face, like teaching a class in an unfamiliar topic, and questions to consider, like how it affects students. It also summarizes the three principles of ethical conduct from the American Association of University Professors: developing competence, encouraging free pursuit of learning, and avoiding discrimination.
BKB Kit 2016 (Bina Keluarga Balita Kit)
Apa sih BKB Kit itu? BKB Kit 2016 adalah seperangkat alat permainan edukatif dan seperangkat media berisi materi untuk meningkatkan pengasuhan dan pembinaan tumbuh kembang balita atau anak usia prasekolah.Produk bkb kit 2016, bkbkit 2016,bkb-kit,jual bkb kit,BKB-Kit alat peraga edukatif, bkb kit -ape kit, bkb-ape kit dak bkkbn 2016, bkbkit ape kit dakbkkbn, bkb ape-kit bkkbn2016, bkb kit ape bkkbn, bkb-kit ape kit dakbkkbn 2016, bkb permainan edukatif , Buku bkb kit,tas bkb kit,materi penyuluhan bkb kit,sarana media penyuluhan kb,buku bkb kit,buku bkb kit 2016
The document summarizes the sales and service solutions provided by Precision Sales Solutions for laboratory equipment and weighing instruments. They focus on understanding customer applications and identifying suitable solutions. Their post-sales services include technical support for installed products throughout their lifetime. They distribute and service a wide range of weighing instruments, laboratory equipment, and software solutions. They also offer training on weighing and pipetting techniques.
Investigation of chloro pentaammine cobalt(iii) chloride polyvinyl alcohol c...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effects of adding Chloro Pentaammine Cobalt(III) Chloride complexes on the electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol. Samples were prepared using a casting technique and electrical conductivity was measured over a range of temperatures and complex concentrations.
2. The results showed that electrical conductivity of the polyvinyl alcohol composites increased with both increasing complex concentration and temperature. The activation energy of electrical conductivity decreased with higher complex concentrations.
3. Adding the complexes created local energy levels in the band gap of the polymer that acted as charge carrier traps, allowing hopping conduction. This decreased the activation energy and increased conductivity at higher complex loadings.
Robert Allen’s blockbuster best-sellers, Nothing Down and Creating Wealth, have inspired and helped more than one and a half million hardcover readers seeking financial success and independence. Now, in The Road to Wealth, Allen takes a giant leap forward by proving that any reasonably intelligent American can drastically improve his or her financial situation in only 90 days. To this Mr. Allen made the challenge — “Send me to any unemployment line. Let me select someone who is broke, out of work, discouraged. Let me teach him in two days’ time the secrets of wealth. And in 90 days he’ll be back on his feet, with $5,000 cash in the bank, never to set foot in an unemployment line again.”
This document summarizes a presentation on evaluating the effect of rural finance on African economies. It discusses using partial equilibrium models and impact assessment methods to measure the causal impact of rural finance. Specifically, it presents on extending the AGMEMOD model to analyze markets in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. It also provides an example of assessing the impact of export crop cultivation on household income in Ghana using a Heckman selection model and propensity score matching. The document concludes by discussing how the Thünen Institute's agri benchmark network can be used to compare farm data across countries to better understand the pathways through which access to finance impacts productivity.
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Roman Catholic Church in response to Muslim conquests in the Holy Land. The summaries include the origins and outcomes of the major Crusades, including the First Crusade which succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, and subsequent Crusades which aimed to retake lands lost to Muslim rulers but ultimately failed to achieve permanent territorial gains.
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Pope called European Christians to aid the Byzantine Empire against Muslim expansion. The First Crusade recaptured Jerusalem in 1099 but it was later lost. Subsequent Crusades were largely unsuccessful and caused conflict between Christians. The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204, weakening Byzantium. Other Crusades achieved only brief and limited victories against Muslim rulers.
Why did the Medieval crusades happen? What influenced knights and peasants to cross a continent to battle for access rights and territory in the Holy Land? Was it personal self-aggrandizement or profound religious belief? What did their battle-cry - "Deus Volt" (God wills it) - really mean?
The document discusses the Crusades that took place between the 11th and 13th centuries in response to the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 1076. It describes how Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 to retake the Holy Land. The Crusaders succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. However, Saladin and the Muslims were able to retake the city in 1187, prompting the Third Crusade led by King Richard I of England, King Philip II of France, and others to try to recapture Jerusalem but ultimately fail. The Crusades had lasting effects on Europe and relations with the Muslim world.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries. It describes how Jerusalem fell to Arab rule in 635 and Seljuk Turks in 1076, persecuting Christians and motivating the Crusades. The First Crusade captured Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Subsequent crusades were launched including the Second led by Louis VII of France and the Third led by Richard I of England against Saladin. While the crusaders had some successes, they were ultimately unable to retain control of Jerusalem.
The document provides background information on the Crusades:
Pope Urban II called for the Crusades in the 11th century to retake the Holy Lands from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped this would unite Christianity and increase the power and prestige of the Church. Thousands answered the call for religious and political reasons. The Crusades had mixed success in retaking lands but ultimately failed in their goal. They led to increased trade and the rise of stronger centralized monarchies in Europe.
The document summarizes the history of Minden Lodge No. 63, which originated as the lodge of the 20th Regiment of Foot in Ireland in 1736. During the Seven Years' War and American Revolutionary War, the regiment and its lodge were involved in key battles at Minden and Quebec. While imprisoned during the Revolutionary War, the lodge met with German Freemasons from Brunswick. They initiated candidates and provided relief to those in need, establishing the first recorded inter-jurisdictional Masonic meeting in North America. The lodge continued meeting as the regiment was stationed across Europe and North America until losing its jewels and warrant in India during the 1857 mutiny.
The document summarizes the Crusades that took place between 1095 and 1291. It discusses the reasons for launching the Crusades, including calls from the Byzantine Empire for aid and the Pope's desire to unite the Christian faith. It then outlines the major Crusades, including the leaders involved, key battles, and the ultimate failure to recapture and hold Jerusalem despite several efforts. In the end, the Crusades failed in their goals and damaged relations between Christians and Muslims.
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Crusades. It introduces some important terms like Acre, Jihad, and Sultan. It then describes how the first Crusaders established control in Jerusalem and other cities. It discusses the need to ensure safe travel and supply lines between Europe and the Holy Land, which led to building castles. It outlines the launch of the Second Crusade after losses in the First Crusade. It discusses the rise of Saladin and Muslim victories over the Crusaders in the Third Crusade, as well as the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart that saw the recapturing of Acre. Finally, it summarizes the truce signed between Saladin and Richard that allowed Christian
By 750, most of Spain was controlled by Muslim Moors. In 1093, the Byzantine emperor asked the Pope for help retaking Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Pope issued a call for the First Crusade, promising forgiveness of sins and rewards in heaven for those who fought. Eyewitness accounts described the brutal battle for Jerusalem, estimating at least 10,000 Muslim infidels were slain within the Temple enclosure and thousands more throughout the city. In 1187, Saladin, a Muslim leader, retook Jerusalem for Islam.
