1. The Templar Knights were formed in 1118 AD after Christian pilgrims were massacred in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims making the dangerous journey. They took quarters near the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was located near Solomon's Temple.
2. Saladin's armies defeated the Templars and reclaimed Jerusalem for Islam in 1187. The Templars amassed great wealth through donations but also went into debt to European monarchs.
3. King Philip IV of France had the Templars arrested, tortured, and killed in 1307 to avoid repaying debts and seize their wealth. While charges of heresy were leveled, there was no solid evidence and their lands and
The document discusses the origins and history of the Knights Templars and their connection to Freemasonry. It claims that the Templars discovered esoteric teachings during their time in Jerusalem that turned them away from Christianity. They grew extremely wealthy and powerful through banking and trade before being arrested for heresy. Though officially dissolved, the Templars survived secretly and went on to establish Freemasonry, imparting their symbols, rituals and beliefs. Many similarities are cited between Freemasonry and the medieval Knights Templar organization.
Dissertation - Philip IV and the Knight’s TemplarAlex Toes
This document is an honours dissertation submitted by Alex Toes in 2012 analyzing Philip IV and the Knights Templar. The introduction provides background on the Knights Templar and their role in the Crusades. Chapter 1 examines Philip IV's motives for bringing charges against the Templars and whether his accusations were valid given his political and financial ambitions. Historians debate Philip's character and whether he directly controlled policies or was manipulated by advisors, though most agree he pursued absolute power and wealth. The chapter analyzes primary sources that describe Philip both positively and negatively to understand his motives regarding targeting wealthy groups like the Templars.
The document provides background information on the Crusades:
Pope Urban II called for the Crusades in the 11th century to retake the Holy Lands from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped this would unite Christianity and increase the power and prestige of the Church. Thousands answered the call for religious and political reasons. The Crusades had mixed success in retaking lands but ultimately failed in their goal. They led to increased trade and the rise of stronger centralized monarchies in Europe.
The document discusses the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims for ownership of the holy sites. The crusade took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas of modern Lebanon, Syria and Israel. After agreeing to a truce, the crusade ended though conflicts over the lands continued and were followed by another crusade for Jerusalem and the Holy Lands.
The document discusses the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims and Jews in battles that took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. After agreeing to a truce, the crusade ended though conflicts over the lands continued and led to subsequent crusades such as the Fourth Crusade, as control over the important religious sites remained a point of contention.
The Crusades were military expeditions launched by Western Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between the 11th and 13th centuries. Major Crusades include the First Crusade which resulted in the establishment of the Crusader States, and the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip II, and Frederick I which allowed for Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem through a peace treaty. The Ninth and final Crusade ended Crusader control of the Holy Land.
This document provides an analysis of the Crusades and Jihad from the perspective of Dr. Peter Hammond. It seeks to dispel common misconceptions about the Crusades. The document argues that the Crusades were a reaction to over 500 years of conquest and oppression of Christians in the Middle East by Islamic jihad. It details how Muslim armies had conquered over two-thirds of the Christian world before the Crusades began. The Crusades are portrayed as defensive wars to liberate Christian lands and defend against further Muslim aggression, not wars of aggression themselves. The document criticizes the inaccurate portrayal of the Crusades in films like Kingdom of Heaven, arguing it presents a distorted version of history.
The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The Muslims had captured Jerusalem, preventing Christian pilgrimages. Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks and return of the Holy Land to Christianity. Thousands answered the call, including feudal lords, knights, and peasants. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, though the Turks later retook much of the territory, leading to further Crusades over the next century with no lasting victories for the Christians.
The document discusses the origins and history of the Knights Templars and their connection to Freemasonry. It claims that the Templars discovered esoteric teachings during their time in Jerusalem that turned them away from Christianity. They grew extremely wealthy and powerful through banking and trade before being arrested for heresy. Though officially dissolved, the Templars survived secretly and went on to establish Freemasonry, imparting their symbols, rituals and beliefs. Many similarities are cited between Freemasonry and the medieval Knights Templar organization.
Dissertation - Philip IV and the Knight’s TemplarAlex Toes
This document is an honours dissertation submitted by Alex Toes in 2012 analyzing Philip IV and the Knights Templar. The introduction provides background on the Knights Templar and their role in the Crusades. Chapter 1 examines Philip IV's motives for bringing charges against the Templars and whether his accusations were valid given his political and financial ambitions. Historians debate Philip's character and whether he directly controlled policies or was manipulated by advisors, though most agree he pursued absolute power and wealth. The chapter analyzes primary sources that describe Philip both positively and negatively to understand his motives regarding targeting wealthy groups like the Templars.
The document provides background information on the Crusades:
Pope Urban II called for the Crusades in the 11th century to retake the Holy Lands from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped this would unite Christianity and increase the power and prestige of the Church. Thousands answered the call for religious and political reasons. The Crusades had mixed success in retaking lands but ultimately failed in their goal. They led to increased trade and the rise of stronger centralized monarchies in Europe.