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
Saladin was born in 1137 in Tikrit, Iraq and spent his early years in Baalbek and Damascus. He was educated in Islamic teachings and trained as a military leader under Nur al-Din. In 1164 and 1169, Saladin helped his uncle with military expeditions against Crusaders and Shiite adversaries. He was later given control of Egypt. From 1174-1193, Saladin conquered territories including Damascus, Aleppo, Mosul, and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, which sparked the Third Crusade. After establishing control over much of the region, Saladin died of a fever in 1193.
The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 15th centuries with the goal of regaining Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Growing concern over the safety of Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem due to the growing Seljuk Turkish empire led Pope Urban II to call for the First Crusade in 1095. The First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem in 1099 but the city was re-taken by Saladin in 1187, spurring the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart. While the Crusades failed to reclaim the Holy Land long-term, they increased trade and cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East.
The document summarizes King Alfred the Great's code of laws known as the Doom Book or Code of Alfred. It compiled existing Saxon codes and incorporated rules from the Mosaic Code and Christian ethics. The code focused on fair judgement and mercy. It formed the basis for the common law in England. The document also provides background on Alfred's life, his battles against Danish invaders, and his efforts to reform and strengthen Anglo-Saxon society through establishing a navy, legal system, and promoting education.
The Second Crusade began in 1146 in response to the Muslim capture of Edessa. It saw Christian forces including King Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany fight against Muslim leaders like Salahuddin Ayyubi and Nur al-Din in places like Damascus and Asia Minor. The crusade ended unsuccessfully after Conrad and Louis' armies were destroyed in Asia Minor and their siege of Damascus was halted by a counterattack.
The Ring of The Dove (A TREATISE ON LOVE)Martinkay99
This document provides a lengthy introduction and summary of the book "The Ring of the Dove" by Ibn Hazm. It discusses the context in which Ibn Hazm wrote the book, including the political landscape of Islamic rule in Spain in the early 11th century. It also analyzes the blending of religious and secular themes in Ibn Hazm's work, as well as the influences of Persian and Greek literature. The introduction concludes by praising Ibn Hazm's prose style and assessing the challenges of translating his work to other languages.
The high medieval age and its troublesafrancksjrcs
The document provides an overview of the High Medieval period in Europe from 1000-1400 CE. It describes several major crises that impacted European civilization during this time, including the Crusades, the Black Death plague, and the Hundred Years' War. These disasters sharply reduced the European population and caused an economic decline that lasted over 150 years, challenging the existing feudal system and agriculture-based economy.
The document summarizes the history of Al-Andalus (711-1492) in Iberia after the Muslim conquest. It describes how Muslim armies invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 CE after the Visigoth kingdom fell into crisis. They quickly conquered most of the peninsula, establishing an emirate. The emirate grew into an independent Islamic state and later a caliphate centered in Córdoba, which became one of the most advanced cities in Europe. Internal conflicts in the 11th century caused the caliphate to break into smaller kingdoms (taifas) that were eventually conquered by North African dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads
The document provides background on the Crusades, which were a series of military campaigns launched by Western European Christians between the 11th-13th centuries to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule. It summarizes the key events and outcomes of the First through Seventh Crusades. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 and establishing Crusader states, while subsequent Crusades struggled against growing Muslim powers like Saladin and the Ayyubids and ultimately failed to maintain Christian control over the Holy Land.
Similar to The Position of Islamicjerusalem in the Negotiations between Sultan Salah al-Din and King Richard I “the Lion-Heart” (19)
The Inclusivity of Islamicjerusalem and its Model for Multiculturalismislamicjerusalem
This document discusses the inclusivity of Islamicjerusalem and its historical model for multiculturalism. It provides background on the religious conflicts in the region and how Islam established a new framework for peaceful coexistence when it arrived in the 7th century. The Quran emphasized connections to prior monotheistic faiths and their prophets associated with the land. Early Islamic scripture and policies supported Christian Byzantines and recognized People of the Book. This established Islamicjerusalem as a place where faiths could meet and thrive together under Muslim rule, forming a model for cultural diversity.
THE QURANIC PROPHECY OF THE DEFEAT AND VICTORY OF THE BYZANTINESislamicjerusalem
The document summarizes a journal article about a Quranic prophecy regarding the defeat and victory of the Byzantines against the Persians in the 7th century. It discusses:
1) How early Muslims paid attention to the Byzantine-Persian wars as it was mentioned in the Quran and occurred near the Prophet Muhammad's time.
2) Exegetical works from scholars like al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir that analyzed verses in Surat al-Rum regarding the Byzantines' initial defeat and future victory.
3) The historical context of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius defeating the Persian ruler Chosroes II between 610-632 CE, aligning
THE UMAYYADS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE CHRISTIAN SACRED SITES IN ISLAMICJERUSALEMislamicjerusalem
The document discusses the Umayyads' attitude towards Christian sacred sites in Jerusalem during their rule. It finds that the Umayyads generally tolerated and respected Christian holy places and activities. The paper analyzes historical accounts of Umayyad caliphs visiting and supporting the maintenance of important churches. It also describes archaeological evidence that churches were rebuilt, renovated, and continued operating under the Umayyads, suggesting they allowed Christian religious practices and did not seek to destroy sacred sites. The evidence presented indicates the Umayyads endorsed a positive and tolerant approach towards Christian holy places in Jerusalem.
Selected Qur’anic Verses on Islamicjerusalem and their Exegesisislamicjerusalem
This document summarizes and analyzes selected Quranic verses related to Islamicjerusalem and their exegesis. It discusses:
- Verses that directly or indirectly reference al-Aqsa Mosque, the walled city of Jerusalem, and the broader region of Islamicjerusalem.
- Disputes among scholars over the interpretation of some verses and whether they refer to Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem).
- The most common verses cited in relation to Jerusalem, including references to Muhammad's Night Journey to al-Aqsa and it originally being the first Qiblah for Muslims to pray toward.
- The definition of "Islamicjerusalem" as referring to a large
The Role of Zionist Movement Towards the Creation of the State of Israelislamicjerusalem
This document summarizes the emergence and role of the Zionist movement in establishing the state of Israel. It discusses how the Zionist movement, founded by Theodor Herzl in 1896, lobbied world powers like Britain and the US to support establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Through population growth and political efforts, the Zionist movement helped create the conditions for Israel to be founded as a nation state for Jewish people in 1948, displacing much of the native Palestinian population in the process.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
The Position of Islamicjerusalem in the Negotiations between Sultan Salah al-Din and King Richard I “the Lion-Heart”
1. Journal of lslamicjerusalem Studies (Summer 2005), 6:t, 83-108
Al-Maktoum InstituteforArabic andIslamic Studies
For Muslims Christians Islamicjerusalem has
occupied a very distinctive important place in their hearts
and minds. Islamicjerusalem was presented by Abd al-Fattah El
Awaisi, the founder of the new field of inquiry of
Islamicjerusalem Studies, as a unique region1 promoting co
existence between its inhabitants and followers of other
religions based on mutual respect. Moreover, El-Awaisi did not
only present Islamicjerusalem as a model for multiculturalism
also as a model for conflict resolution. He argued that "one
good example which represent Islamic Jerusalem as a model for
conflict resolution was the negotiations between Sala!}. al-Din
and the King Richard I 'the Lion Heart' of England during the
third Crusade (1 1 89-1 193)"2• Indeed, Islamicjerusalem's
inclusive vision encouraged Sala!}. al-Din to negotiate with his
enemy for an inclusive solution to resolve their dispute.