The document discusses the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims for ownership of the holy sites. The crusade took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas of modern Lebanon, Syria and Israel. After agreeing to a truce, the crusade ended though conflicts over the lands continued and were followed by another crusade for Jerusalem and the Holy Lands.
The document discusses the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims and Jews in battles that took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. After agreeing to a truce, the crusade ended though conflicts over the lands continued and led to subsequent crusades such as the Fourth Crusade, as control over the important religious sites remained a point of contention.
The Crusades were military expeditions launched by Western Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule between the 11th and 13th centuries. Major Crusades include the First Crusade which resulted in the establishment of the Crusader States, and the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip II, and Frederick I which allowed for Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem through a peace treaty. The Ninth and final Crusade ended Crusader control of the Holy Land.
This document provides an analysis of the Crusades and Jihad from the perspective of Dr. Peter Hammond. It seeks to dispel common misconceptions about the Crusades. The document argues that the Crusades were a reaction to over 500 years of conquest and oppression of Christians in the Middle East by Islamic jihad. It details how Muslim armies had conquered over two-thirds of the Christian world before the Crusades began. The Crusades are portrayed as defensive wars to liberate Christian lands and defend against further Muslim aggression, not wars of aggression themselves. The document criticizes the inaccurate portrayal of the Crusades in films like Kingdom of Heaven, arguing it presents a distorted version of history.
The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The Muslims had captured Jerusalem, preventing Christian pilgrimages. Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks and return of the Holy Land to Christianity. Thousands answered the call, including feudal lords, knights, and peasants. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099, though the Turks later retook much of the territory, leading to further Crusades over the next century with no lasting victories for the Christians.
The Third Crusade began in 1189 when the Pope proclaimed that the capture of Jerusalem was punishment for Christian sins. It was led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart of England in an attempt to retake Jerusalem from Saladin. While some deals were made, the Crusade ultimately ended in 1192 as a victory for Saladin as support from European gentry and Popes declined.
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Roman Catholic Church in response to Muslim conquests in the Holy Land. The summaries include the origins and outcomes of the major Crusades, including the First Crusade which succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, and subsequent Crusades which aimed to retake lands lost to Muslim rulers but ultimately failed to achieve permanent territorial gains.
The Second Crusade was fought between France and Germany against the Turks from 1147-1149 over possession of the Holy Land and Jerusalem. It began as religious leaders called for soldiers to fight for their religion and ended when attacks on Damascus failed to accomplish their goals, though it inspired Columbus's voyage and increased funds for the church.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions organized by the Pope and European kings between 1096-1396 CE to take the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were economic motivations as well, as European kings wanted to control trade routes in the Orient. While the First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem, later Crusades failed to retain control of the Holy Land due to infighting between Christian factions, stronger Muslim armies at times, and settlements that were difficult for Europeans to support from far away.
The documentary examines the Crusades between Christians and Muslims from the 11th to 13th centuries over control of holy sites in Jerusalem. It explores both the religious motivations for the bloody conflicts as well as the political and economic factors, as both sides sought to defend their faiths and control important trade routes. While the Crusades ended militarily in the 13th century, their legacy lives on in the charged language used today to describe religiously-motivated conflicts.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land. Growing tensions between the groups were exacerbated when the Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem and persecuted Christian pilgrims, massacring 3000 of them. In response to a call for help from the Byzantine Emperor, Pope Urban II saw an opportunity to both aid the Byzantines and unite Europe under the Church. In 1095, he gave a speech urging Europeans to take up arms in a "just war" to retake Jerusalem and regain access to Christian holy sites.
The document summarizes the Crusades that took place over 200 years between the 11th and 13th centuries. It provides background on how the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, leading Pope Urban II to organize the First Crusade to recapture the Holy Land in 1095. The Crusades were driven by religious and political motivations for both Christians in Europe and Muslim leaders trying to regain control. The document outlines several Crusades and notable leaders on both sides, such as Saladin who retook Jerusalem for Muslims, and Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade but failed to retake Jerusalem for Christians. The Crusades ultimately ended in failure for Christians and had lasting impacts through increased trade, education, and the
A brief overview of why the crusades started and some of the more important ones. It also looks at their influence and has some links to watch short videos.
This document provides details about the history of Jerusalem, including:
1) Caliph Umar entered Jerusalem peacefully in 634 CE and granted protection and religious freedom to Christians in the city.
2) Under Muslim rule, Christians, Jews, and Muslims generally lived together in shared peace and prosperity in Jerusalem.
3) The Crusaders brutally massacred the city's population of 70,000 people when they captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE, in stark contrast to the peaceful Muslim conquest centuries earlier.