This clearly manifested during the long peace
negotiations between the most known sole leaders during the
third Crusade: Sultan Sala!}. al-Din (died. 589AH /1 193 CE) and
the King Richard I 'The Lion-Heart' of England (died. 1 199
CE). In this article, an attempt is made to verify the accounts of
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
2. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
the communication between SalalJ_ al-Din and the Crusaders and
analytically discusses the peace negotiations between SalalJ_ al
Din and Richard I. The article covers, also, the outcomes of
these negotiations and how the vision ofinclusivity was adopted
in Islamicjerusalem. The article concludes with how at the end
of the third Crusade, that lasted nearly five years, Richard and
Salal} al-Din, the two of the greatest warriors and statesmen of
the medieval age, parted on good terms.
The fall of Islamicjerusalem on Friday, 27 Rajah, 583
AH 12 October 1 187 CE3 to the Muslims under the leadership of
SalalJ_ al-Din was followed by several campaigns and another
major Crusades effort to regain it. The third Crusade (1 189-1 1 93
CE) was led by three of medieval Europe's most famous
monarchs: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King
Philip II Augustus of France, and King Richard I 'the Lion
Heart' of England. This was a strong start, but the crusades
quickly weakened. Frederick Barbarossa accidentally drowned
while he was marching towards Islamicjerusalem,4 and this
halted his army's momentum. As a result, most of the army
trudged back to their German homes. SalalJ_ al-Din attributed this
death to the will of Allah, for he had feared the strength of
Frederick's army. Philip II Augustus was taken ill during the
siege of Acre, and only partially recovered, or so he said. He
was probably tired of fighting the Muslims and disagreeing with
Richard and the other Crusaders and therefore, decided to go
back home. Although Richard enjoyed much military success
and won back a considerable portion ofthe Holy land, he failed
to take Islamicjerusalem.
84
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
3. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between Salab al-Din and Richard
Far from being a thorough study of the third Crusade,
this article will focus only on the relationships between the King
of England, Richard the Lion-Heart and Muslim Sultan, Salfil)
al-Din. This is due to the fact that both led the process of
negotiations between Muslims and Crusaders during the third
Crusade. However, it maybe be noted that Frederick Barbarossa
wrote a letter while in Germany to Salal}. al-Din threatening the
latter to hand over Islamicjerusalem and the holy lands,
otherwise, Salfil) al-Din would face dire consequences. It seems
that this was the only communication between the two leaders.5
First Episode of the Negotiations
As soon the Crusades had moved their forces to Acre,
they led a siege against the Walled City of Islamicjerusalem for
almost two years, during which thousands on both sides died. At
this stage, channels of communication between the Muslim and
Crusaders sides, represented by Salfil) al-Din and Richard, were
established. According to Ibn Shaddad, although the fighting
was very fierce and violent, the Muslims were very patient and
remained as steadfast as noble heroes. When the Crusaders saw
this, they were surprised; so Richard sent a messenger first to al
'Adil, Salal}. al-Din's brother, asking for a meeting with Salfil)
al-Din in order to discuss some matters. However, Salal}. al-Din
answered immediately:
'Kings do not meet unless an agreement has been reached.
It is not good for them to fight after meeting and eating together. If
he wants this, an agreement must be settled before it can happen.
We must have an interpreter whom we can trust to act between us,
85
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
4. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
and who can make each of us understand what the other says. Let
the envoy be our mutual interpreter. If we come to an agreement,
the meeting can happen later, God willing. 6
Richard agreed about the interpreter and sent another
messenger asking to set a time to meet on the plain with their
troops surrounding the two of them. SalaQ. al-Din accepted the
invitation, but the meeting did not take place on account of
Richard's was being suddenly become ill. In addition to that, the
Crusaders' princes had met with Richard . and expressed their
disapproval ofhis actions as they were endangering Christianity.
Richard sent a messenger to SalaQ. al-Din explaining the reason
for his absence.7
After a period of time, when it became clear to the
defenders of Acre, the Muslim inhabitants of the Walled City,
that there was no hope of SalaQ. al-Din's army reaching the
Walled City to aid them, they asked the Crusaders for surrender
terms.8 When these were agreed upon they surrendered the
Walled City. To ensure that the terms were fulfilled, 3000
Muslim prisoners were taken as hostages. The conditions,
agreed upon by the inhabitants of the Walled City and the
Crusaders were, as Ibn Shaddad states:
'That they would give up the city and all the engines,
equipment and ships it contained and hand over 200000 dinars,
1500 prisoners of common, unremarkable background and 100
prisoners to be specified by the Franks, whom they would select,
and additionally the Holy Cross that was taken by the Muslims.
These would be granted, provided that the Muslims could leave in
safety, taking with them their personal wealth and goods and their
children and womenfolk. They guaranteed to the marquis (for he
had been reconciled and had returned) 10,000 dinars because he
86
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
5. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $alab al-DTn and Richard
was the intermediary, and 4000 dinars to his men. On that basis an
agreement was concluded between them and the Crusaders'.
9
Therefore, under this agreement, Sala.Q. al-Din was
supposed to hand in the agreed amount of money, Christian
prisoners to be exchanged for the Muslim hostages, and the True
Holy Cross to be restored to them. However, progress was slow
because Sala]) al-Din had doubts that if the Crusaders received
the money, the cross and the prisoners, while still having the
Muslim hostages, they would act treacherously and then the loss
for the Muslims would be too great to be repaired.10 Richard
lost his patience and massacred some 2700 Muslims in the sight
of Sala.Q. al-Din's army;11 according to Ibn al-'Adim, Richard
killed 2200 and saved the rest.12 Elizabeth Hallam criticise this
incident by saying that later chronicles contrasted this incident
with Sala!) al-Din's more chivalrous treatment of Crusaders
prisoners.13 Lane-Poole states that there was 'no imaginable
excuse or palliation for the cruel and cowardly massacre that
followed'.14 He quotes a chronicle describing this horrible
scene:
'Orders were then given to cut off the heads of the
hostages with the exception of a few of the nobler prisoners, who
perhaps might yet be relieved or exchanged for captive Christians.
King Richard, always eager to destroy the Muslims, to confound the
law of Muhammad utterly, and vindicate that of Christ, on the
Friday after the Assumption bade 2700 Muslim hostages led out of
the city and beheaded. Nor was there any delay. The king's
followers leapt forward eager to fulfil the commands, and thankful
to the Divine Grace that permitted them to take such vengeance for
those Christians whom these very (captives) had slain with bolts and
arrows'.15
87اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
6. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
After Crusaders had captured Acre they marched
along the coast King
'You desire peace but you do not mention your demands
that I might mediate your differences with the sultan' . The King of
England replied, 'the basic condition is that you should restore all
the lands to us and return to your countries' . Al-'Adil gave a harsh
answer and a quarrel followed which led to the enemy's departure
16
after the two of them had separated.