The document summarizes the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims and Jews in battles that took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. The crusade ended with a truce that allowed Christian pilgrimages but did not fully recapture the Holy Lands, ensuring further crusades would continue the conflict over ownership of the disputed territory.
The Knights Templar were a Catholic military order formed in 1119 to protect Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. They took vows of poverty, obedience, and celibacy. There are theories that the Knights Templar were tasked with finding sacred artifacts and treasures during their time in Jerusalem, including possibly discovering the Holy Grail. Their influence waned after Jerusalem was captured in 1307 by Muslim forces. The Templars were later arrested and charged with false allegations by King Philip IV of France, leading to the order being officially disbanded by the Pope in 1312.
The document provides an overview of important events in Europe from the fall of Rome to the Crusades. It describes the Dark Ages period and the lack of cultural advancements after Rome's fall. It discusses the rise of the Frankish kingdom and the conquests of Clovis and Charlemagne who expanded Frankish rule. It also summarizes the origins of Islam under Muhammad and the rapid expansion of the Islamic empire. The Viking Age and invasions across Europe are outlined as well as the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
The Pope had significant influence over Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Pope Urban II called the Crusades in 1096 to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule and restore it for Christian pilgrimage. The Crusades aimed to unite Christians under the Pope and give knights a purposeful mission. Crusaders included serfs, children, women, nuns, and knights who wanted to fight. While the Crusades failed to permanently retake the Holy Land, they increased cultural exchange between Europe and the East.
The Crusades were a series of wars launched by European Christians against Muslims to regain control of holy sites in the Middle East. There were nine Crusades from 1095 to 1291 that aimed to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Subsequent Crusades were launched in response to Muslim reconquests of Crusader territories, such as the Second Crusade after the fall of Edessa and the Third Crusade after Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. The Fourth Crusade unexpectedly sacked the Christian city of Constantinople instead of going to the Holy Land.
The document discusses the Catholic Church and Crusades between 1000-1300 AD. It describes the political and social influence of the Catholic Church during this period and the issues of heresy that led to the Inquisition. It then summarizes the origins and goals of the Crusades, including the Peasants' Crusade and Nobles' Crusade that captured Jerusalem in 1099. Finally, it discusses the later Crusades including Saladin retaking Jerusalem and the failure of the Third Crusade.
The Knights Templar were a Catholic military order formed in 1119 to protect pilgrims visiting the Holy Land. They grew rapidly due to donations and became one of the most powerful Christian forces. However, when the Holy Land was lost, support waned. In 1307, the Templars were arrested, tortured, and accused of heresy by the king of France. The last Grand Master was burned at the stake. Though officially dissolved, the Templars left a legacy through their buildings and financial innovations.
The document provides information about the Crusades, a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem from the 11th to 13th centuries. It details the causes of the Crusades, including Muslim capture of Jerusalem and attacks on Christian pilgrims. Pope Urban II called for troops to defeat the Turks and retake the Holy Land. Feudal lords, knights, and peasants answered the call. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but later Crusades met with defeat against Saladin and the Turks, who eventually retook the Holy Land. The Crusades declined over time due to lack of interest, defeats, and being discredited by crusades against other Christians. The Crusades had various effects
The document discusses how to make an outline for an essay, including defining what an outline is, listing the benefits of outlining, and providing a step-by-step process for creating an outline with a thesis statement, topic sentences, and supporting details. An example outline is also included to demonstrate how the different components fit together in the planning stages of writing an essay.
Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, which is largely rural but also contains the shopping center Lakeside and London Stansted Airport. The stereotype of the "Essex girl" refers to a perceived promiscuous and unintelligent working-class woman from Essex, epitomized by celebrities from reality shows. This stereotype involves excessive tanning, bleached hair, revealing clothing, and enjoying nights out drinking with friends. However, some note this could apply to women from any large town in England and does not represent most young people from the area.
The Third Crusade began in 1189 when the Pope proclaimed that the capture of Jerusalem was punishment for Christian sins. It was led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart of England in an attempt to retake Jerusalem from Saladin. While some deals were made, the Crusade ultimately ended in 1192 as a victory for Saladin as support from European gentry and Popes declined.
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Roman Catholic Church in response to Muslim conquests in the Holy Land. The summaries include the origins and outcomes of the major Crusades, including the First Crusade which succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, and subsequent Crusades which aimed to retake lands lost to Muslim rulers but ultimately failed to achieve permanent territorial gains.
The Second Crusade was fought between France and Germany against the Turks from 1147-1149 over possession of the Holy Land and Jerusalem. It began as religious leaders called for soldiers to fight for their religion and ended when attacks on Damascus failed to accomplish their goals, though it inspired Columbus's voyage and increased funds for the church.