From Richard's reply, it can be seen that he saw the
Muslims as invaders and had no rights, not only in
Islamicjerusalem but also in the whole area. Richard also
believed that the Crusaders were the real owner of those lands
and the Muslims should leave the area. As a result, negotiations
were unsuccessful and a battle was fought near Arsuf on 14
Sha 'ban 581 AH/ 7 September 1 191 CE. King Richard achieved
a victory over the Muslims at Arsuf The Crusaders then headed
to Jaffa (Yiifii) and won that land as well. It seems that King
Richard had remembered his last meeting with al-'Adil, and
discovered that it had not been a proper basis for a peace treaty.
Therefore, on the 26 Ramat}iin 581 AH /18 October 1 191 CE,
Richard met al-'Adil at Yazur; they talked for a long time and
discussed the matter of peace. King Richard made a proposition
and asked al-'Adil to write it and send it to $alal). al-Din. This
88
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
7. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $ala1J al-Din and Richard
letter, seen as the most important correspondence between Salfil).
al-Din and Richard as it deals directly with the issue of
Islamicjerusalem, states:
'You will greet him and say, 'The Muslims and the Franks
are done for. The land is ruined, ruined utterly at the hands of both
sides. Property and lives on both sides are destroyed. The matter has
received its due. All we have to talk about is Islamicjerusalem, the
Holy Cross and these lands. Now Islamicjerusalem is the centre of
our worship, which we shall never renounce, even if there was only
one of us left. As for these lands, let there be restored to us what is
this side of Jordan River. The Holy Cross is a piece of wood that
has no value for you, but it is important for us. Let the sultan bestow
it upon us. Then we can make peace and have rest from this
h d h. ' 17constant ar s 1p.
Salal} al-Din read the message and then summoned the
leading men of his council and consulted them about what to
reply. Salal} al-Din's famous reply was as follows:
'lslamicjerusalem is ours as much as it is yours. Indeed,
for us it is greater than it is for you, for it is where our Prophet came
on his Night Journey and the gathering place of the angels. Let not
the king imagine that we shall give it up, for we are unable to
breathe a word of that amongst the Muslims. As for the land, it is
also ours originally. Your conquest of it was an unexpected accident
due to the weakness of the Muslims there at that time. While the
war continues Allah will not enable you to build up one stone there.
From the lands in our hands we, thanks be to Allah, feed on the
produce and draw our benefit. The destruction of the Holy Cross
would in our eyes be a great offering to Allah, but the only reason
we are not permitted to go that far is that some more useful benefit
might accrue to Islam'.18
:From this it can be seen how Islamicjerusalem was
ifll.pDlttant to both · sides and how each had their reasons for
89اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
8. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
utmost
to was
obviously very exhausted of war as shown his to
persuade Salal) al-Din to arrange for peace. The message shows
the drop in Richard's demands; he is now asking only about
Islamicjerusalem, where in the previous letters he was asking
about the whole region. However, Richard is still insisting that
Jerusalem is for the Christians only and cannot be shared with
the Muslims. In contrast to Salfil} al-Din's reply which shows a
totally different attitude. Salfil} al-Din's reply demonstrated the
Muslim inclusive vision toward Islamicjerusalem and the
possibility for both Muslims and Christians to live in peace and
harmony together and to share the holiness of Islamicjerusalem.
Salal). al-Din acknowledges the Christians' rights m
Islamicjerusalem; he asserts the rights of the Muslims in
controlling the area; and refutes his claim that the Muslims are
invaders.
New Development in the Negotiations
King Richard was trying his best to establish a peace
agreement with SalaQ. al-Din. On 29 Ramar)iin 581 AH /21
October 1 191CE he offered peace on these terms: al-'Adil was
to marry his sister Joan (the widowed Queen of Sicily); then the
couple to live in Islamicjerusalem; and $alfil1 al-Din should give
to al-'Adil alrthe coastal lands he held and make him king of the
Littoral. In addition to the lands and fief (Iqta'at) that were in
$alal}. al-Din hands, both al-'Adil and Joan should together rule
the land; the holy cross was to be returned to the Crusaders;
90
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
9. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $ala� al-Din and Richard
prisoners from both sides were to be freed; and the Templars
and Hospitallers were to be given villages. It was proposed that
this shuuld be the basis for a peace settlement, and if this was
settled, Richard would return to England.19 When $ala.Q. al-Din
received these terms, he immediately expressed approval of
these terms, while at the same time taking them as a joke on
Richard's part. He believed that Richard would not agree to any
of them and that they were meant to mock and deceive him.
Indeed, what Sala]J. al-Din expected came true; after hearing the
approval of Sala.Q. al-Din to the marriage conditions, Richard
apologised by saying that his sister had utterly rejected the idea
and swore by her religion that she would never marry a Muslim.
Richard then proposed that if al-'Adil became a Christian he
would fulfill the marriage condition.
20
King Richard's demands
Since his approaches to $ala.Q. al-Din with peace treaties
had been unsuccessful, Richard decided to take drastic measures
and marched towards Islamicjerusalem, in the hope of
recovering the city and finishing the job that he had come to do.
On the 27 Jumada al-Thtinf 588 AH 16 June 1 192 CE the
Crusaders under the leadership of Richard arrived at the village
ofBayt Nuba, west of the Walled City of Islamicjerusalem, and
chose it as the base for capturing Islamicjerusalem. He
examined the situation carefully· in terms of the military
situation, the forces available on both sides, and the outcome of
such a military campaign. Richard realised that the situationwas
very difficult and it soon became clear to him that the game was
91اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
10. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
not worth He might spend years besieging Islamicjerusalem
before victory and it virtually to
enough forces and power to hold a siege Walled City
of Islamicjerusalem, but he could not keep a supply of food
and water for a long period of time. He had a meeting with the
leaders ofhis army within his camp and told them he would
'
never desert them; he would proceed to the Walled City of
Islamicjerusalem as a comrade but not as a commander or
leader. He then asked if anyone would volunteer to be leader.
They all realised that if Richard was unable to be leader, then
neither any ofthem.21 Therefore Richard started re-insisting on a
peace treaty.
fact from reading several sources, the researcher is
inclined to argue that the reason behind Richard's insistence, for
a peace treaty with SalalJ_ al-Din, can be summarised in three
main points. Firstly, his health appeared to be deteriorating
shortly after the capture of Acre, and it seemed that the climate
in Palestine did not help. During the summer of 588 AH 11 192
CE, when they were in Bayt Niiba, King Richard's health
deteriorated more. Secondly, his assessment of the power of the
Muslim army showed him that it was more than he had
expected. He had thought, since he had a large army from
several European countries, he would easily defeat SalalJ_ al
Din's army. However, he now saw the strength and power of
SalalJ_ al-Din's armies. The third point was regarding the
deteriorating situation in England; his brother John was planning
to overthrow him and takeover his throne.
92
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
11. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $alab al-Din and Richard
Richard and his armies failed to recover
Islamicjerusalem. This resulted in disagreement between the
Crusaders themselves about whether to march up to walled city
of Islamicjerusalem or go back to their own territory.22 The
French were in favour of marching towards the walled city,
saying: 'the only reason we came was Jerusalem and we shall
not return without it'.23 However, Richard argued about the way
they were going to get water to drink as the water in the wells
around the walled city of Islamicjerusalem had been poisoned
by the order of Salal) al-Din.24 A meeting was held and a
decision was reached for the departure. the early morning of
588 /4 July 1 192 CE they set out the
way they had come. 25
26 588 AH 19 July 1 192
Crusaders' messenger the al-Hiijeb Yusuf
a message from Richard to Sala}) al-Din; this, according to
Shaddad, was as follows:
'The of desires your love and 1-ri4mdsh.ip.