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions organized by the Pope and European kings between 1096-1396 CE to take the Holy Land from Muslim rule. There were economic motivations as well, as European kings wanted to control trade routes in the Orient. While the First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem, later Crusades failed to retain control of the Holy Land due to infighting between Christian factions, stronger Muslim armies at times, and settlements that were difficult for Europeans to support from far away.
The documentary examines the Crusades between Christians and Muslims from the 11th to 13th centuries over control of holy sites in Jerusalem. It explores both the religious motivations for the bloody conflicts as well as the political and economic factors, as both sides sought to defend their faiths and control important trade routes. While the Crusades ended militarily in the 13th century, their legacy lives on in the charged language used today to describe religiously-motivated conflicts.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land. Growing tensions between the groups were exacerbated when the Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem and persecuted Christian pilgrims, massacring 3000 of them. In response to a call for help from the Byzantine Emperor, Pope Urban II saw an opportunity to both aid the Byzantines and unite Europe under the Church. In 1095, he gave a speech urging Europeans to take up arms in a "just war" to retake Jerusalem and regain access to Christian holy sites.
The document summarizes the Crusades that took place over 200 years between the 11th and 13th centuries. It provides background on how the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, leading Pope Urban II to organize the First Crusade to recapture the Holy Land in 1095. The Crusades were driven by religious and political motivations for both Christians in Europe and Muslim leaders trying to regain control. The document outlines several Crusades and notable leaders on both sides, such as Saladin who retook Jerusalem for Muslims, and Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade but failed to retake Jerusalem for Christians. The Crusades ultimately ended in failure for Christians and had lasting impacts through increased trade, education, and the
A brief overview of why the crusades started and some of the more important ones. It also looks at their influence and has some links to watch short videos.
This document provides details about the history of Jerusalem, including:
1) Caliph Umar entered Jerusalem peacefully in 634 CE and granted protection and religious freedom to Christians in the city.
2) Under Muslim rule, Christians, Jews, and Muslims generally lived together in shared peace and prosperity in Jerusalem.
3) The Crusaders brutally massacred the city's population of 70,000 people when they captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE, in stark contrast to the peaceful Muslim conquest centuries earlier.
The document summarizes the Third Crusade which began in the medieval times with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from Muslim control. King Richard the Lionhearted of England led Christian forces against Muslims and Jews in battles that took place in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. The crusade ended with a truce that allowed Christian pilgrimages but did not fully recapture the Holy Lands, ensuring further crusades would continue the conflict over ownership of the disputed territory.
The Knights Templar were a Catholic military order formed in 1119 to protect Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. They took vows of poverty, obedience, and celibacy. There are theories that the Knights Templar were tasked with finding sacred artifacts and treasures during their time in Jerusalem, including possibly discovering the Holy Grail. Their influence waned after Jerusalem was captured in 1307 by Muslim forces. The Templars were later arrested and charged with false allegations by King Philip IV of France, leading to the order being officially disbanded by the Pope in 1312.
The document provides an overview of important events in Europe from the fall of Rome to the Crusades. It describes the Dark Ages period and the lack of cultural advancements after Rome's fall. It discusses the rise of the Frankish kingdom and the conquests of Clovis and Charlemagne who expanded Frankish rule. It also summarizes the origins of Islam under Muhammad and the rapid expansion of the Islamic empire. The Viking Age and invasions across Europe are outlined as well as the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
The Pope had significant influence over Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Pope Urban II called the Crusades in 1096 to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule and restore it for Christian pilgrimage. The Crusades aimed to unite Christians under the Pope and give knights a purposeful mission. Crusaders included serfs, children, women, nuns, and knights who wanted to fight. While the Crusades failed to permanently retake the Holy Land, they increased cultural exchange between Europe and the East.
The Crusades were a series of wars launched by European Christians against Muslims to regain control of holy sites in the Middle East. There were nine Crusades from 1095 to 1291 that aimed to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Subsequent Crusades were launched in response to Muslim reconquests of Crusader territories, such as the Second Crusade after the fall of Edessa and the Third Crusade after Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. The Fourth Crusade unexpectedly sacked the Christian city of Constantinople instead of going to the Holy Land.
The document discusses the Catholic Church and Crusades between 1000-1300 AD. It describes the political and social influence of the Catholic Church during this period and the issues of heresy that led to the Inquisition. It then summarizes the origins and goals of the Crusades, including the Peasants' Crusade and Nobles' Crusade that captured Jerusalem in 1099. Finally, it discusses the later Crusades including Saladin retaking Jerusalem and the failure of the Third Crusade.
The Knights Templar were a Catholic military order formed in 1119 to protect pilgrims visiting the Holy Land. They grew rapidly due to donations and became one of the most powerful Christian forces. However, when the Holy Land was lost, support waned. In 1307, the Templars were arrested, tortured, and accused of heresy by the king of France. The last Grand Master was burned at the stake. Though officially dissolved, the Templars left a legacy through their buildings and financial innovations.
The document provides information about the Crusades, a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem from the 11th to 13th centuries. It details the causes of the Crusades, including Muslim capture of Jerusalem and attacks on Christian pilgrims. Pope Urban II called for troops to defeat the Turks and retake the Holy Land. Feudal lords, knights, and peasants answered the call. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but later Crusades met with defeat against Saladin and the Turks, who eventually retook the Holy Land. The Crusades declined over time due to lack of interest, defeats, and being discredited by crusades against other Christians. The Crusades had various effects
The document discusses how to make an outline for an essay, including defining what an outline is, listing the benefits of outlining, and providing a step-by-step process for creating an outline with a thesis statement, topic sentences, and supporting details. An example outline is also included to demonstrate how the different components fit together in the planning stages of writing an essay.
Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, which is largely rural but also contains the shopping center Lakeside and London Stansted Airport. The stereotype of the "Essex girl" refers to a perceived promiscuous and unintelligent working-class woman from Essex, epitomized by celebrities from reality shows. This stereotype involves excessive tanning, bleached hair, revealing clothing, and enjoying nights out drinking with friends. However, some note this could apply to women from any large town in England and does not represent most young people from the area.
The document provides an overview of Anglo-Saxon society in Britain from the 5th century AD to the Norman conquest in 1066. Some key points:
- The Romans withdrew from Britain around 400 AD, leaving the country open to invasion by Anglo-Saxon tribes from Germany and Denmark, including the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles.
- Anglo-Saxon society was organized into small farming villages rather than cities. They practiced a pagan religion with gods like Tiw, Wodin, Thor and Friya.
- By the 7th century, Britain was divided into seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Important early kings included Edwin of Northumbria and Offa of Mercia.
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Uk england country editable powerpoint maps with states and counties templates SlideTeam.net
The document provides a map of England showing its counties and regions. England is located in the United Kingdom and is bordered by Scotland to the north, Wales to the west, and Northern Ireland to the northwest. The map displays the counties of England in detail and notes they can be edited and colored separately.
This is a Photo Story about the Portsmouth Literary Quiz of 28 January 2016. It was held at Fratton Park for Year 7s and 8s of Portsmouth. Featured authors were Ali Sparkes (Carjacked), Jamie Thomson (Dark Lord: Teenage Years), Jeff Norton (Metawars) and me, Candy Gourlay (Shine). Our books were part of the quiz -- hilariously we were not very good at answering multiple choice questions about our own books! Much fun was had by all - congratulations to the amazing school children who participated. Thanks to Peter Bone, School Library Service Manager of Portsmouth, Colin Telford of the Hayling Island Bookshop, and the teachers and librarians who made the day work like clockwork! http://www.candygourlay.com/2016/03/portsmouth-lit-quiz-2016.html
Photos by Candy Gourlay (unless otherwise indicated)
The document discusses various technologies used in creating a student film project. It describes using an iMac to research and edit the final video using Final Cut Pro. A Macbook was used to find pictures online and screenshot locations from Google Maps. Final Cut Pro was used to edit video, including importing media, adding voiceovers and music, and editing color and brightness. iPhones were used for communication via WhatsApp, taking photos, and recording voice memos. A Nikon camera was used to film scenes and take still images. Social media like SurveyMonkey, BlogSpot, YouTube, Twitter and Facebook were utilized for research, sharing work, and gathering feedback.
A large cannon named X was placed on the wall of St. Mary's Church during the Siege of Colchester in the English Civil War. X fell after being damaged by a shot from a Parliamentary cannon, which weakened the wall it was placed on. The Royalists tried but failed to reposition X elsewhere on the wall. The town of Colchester then fell to the Parliamentarians.
The document outlines key events in 19th century American history:
- The 1862 Homestead Act provided 160 acres of western land to citizens.
- The 1864 Sand Creek Massacre was a tragic event where Native Americans were attacked.
- Sitting Bull emerged as the leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux in 1887.
The document appears to be a quiz with multiple choice or fill in the blank questions about literature, films, art, music, and pop culture. It covers topics like George Orwell, Vertigo, V for Vendetta, Pather Panchali, Toulouse-Lautrec posters, the Odyssey, Saddam Hussein's bibliography, album covers featuring optical illusions, Tupac Shakur, and characters from The Big Bang Theory. The quiz is intended for students selected by a literary organization called SAHODYA.
1) The document contains questions from a literary quiz contest organized by Tezpur University. It includes multiple choice questions testing knowledge about influential literary figures, movements, works and terms.
2) The questions cover topics ranging from famous writers like Shakespeare, Austen and Hemingway to literary periods like Romanticism and movements like Imagism.
3) The document also includes questions about Assamese literature, testing knowledge about prominent writers and their works from Assam.