He does not wish to be a Pharaoh ruling the earth and he does not
think that of you. 'It is not right' he says, 'for you to ruin all the
Muslims, nor for me to ruin all the Franks. Here is my nephew,
Count Henry, whom I have made ruler of these lands. I hand
him and his troops over to your authority. If you were to
summon them for execution they would hear and obey. Many
monks and men of religion have asked you for churches and you
have not grudged them what they asked. Now I ask you for a
church. Those matters which annoyed you in the negotiations
with al-'Adil I have declared that I give them up. I have
renounced them. Were you to give me a very small village, I
would accept it'.26
93
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
12. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
Ibn Shaddad then states that:
When the Sultan had heard this message, he gathered his
advisers and counsellors and asked them what the reply to this
message should be. There was no one who did not advise
conciliation and a concluding of peace because of the fatigue,
exhaustion andburden of debts from which the Muslims suffered. It
was agreed to make this response: 'if you make this sort of
overture to us, goodwill cannot be met with other than goodwill.
Your nephew will be to me like one of my sons. You shall hear
how I shall treat him. I shall bestow on him the greatest of
churches, the Holy Sepulchre, and the rest of the land's upland
castles that are in our hands shall remain ours. What is between the
two regions shall be considered condominium. 'Asqaliin and what is
beyond shall be left in ruins, neither yours nor ours. If you want its
villages, let them be yours'. 27
From studying Richard's letter, it shows how desperate
he was to finish the job he came to do, by any means and with
any results. His letter, from top to bottom, indicates a need for
an arrangement m a friendly and conciliatory spirit.
Furthermore, it shows how far Richard's concession had gone,
in that he was willing to accept even a small village, in contrast
to the early stages when he had asked Sala!}. al-Din's army to
return to their countries and leave Islamicjerusalem and the area
to him. King Richard went further to confirm the sovereignty of
Salah al-Din over all when he recommended his own nephew to
Sala4 al-Din's good grace. Sala!}. al-Din's reply was for peace.
He promised him, first, that he would treat his nephew as a son;
second, he would hand him the most important Church in
Islamicjerusalem for the Christians; and finally, he would divide
the country between the Muslims and Christians.
94
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
13. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between Salab al-Din and Richard
A day later, on 29 Jumada al-Thanr 588 AH /12 July
1 1 92 CB, messenger was sent to see Sala}}.
to a new request:
'What I from you is that we should have twenty
persons in the citadel of and that the local
Christians and Franks who live in the should not be harassed.
As for the rest of the we have the coastal plain and the
lowlands and you have the hill country'.
28
This the messenger of on his own ..........................
exposed an important issue, which was the gaining of
Islamicjerusalem was no longer Richard's intention; he had
given up talk about Islamicjerusalem apart from being
allowed to make pilgrimage there. King Richard wished to reach
a peaceful agreement and return home. Sala}}. al-Din
discussed the issue with his advisers and his answer to
messenger was 'you will not have anything at all to do with
Islamicjerusalem, apart from making pilgrimage visit'. The
messenger replied, 'but the pilgrims would have nothing to pay'.
From these words· it was understood that he agreed with the
terms.29
It is importan� to mention here that these negotiations
occurred while the fighting was still going on at different
locations. During the fight in Yafa, Richard asked to meet
Chamberlain (al-Hajeb) Abu Bakr. At the meeting, Richard,
according to Ibn Shaddad, said:
'This Sultan of yours is a great man. Islam has no
greater or mightier prince on earth than him. . . By God, he is
great. . . Greet the Sultan for me and say for God's sake grant me
what I ask for to make peace. This is a matter that must have an end.
95
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
14. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
My lands over the sea have been ruined. For this to go on is no good
30for us nor for you'.
While negotiations were still going on between Sala.Q. al
Din and King Richard, the latter's health deteriorated; he had a
burning fever. He craved for fruit and ice, and had a yearning
for pears and plums. In a gesture of goodwill, Sala.Q. al-Din
supplied these fruits with refreshing snow from the mountain.31
It appears that there were two reasons for this: Firstly, Richard's
sickness seems to have softened the heart of Sala.Q. al-Din
towards Richard;32 and secondly, to gain intelligence access by
the coming and going of the messengers.33 Meanwhile, Richard
had a meeting with Chamberlain Abu Bakr al-'AdilI and told
him to thank Sala.Q. al-Din forthe fruit and the ice. He also asked
al-'Adil how he could influence Sala.Q. al-Din to make peace and
asked him to beg Sala.Q. al-Din to give Richard 'Asqali.in. In
return, Richard would agree to leave but he would leave behind
him his little band, so that Sala.Q. al-Din would be able to take the
land from them. All he aimed for, upon his departure, was to
strengthen his reputation amongst the Crusaders. SalaQ. al-Din
admitted that if they agreed to give up 'Asqali.in, then a peace
treaty would be concluded with them as his army was very tired
of fighting and constant campaigning and their resources were
exhausted.34 Sala.Q. al-Din wanted to rest his army for a while so
that they could recover and gain strength. Furthermore, he
wanted to make the land productive again, and be capable of
supplying Islamicjerusalem with more weapons to strengthen
and support his defences.35
96
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
15. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $alab al-DTn and Richard
to
was carefully negotiated
12 September 1 CB,36
years eight according
660 /1262 CB) it was for a period of
three years months,37 and for three years and three
months according to Abu al-Fida' (died 732 AH /1332 CB) and
al-MaqrizI (died 845 AH /1442 CB).
38 The conditions of the
treaty included that 'Asqalan was to be destroyed and was not to
be rebuilt by anyone for three years. The· starting date of the
peace treaty was 22 Rabf' al-Awwal 589 AH /28 March 1 193
CB). After the three years, whoever was stronger would get
'Asqalan. Salal). al-Drn would give them Joppa, its vicinity and
the sea-coast and the mountains. Salal). al-Drn was to keep
Islamicjerusalem, provided that he allows free passage, without
tribute, and the freedom of selling objects to any land exercising
free commerce. Both sides signed the treaty.39
Immediately after signing, Salal). al-Drn ordered the
herald to make a loud proclamation in the encampments and in
the markets:
'Listen all! Peace has been arranged. Any person from
their lands who wishes to enter ours may do so and any person from
our lands who wishes to enter theirs may also do so'. The sultan
announced that the pilgrim route from al-sham was now open.40
Sala}) al-Din adhered to the terms of the peace treaty,
which contained freedom of religion that included allowing
Christians to visit various sites in Islamicjerusalem and perform
their pilgrimage. Salal). al-Din even gave them assistance and
97
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
16. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
would send escorts with them to protect them until they were
taken back to Yafa (Jaffa).41 The main reason for this assistance
was to ensure that they had done their pilgrim duty and had then
returned to their own lands happy and gracious. Furthermore,
$alfil). al-Din offered them food, and treated them kindly and
spoke to them in a friendly way. However, Richard was
unhappy and annoyed at seeing a very large number of
Crusader's pilgrims visiting Islamicjerusalem. Therefore, he
sent a letter to $alfil). al-Din asking him not to allow Christians to
visit Islamicjerusalem unless they had written permission from
him.42 Salfil). al-Din, for his part, refused Richard's request,
justifying his refusal by saying that, if people were travelling a
very long distance to get to Islamicjerusalem, it would be
unacceptable to prevent them from entering and visiting the holy
site.43 It seems that Salfil). al-Din was aware that if he prevented
these people from attending, they would go back and tell their
people how they had been banned from visiting
Islamicjerusalem. As a result, people would feel outraged and
start preparing for a new Crusade. One might assume that Salfil).
al-Din would take Richard's request as a great opportunity to
keep Islamicjerusalem away from the Crusaders. However, the
$ultan's refusal would prevent King Richard from having any
control of Islamicjerusalem even if this were spiritual
domination. Salal} al-Din informed those visiting of the
dissatisfaction of Richard, and told them that they could still
perform their pilgrimages as he had refused his proposal.
Once again, Salfil). al-Din adhered to the terms in the
peace treaty with regard to Islamicjerusalem. It is worthwhile
98
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
17. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between SalalJ al-DTn and Richard
mentioning the incident that took place between Hubert Walter,
the Bishop of Salisbury, Sala}J. al-Din, during the former's
men,
with Richard
Latin deacons to be
service with the Syrians at the
..,,.................... were to out ofthe
also requested same
Nazareth. Sala}J. al-Din granted his request.44
Crusade, lasted nearly five years, ended
Sala}J. al-Din parting on good terms. Each had
generally shown respect for the other, at times exchanging
generous gifts, even in the heat of battle. King Richard sailed
out of Acre, in October 1 192 CE, well aware that he was not
leaving all his enemies behind, as more would be waiting to trap
him during his journey home. Sala}J. al-Din returned from a/
Ram/a to Islamicjerusalem to prepare the material to restore it
and to look after its welfare. On being assured that King Richard
has left the country,45 Sala}J. al-Din started making plans to go
for Hajj (pilgrimage at Makkah),46 a visit to which he was
looking forward to. His plan was to go and inspect the coastal
99اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
18. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
areas in Palestine and make sure that everything was in good
order,47 then to go to Damascus stay there for a few days.
Afterwards he would return to Islamicjerusalem on his way to
Egypt to examine its affairs, establish its government, and
consider what would further its prosperity.48 SalaQ. al-Din left
Islamicjerusalem on 6 Shawwal 588 AH /15 October 1 192CE.
Shortly after his visit to Damascus, Salal) al-Din fell ill and had
a very bad fever for nearly ten days. He died on 27 Safar 589
AH /4 March 1 193CE, six months after the end of the third
Crusade. 49
Conclusion
Non-Muslim as well as Muslim writers describe Salfil}
al-Din as a man ofjustice and tolerance. Lane-Poole points out
that 'the secret of Salfil} al-Din's power lay in the love of his
subjects. What others sought to attain by fear, severity, and
majesty, he accomplished by kindness'.50 The legacy and legend
of Salal) al-Din only grew after his death. Respected by those
who fought against him as well as those who surrendered to his
mercy, he found a lasting place in the hearts of the Muslim
people and achieved a fame rarely given in Westem society to a
non-Christian enemy. It was Salfil} al-Din's adherence to the
chivalric ideals of justice and magnanimity, as well as his
combat expertise, that has given him a unique place amongst
chivalric heroes.
The researcher argues that Salfil} al-Din is a model of
chivalry; he was generous toward defeated enemies, kind toward
the Crusaders' wives and women, and humane with captured
100
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
19. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $alab al-Din and Richard
prisoners. Once he regained Islamicjerusalem he left it open to
pilgrims of all faiths. Sala!) al-Din was a determined fighter and
a good strategist. With regards to Islamicjerusalem, it can be
concluded that the attitude of Sala!) al-Din toward the Christians
was totally different from that of the Crusaders toward the
Muslims. Although he had the power to do so, Sala!) al-Din did
not kill tens of thousands, unlike the Crusaders when they first
entered Islamicjerusalem. His treatment of Christians and non
Muslims in Islamicjerusalem was characterised by tolerance,
respect and generosity.
From the above discussion one can conclude that the
epism:tles of the third Crusade have clarified several issues such
as'the actual reason for the Crusade which is for some a purely a
religious matter, in addition for being a mechanism to liberate
Islamicjerusalem from the hands of the Muslims who were
allegedly prosecuting the Christians there. This claim has been
refuted by the actions of Richard as he was easily able to drop
his ,demands on Islamicjerusalem, and finally abandon it
colllpletely. The discussion elaborated the position of
Islamicjerusalem in the peace negotiations between the two
parties and how it is important to the followers of the two
religions, Christianity and Islam. In addition, the discussion
emphasised the vision on Islamicjerusalem as an inclusive
region which means that Muslims accepted to share this region
with fhe followers of other religions. Sala!) al-Din's encouraged
inclusivity and rejected the policy of exclusivity. Finally, the
discussion also highlighted the significance of the dialogue and
101
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
20. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
understanding others for solving out complicated issues such as
the issue oflslamicjerusalem.
2
3
4
El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah Islamicjerusalem: A New Concept and
Definations, the 7 the International academic Conference on
Islamicjerusalem Studies, (Islamicjerusalem: Definations and
Approaches), held at Al-MaktoumInstitute for Arabic and Islamic
Studies, 6 June 2005, pp. 1-9.
El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah, Introducing Islamicjerusalem, Unpublished
book, chapter title "Islamicjerusalem as a model for Conflict
resolution".
Ibn Shaddad, Baha' al-Din, Al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya wa 'al-Ma/:zii.sin
al-Yiisufiyya. Dar al-Manar, (Cairo 1421 AH/ 2000 CE), 1st Edition,
p.53, (Hereinafter cited as: Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawiidir), See also Ibn
Shaddad, Baha' al-Din, The Rare and Excellent History OfSaladin or
Al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya wa'lMal).asin al-Yusufiyya, Translated by
Richards. D.S, Ashgate (Hants-U.K 2001), p. 77. (Hereinafter cited as:
Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent),
'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Abii 'Abd Allah Mul).ammad, Kitab al-FatlJ,
al-Qussrft al-FatlJ, al-Qudsf, p. 192, n.p, n.d, (Hereinafter cited as:
'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Kitab al-FatlJ, al-Qussi); Abii Sha.ma, 'Abd
al-Ralµnan Ibn Isma'il, Kitii.b al-Raw<iataynft Akhbar al-Dawlatayn al
Nuriya wal al-Salahiya. Edited and commented on by al-Zatbaq. A.