The document summarizes information about famous authors and their works through a series of multiple choice literary quiz questions. It asks about details such as where and when authors like Charles Dickens and Agatha Christie were born, the first novel Christie wrote, what year Pushkin was born, and what is considered Tolkien's best known book. The multiple choice questions cover authors from different countries and time periods.
This document contains the text of a literary quiz presented by Timakova Ksenia and Anastasia. The quiz is intended to gauge participants' interests in literature from different historical periods and learn about their favorite books and authors. It consists of 15 multiple choice or short answer questions about reading preferences, favorite writers and their works, and details about participants' most beloved books such as characters, plots, settings, and how the works have impacted them. The winner who answers the most questions correctly will receive sweets as a prize.
The document provides instructions for 8 rounds of a quiz competition between 4 houses. Each round includes 2 questions for each house with a time limit of 1 minute to answer. Rounds include defining words based on clues, identifying locations of landmarks from pictures, unjumbling words related to clues, guessing companies from taglines, and identifying company logos. The rounds cover subjects like languages, history, science, and businesses. Correct answers are scored equally while there are no passes allowed.
This is a Photo Story about the Chichester Literary Quiz for Year 7 and 8 children on 10 March 2016. It was held at Chichester College. Featured authors were Ali Sparkes (Carjacked), Jamie Thomson (Dark Lord: Teenage Years), Kathryn Evans (More of Me) and me, Candy Gourlay (Shine). It was a delicious experience. Congratulations to overall winner Chichester High School. Thank you to Peter Bone, School Library Service Manager of Portsmouth, Colin Telford of the Hayling Island Bookshop, and the teachers and librarians who made it wonderful event.
Photos by Candy Gourlay (unless otherwise indicated)
This document contains 18 multiple choice questions with answers about literature, history and pop culture. It discusses novels, poems, authors, detectives, and more. The questions are part of a quiz with points awarded for correct answers.
The document discusses the key elements and features of modernism in literature. It defines modernism as a disengagement from ordinary conventions and seeking new perspectives, forms and styles. Some major themes of modernism discussed include alienation, loss, despair, inevitable change, and the impossibility of expressing love. Key features mentioned are a focus on form over meaning, interest in non-Western cultures, fragmentation, irony, ambiguity, and poems that resemble puzzles requiring interpretation from readers.
The document summarizes the development and spread of the Indo-European language family. It traces the evolution of related languages over time and geography, noting how social, historical and cultural factors influenced variations in spelling, grammar, vocabulary and other linguistic elements within the family. Key branches and languages discussed include Germanic, Italic, Celtic, Hellenic, and Indo-Iranian.
- Cathedrals were grand churches meant to reflect God's glory through their large size, ornate design, and use of innovations like ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for bigger windows and open spaces.
- The Crusades were a series of "Holy Wars" called by the Pope starting in 1096 to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem but subsequent Crusades failed to hold territory.
- While the Crusades had religious motivations, they also had economic motivations as Crusaders could gain wealth and land if victorious and merchants profited from financing the Crusades.
The document provides an overview of reforms in the Catholic Church in the 11th-12th centuries and the Crusades. It summarizes that the Church faced issues like married priests and corruption, which led to reforms spearheaded by the monastic orders of Cluny and Cistercians. Pope Gregory VII introduced reforms addressing these issues. The Crusades were launched by Pope Urban II in 1095 in response to a call for aid from the Byzantine Empire against Muslim expansion, with the goal of retaking the Holy Land. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but resulted in massacres of Muslims and Jews.
The document summarizes the history of cathedrals and the Crusades in Europe. It describes the architectural innovations of Gothic cathedrals including ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for larger windows and open spaces. It then discusses the Crusades which began in the 11th century as a "Holy War" called by the Pope to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but was followed by further Crusades that ultimately failed to retake and hold the Holy Land.
The document provides a summary of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes how the Pope called European Christians to aid the Byzantine Empire against Muslim expansion. The First Crusade recaptured Jerusalem in 1099 but it was later lost. Subsequent Crusades were largely unsuccessful and caused conflict between Christians. The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople in 1204, weakening Byzantium. Other Crusades achieved only brief and limited victories against Muslim rulers.
The high medieval age and its troublesafrancksjrcs
The document provides an overview of the High Medieval period in Europe from 1000-1400 CE. It describes several major crises that impacted European civilization during this time, including the Crusades, the Black Death plague, and the Hundred Years' War. These disasters sharply reduced the European population and caused an economic decline that lasted over 150 years, challenging the existing feudal system and agriculture-based economy.
The document discusses the Crusades that took place between the 11th and 13th centuries in response to the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 1076. It describes how Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 to retake the Holy Land. The Crusaders succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. However, Saladin and the Muslims were able to retake the city in 1187, prompting the Third Crusade led by King Richard I of England, King Philip II of France, and others to try to recapture Jerusalem but ultimately fail. The Crusades had lasting effects on Europe and relations with the Muslim world.
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Written by: Lilly Cline
Alesha Packer
Comp II
10/11/2011
Word Count: 1754
Artwork created by Michael Whiteman-Jon
Used with permission
The Templar Knight Crusaders
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The Templar Knight Crusaders
These are the men of old that seem to demand access to the living realms of our
imagination. Why do historians sit at tables in heated debates to this day in wonderment of them?
This mysterious secret society lurks in our past waiting for us to unlock the enigmas that
surround them and discover their true purpose during the Crusades. They are the Templar
Knights.
The idea of the Templars came about because of the mass murder of three hundred
Christian pilgrims and the capture of sixty more on the Eve of Easter. The Knights Templar was
established in 1118 AD, (Olson 17) which at the time was coming to the close of the first
Crusade. The humble beginnings of the Templars had neither distinctive habit nor rule. It was
not until 1147 when Pope Honorius II gave the Templar Knights their white habit and affixed the
red cross, known as the Cross Patte which represents martyrdom, on them. It is little known that
there were two divisions of the Templars. The one division is as we commonly have known them
as the knights and then there were the simple monks that wore the brown habit that were not
knights. These knights were commissioned to follow the rules of an ordinary priest, praying
many times a day, but also to do battle on behalf of Pilgrims because during the time of the
Crusades venturing across Europe was exceedingly dangerous so by appointment, it was the
sworn duty of a Templar Knight to protect the pilgrim’s passage. Many historians only accept the
actual date of 1139 AD (Decoding the Past: The Templar Code), which is when Godfrey of
Saint-Omer declared the Knights Templar an official organization in the Omne Datum Optimum
(Olson 18).
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The founding fathers of the Knights Templar are recorded as being in a number of nine
men and they are, “the venerable Hugh de Payen, (a vassal of Hugh de Champagne) and Godfrey
de St. Omer. The other seven knights included Andre de Montbard (the uncle of Bernard of
Clairvaux), Payden de Montdidcier, Achambared de St. Amard, Geoffroi Bisol, and Godfroi de
Bouillon. Gondemere and Rosal also joined from the Cistercian Order of St. Bernard.”(Olson 17)
In 1125 Hugh returned to Jerusalem after he left his unfaithful wife and gave the country
to his nephew and at that time he took his vows as a Templar. Andre de Montbard was the uncle
of Bernard Clairvaux (their patron) which gave them the ties they needed to be successful and it
was he who went to Europe to persuade the Church to sanction them, at the time it was a large
controversy. Historians complain that they approached the Church with no real mission
statement in mind and some go so far as to claim the Templars had no real involvement in the
Crusades at all and were instead on a secret mission of their own means. When the Templar
Knights arrived in the Holy Land, “they presented themselves to the younger brother of Godfroi
de Bouillon (who had accepted the title King Baldwin II of Jerusalem), who provided the newly
founded Order with quarters connected with the Al-Aqsa Mosque (which was located on the site
of the famed stables of King Solomon’s Temple” (Secrets of the Knights Templar). This is a
main point of controversy, Godfroi de Bouillon (One of the original nine) were related to King
Baldwin II, the family would easily benefit from allowing this to happen and the Knights
Templars would not have been papal approved without this crucial step.
Soon after they left for Europe Hughes followed them to recruit Knights and raise funds
on their behalf. Knights were expected to already be trained warriors and be of a noble blood
line. The nine men who are the acclaimed fathers of the Templars were all related by blood or
marriage ties and were of noble birth to families in France (Secrets of the Knights Templar).
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For the crusaders, Muslims, and the Jews, Jerusalem, would be the site in 1099 A.D.
where the Holy wars began. The focus of almost all of the crusades was to seize and control the
Holy city. After a crusader took up the cross he swore to make the pilgrimage to the Holy
Sepulcher, the tomb in which Christ was laid and which He was raised. This was significant
because of the expense and difficulty of this journey, a crusader received a remission from sins
for his conquest.
The Crusades have a tendency to look like great armies organized and directed by the
church against the enemies of Christ; however, the Templar Knights were often much smaller in
number compared to their opposing military forces. The Templar armies were often spread at
great distances between each other across the desert. It was common practice for a few Templar
Knights to charge with fury in a suicidal attack with the intention of separating armies to the left
and right of them giving the opposing force disadvantage to the smaller Templar army that laid
in wait ready to attack as they passed through the channel made by the original charge (Secrets
of the Knights Templar).