Mu'asaset al-Risalah. (Beirut 141 8 A.H /1997 CE), 1ST Edition, Vol.4,
pp. 129-130, (Hereinafter cited as: Abii Shama, Kitab al-Raw<Jatayn),
Ibn al-'Adim, Kamal al-Din AbI al-Qasem, Zubdat al- lfalab min
Tiirfkh Halab, Annotated by al-Mansfu K. Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiya,
(Beirut 1417 AH 1996 CE), 1ST Edition, p.421, (Hereinafter cited as:
Ibn al-'Adim, Zubdat al-lfalab), Al-ij:anbalI, Mujir al-Din, al-Uns Al
Jalrl bi Tarrkh al-Quds wa al-Khalrl, Edited andEdited by Abii Tabana
A. Maktabat Dandis (Hebron-Palestine 1420 A.H 11999 CE), 1ST
Edition., Vol. 1 , pp. 510-5 1 1. (Hereinafter cited as: Al-ij:anbalI, al-Uns
Al-Jalrl).
Stubbs, Willaim. Itinerarum Peregrinorum etgestaRegis Ricardi,
Translated into Arabic under the name al- lfarb al- Salrbrya al-Thalitha
(Salii/:z al-Dfn and Richard), By ij:abashi, ij:asan, al-Hay'a al-Mi�ria al
'Ama lil Kitab. (Egypt 2000 CE). Vol. 1, pp. 57-63. (Hereinafter cited
as: Stubbs, Itinerarum Peregrinorum)
102
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
21. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $alat:i al-DTn and Richard
6
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
Tun Shaddad, al-Nawiidir, op. cit., pp. 122-124, See also Tun Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent, op. .cit., pp. 152-153), 'Imad al-Din al
A�fahani, Kitab al-FatlJ, al-Qussf, op. cit., p. 253.
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawiidir, op. cit., pp. 125-126. See also Tun Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent op. cit., p. 155, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Kitiib
al-FatlJ, al-Qussr, op. cit., p. 253.
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawiidir, op. cit., pp. 128-129. See also Tun Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent, op. cit., pp. 158-160, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI,
Kitab al-Fatl:z al-Qussf, op. cit., p. 259.
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawlidir, op. cit. p. 131. See also Tun Shaddad, The
Rare and Excellent, op. cit, p.161, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Kitab al
Fatl:z al-Qussf, op. cit., p. 259.
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawiidir, op cit. p.134. See also Tun Shaddad, The Rare
and Excellent, op. cit., p. 164, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Kitiib al-Fatl:z
al-Qussf, op. cit., pp. 268-269.
'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Kitab al-FatlJ, al-Qussf, op. cit., p. 269, See
also Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Abi 'Abd Allah, Duwal al-Islam, Edited
by Muzwa HJ. presented by al-Arrna'ut M. Dar $ader (Beirut 1999
CE),lsT Edition, Vol.2, pp. 95-96, (Hereinafter cited as: Al-DhahabI,
Duwal al-Islam), Abii al-Fida', Isma'il lbn 'Ali, Tarfkh Abral-Fida ' al
Musamma Al-Mukhta�rftAkhbar al-Basher, Edited and annotated by
Dyfib M, ManshiiratMul}.ammad 'AliBayqfinDar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiya,
(Beirut 1417 AH/1997 CE), lsT
Edition, Vol.2. p.165, (Hereinafter cited
as: Abii al-Fida', Al-Mukhta�r). Al-I:IanbalI, al-Uns Al-Jalfl, op.
cit.,Vol. 1, p. 524. .
Tun al-'Adim, Zubdat al-lfalab, op. cit., p. 425.
Hallam, Elizabeth, Chronicles ofthe crusades: eye witness accounts of
the wars between Christianity and Islam, Guild Publishing. (London
1989 CE), p.153.
Lane-Poole, Stanley, Saladin and thefall ofthe Kingdom ofJerusalem,
Darfpublishers limited, (London, 1985 CE), p. 306 (Hereinafter cited
as: Lane-Poole, Saladin).
Ibid., p. 306.
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawiidir, op. cit., pp. 141-142, See also Tun Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent, op. cit., p. 174.
103اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
22. 17
Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
Tun Wa�il Jamal al-Din Tun Mul;lammad, Mufarij al-KurabftAkhbtir
BanfAyab, Edited by al-Shayyal. J., n.p (Egypt 1957 CE), Vol. 2, pp.
372-373 (Hereinafter cited as: Tun Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab).Ibn
Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 151-152, See also Tun Shaddad, The
Rare and Excellent, op. cit., pp. 1 85-6, AbU Sha.ma, Kitab al
Rawifatayn, op. cit., Vol.4, pp. 285-286. See also
� �f"J .)� �f"J I� J.i �}�IJ �I �1 .i.l J�; � � l!.Ji"
,� _11�1 l.l.iti J,,:.i J.iJ ,��I � c._IJJ�IJ Jl��I c.AJ J.iJ ,�4 �}JI J.t
t YJ � Jy L.o Li� &..""JJJIJ ,.)�IJ �IJ &..""JJJI 4S� �...? �.:Jli i.r-)J
� � �I L.oiJ .�.))�I &i JA L.o .o.)l .)� .)� L.olJ .i..l?IJ �l � J.:t
1.l.iti � �_r-JJ �J � IJkl...JI '4 � � Li� JAJ 4.J JIJ.lo � �J.;s.
18
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 152. See also Tun Shaddad, The
Rare and Excellent, op. cit., p. 1 86, Abii Sha.ma, Kitab al-Rawi/atayn,
op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 286. Tun Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.
373
�J � i.>� �9 ,�J.;s. JA l �f Li� JAJ � JA 45" U &..""JJJI"
.,�, L.oi_, ,�l � �-ii �pi ,js- )..I.ii ":I) � Jy i:>f )� t;JJ ,�,
� � IJ� � � � UJ� IJ� � �j�IJ ,��I J U �f �
L.oJ ,wi y}-1 �I_, L.o lf.o.o _p- OJ.W ,js- Jill �J� L.oJ ,ci_,11 �� � �I
":J � 'J.J.} .i� �� �I L.olJ .44 �J � Jill � yu lf.o.o �J.ti J
."�')...,�I Jl �IJ � �l � �}J 4Ji U JY,:
19
20
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., pp. 153-154, See also Tun Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent op. cit., pp.187-1 888, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI,
Kitab al-Fatl) al-Qussr, op. cit., pp. 284-285, Abu Sha.ma, Kitab al
Rawi/atayn, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 283-284. Tun Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurub,
op. cit., Vol.2, p. 372.
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., pp. 153-154, Tun Shaddad, The Rare
and Excellent, op. cit., pp. 187-188, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI, Kitab al-
104
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
23. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between Salat:i al-DTn and Richard
21
22
23
24
25
26
Fat}; al-Qussf, op. cit., pp. 284-285, Abfi Sha.ma, Kitab al-Raw4atayn,
op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 284.
Geofffrey de Vinsauf Itinerary ofRichard I and others to the Holy
Land, 'Translated as 'conjoint labour ofa classical scholar and a
gentlemen well read in medieval history' Henry G. Bohm, (London
1948 CE), p. 301.
Abfi Shama, Kitab al-Raw4atayn, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 310. See also Ibn
Wasil, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol.2, p. 389.
lbn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 174, Abfi Sha.ma, Kitab al
Rawlf,atayn, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 310. Ibn Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op.
cit., Vol.2, pp. 389-390.
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., pp. 168-175, Ibn Shaddad, The Rare
and Excellent, op. cit., pp. 209-212, Abii Sha.ma, Kitab al-Raw4atayn,
op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 306. Ibn Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol.2,
p.390.