The rise of Saladin created the need for the second crusade. Saladin being a devout
Muslim and fierce warrior had decided to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land. He had amassed
an army of several thousand. As he worked his way across the desert toward Jerusalem he laid
siege to Damascus. In the fight at Damascus he was defeated by a combined force of Templars
and the Ascalon army. With this defeat he was severely humiliated and vowed revenge. And just
three years after this defeat Saladin got his chance. He took the castle of Le Chastellet and during
this battle the Templars lost eighty knights and seven hundred fifty sergeants at this point he
dismantled the castle and moved on. With the death of the Syrian king Saladin assumed the
throne of Damascus thereby creating an even larger army. During this time the Templars were
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having an issue with disunity among the groups. As Saladin moved closer to Jerusalem the
Templar groups decided to protect their Orders property making it possible for Saladin’s armies
to pass by their castles unfettered. Saladin’s army was able to decimate the country side and
move on. With all the internal strife among the Christian groups in the area Saladin was able to
forge treaties with most of them so they would not come to aid of the Templars during battle. As
the Christian army and the Templars went to meet Saladin in the attack on Jerusalem, the
Christian army was destroyed. Thousands were killed and thousands of prisoners were taken.
There were about 200 Templar Knights that survived the battle but, contrary to the medieval
tradition of ransoming captives Saladin considered the Templars more of a threat to Islam and
had them beheaded. Saladin took Jerusalem after a twelve-day siege and after the next two years
of fighting he reclaimed the Holy land (Wasserman 80-89).
By the year 1300 the Templars had made their final attempt to take back the Holy land
without a clear purpose anymore they returned to their home-base in Cyprus. During their time
of the Crusades the Templars had amassed a great wealth in such that they had loaned money to
both the King of England and the King of France. Phillip IV (Phillip the Fair) of France had
decided repaying the loans was out of the question especially when he asked for more funds to
fight the English and the Templars refused him. So Phillip attempted to get the Pope to
excommunicate them but, instead the Pope excommunicated King Phillip. Phillip’s conspiracy
was then created. Phillip amassed a list of treason charges against the Pope and the Templars.
The Templars were rounded up and tortured for years until they confessed to heresy and devil-
worshipping among several others trumped up charges. Out of 138 Templars questioned all
confessed to one form of obscenity or another. During the trial there were no witnesses and no
physical evidence of wrong-doing. What Phillip had started with his trumped up charges and
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false court trials spread across Europe and England as other monarchs saw a way to get out of the
debt they owed the Templars and by doing this they were able to take the land, castles, and
wealth of the Templars in their regions. Although King Phillip of France started his heresy trials
against the Templars in order to gain their lands and wealth, which he thought should rightfully
pass to him, the Roman Catholic Church ordered all the Templars’ wealth granted to the
hospitallers thus allowing the original purpose of the wealth to be met (Wasserman 151-169).
It is clear that, “Some historians accuse the Crusaders for hindering the cultural and
social development of Europe by locking its people in a futile struggle for religious dominance
on another continent. Others point to the expansion of European consciousness after a period of
stagnation during the so-called Dark Ages as a beneficial side effect. Certainly, the after effects
have survived for a long time, and even today the battle for the Holy Land between rival faiths
continues” (Konstam 184).
In the aftermath, “the Vatican came to recognize the state of Israel and, though it
continues to argue that Jerusalem should be placed under international jurisdiction, it no longer
advocates the Christian reconquest of the Holy City that had been a prime objective for so many
popes over so many years” (Read 323).
It is well known that the Templars had amassed a large treasury and guarded priceless
treasure(s). The Templar Knights had secretly dug under the city of Jerusalem for nine years and
suddenly the digging stopped. It is under hot debate as to what was found because no one has
discovered their true secret or unearthed the true identities of the Templars that escaped their
demise in France. After all there were thousands of them scattered throughout the country. Could
it have been the shroud of Jesus, the head of John the Baptist, an idol of Satan, could have they
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found the secret of the Holy Grail and the Grail itself, or something else? Could it be that the
Templars of today are descendants of the Templars of old and they continue the legacy and
possibly continue to keep secret that which they found? It is dismaying to know that while some
secrets are uncovered most will remain a mystery.
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Works Cited
Decoding the Past: The Templar Code. Narr. Timothy Watson. Perf. Sean Martin, Alan
Butler, Marilyn Hopkins, Karen Ralls, Edward Herrman, Timothy Wallace-Murphy.
History Channel, 7, Nov. 2005. DVD.
Konstam, Angus, Historical Atlas of the Crusades. New York, Checkmark Books an Imprint of
Facts on File, INC., 2002. Print
Olson, Oddvar, ed. The Templar Papers. New Jersey, New Page Books a Division of The
Career Press, INC., 2006. Print.
Reed, Piers Paul. The Templars. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Da Capo Press. 1999. Print.
Secrets of the Knights Templar. Dir. David Bartlett. Ed. Simon Greenwood. Narr. Reg E. Cathey.
Perf. Dr. Gibson, Dr. Adrian Boaz, Sean Martin. National Geographic Channel, 2008.
DVD.
Wasserman, James, An Illustrated History of the Knights Templar, Vermont, Destiny Books,
2006. Print.