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 175, Abii Sha.ma, Kitab al
Raw4atayn, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 3 1 1 .
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 176, Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and
Excellent, op. cit., pp. 213-214. Ibn Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit.,
Vol.2, p. 390.
i:.>y) i:.>� i:.>i �.)! 'J �iJ ci:o§IJ..pJ ci3�y ij �IJ 4)1 J� J��I cl.ll IJl"
i:.>i J j..f.: 'JJ # �I ciU i:.>i � j..f.: 'JJ 'clei l!JJ� � 'JJ JI'1'-JI �
d:Jl �J J�..UI o..iA � Ji ��J..S'.JI �i �1 1..iAJ ,# �)iJI cllAi
Jl J�J dykij IJAA" �I J! �J:....il YJ � i.:..J. O�J JA lJ�
� � �i UiJ � � W �1£ � I� Ji �I I)�)1 � �.1:
�.J J�WI clill � ll..il).1 ij �fi wS" l �JJ..p � c..iS" �I 1y'J1 l!.lliJ
27
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p.176, lbn Shaddad, The Rare and
Excellent, op. cit., p. 214. Ibn Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol.2,
p. 391.
105
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
24. Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
1J� Ji �LiJ .U)� y�iJ '-?i)I y4} a.11...i)1 o..iA 0.b.WI � .Q.ij"
.J.,:.i ..li i:JIS' .. �I �J a......,�4 Ju,i 4.J'° �l � W ,a,11.,..i)1 o...U ylj:-1
1.)1 .yl_,k-I l..iA � JY..1 �IJ .IJJ!!J.11 4.J'° �":)..s;.J �IJ �I i:,,.o �I
'-?.J.;s. �� �i �I �1 '���I "ill i:J��I �lj':" W J;J.11 l..iA w ��
� IJiiJ ,J..oUI i.,tJ ��I y.S"i �i uiJ AA.o J.di Ji �J '-?�"ilJi �
i:J� W.-1 t_')Ull i:,,.o ��� '-?..UIJ ,�4. Dfo �4. JI �Wi '� ��I
DlJ ,� �J W � �1_; 4J� A�l)J IJiJ IJ"':J..A-s.J ,�1.;.o IJ� �I � JIJ ,L;l
28
29
30
.:.JIS' Al} t�}
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p.177.
Ibid., p. 177. see also Ibn Wasil, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., p.392.
Ibid., pp. 1 84-1 85.See also Ibn Wa�il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit.,
pp.398-399.
� �) � ,41.4 �i �J y.S°'i f:JwJ"jJ i.fP)�I o..iA J JiJ ,� Dlb.L..JI I.Lb"
�l �J J i.r:l.J .16� �U "ilJ y)'-1 J..o� � Ji cf»IJ 'JJ-i"J �� D�I
"1!R J ii:? ..i,,:.� Di � Ji r:-.?J1 �I iii1J :Ji ( ,_;1 4J ,_N1 JJ.;)
�i � )»4 4l JiJ 4Jlb.L..JI � � :fa_ I.}.� J.i f .�)!! J Ull..i,,:.i �
�IJ� J JiJ �I �l)J '-?�":J..J. � ..liJ ,_;T 4;'° 4l -4 ":l _j6'il 1"4i �I J Jlj-i
."� "iJ L:.l � � l..iA
3 1
32
33
34
35
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 188.
Lane-Poole, Saladin, op. cit., p. 357.
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 188, Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and
Excellent, op. cit., pp. 227-228.
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 189.
Ibid., p. 192.
106
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
25. The Position of lslamicjerusalem in the Negotiations Between $alalJ al-Din- and Richard
36
37
38
39
40
4 1
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Ibn al-Athir, Abfi al-I:Iasan AlI al-SharbanI, Al-Kamilftal-Tarfkh,
Reviewed and Corrected by al-Daqaq M.Y. Manshfirat Mul}.ammad 'AlI
Bayqful, Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiya, (Beirut 1418 AH/ 1998 CE), 3RD
Edition, Vol. 10, p. 218, Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 191.
Ibn al-'Adim, Zubdat al-lfalab, op. cit., p. 426.
Abii al-Fida', Al-Mukhta�r, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 169, See also Al-MaqrizI,
Abii al- 'Abass Af:unad Ibn 'AlI, Kitilb al-Mawil 'i? bi Dhikr al-Khitat
wa al-Athiir, Annotated by al-Mansfir K. Manshfirat Mul}.ammad 'AlI
Bayqful, Dar al-Kutub al-'llmiya, (Beirut. 1418 AH/1998 CE), lsr
Edition, Vol. 3, p.409, (Hereinafter cited as: Al-MaqrizI, Kitiib al
Mawa 'i4).
Al-QalqashandI, Al}.mad Ibn 'AlI, Sub}J al-A 'shiiftSina 'at al-Insha,
Edited by Shams al-Din M, Manshfirat Mul).ammad 'AlI Bayqful. Dar
al.;Kutub al-'Ilmiya, (Beirut), n.d, lsr Edition, Vol. 4, pp. 183-184, lbn
K:athir, Abii al-Fida' Isma'Il, Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, Dar al-Fikr
(Beirut 1398 AH/ 1978 CE), Vol. 12, p.350 (Hereinafter cited as: lbn
Kathir, al-Bidaya). Ibn Wa&il, Mufarij al-Kunlb, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.403.
lbn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 192. lbn Shaddad, The Rare and
Excellent, op. cit., p. 23 1, Al-I:IanbalI, al-Uns Al-Jalfl, op. cit., Vol. 1,
p.536. lbn Wa&il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol.2, p. 408.
lbn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 193. lbn Shaddad, The Rare and
Excellent, op. cit., p.232.
lbn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 193, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI,
Kitab al-FatlJ al-Qussf, op. cit., p.317, Abfi Sha.ma, Kitab al
Raw<f.atayn, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 330, Al-I:IanbalI, al-Uns Al-Jalfl, op.
cit.,Vol. 1, p 537 lbn Wa&il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.409.
Abu Shama, Kitab al-Raw<f.atayn, op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 330-33 1 . See also
lbn Wa&il, Mufarij al-Kurab, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.409
Stubbs, ltinerarum Peregrinorum, op.cit., Vol. 1, pp. 274-277.
lbn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p. 196, See also 'Imad al-Din al
A�fahanI, Kitab al-Fath al-Qussf, op. cit., p. 317,
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., p.196, 'Imad al-Din al-A�fahanI,
Kitab al-FatlJ al-Qussf, op. cit., p.317, Al-I:IanbalI, al-Uns Al-Jalfl, op.
cit., Vol. 1, p. 537.
Ibn Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op., cit., p.196.
Ibid., p.196.
107
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org
26. 49
50
Maher Y. Abu-Munshar
Tun Shaddad, Al-Nawadir, op. cit., pp. 197-203, See also 'Im.ad al-Din
al-A�fahanI, Kitab al-Fatl:t al-Qussf, op. cit., pp.325-327, Al-l:lanbalI,
al-Uns Al-Jalfl, op. cit., pp. 538-539.
Lane-Poole, Saladin, op. cit., p. 367.
108
اﻟﻤﻘﺪس ﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ
www.isravakfi.org