The document discusses the history of the Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries. It describes how Jerusalem fell to Arab rule in 635 and Seljuk Turks in 1076, persecuting Christians and motivating the Crusades. The First Crusade captured Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Subsequent crusades were launched including the Second led by Louis VII of France and the Third led by Richard I of England against Saladin. While the crusaders had some successes, they were ultimately unable to retain control of Jerusalem.

1. Richard I
The Crusades

2. In the year 635 Jerusalem had fallen into
hands of the Arabs.
In the eleventh century a fresh horde of
Eastern invaders swept over Siria.
When Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
in 1076 they began a policy of persecution.

3. • All European monarchs , thought of
themselves as members of one great body –
“Christendom”.
• Christendom had badges of unity, its temporal
head the Emperor, its spiritual head the Pope.
• There was a motive besides zeal for the faith
on which the popes could rely: This was the
spirit of adventure.

4. The Crusades
• Jerusalem was captured from the Turks in 1099, and Godfrey
de Buillon (who was a knight) was chosen as its ruler.
• The fury turned too against the Jews.
• In distant parts of Europe, they were plundered and ill-treated
by kings and barons. The result of this violence reacted on the
Christian kingdom in Palestine.

5. • Godfrey died, and was succeeded by his brother, Baldwin: he
by a second Baldwin. Then, there was none left but a daughter
of Baldwin I. She was married to Fulk of Anjou, king Henry II
of England’s grandfather. Thus Fulk became King in
Jerusalem, and so set up the Angevin dynasty there.

6. A Second Crusade
• It was led by Louis VII of France.
• Saladin, was the Molems leader.
• The fall of Jerusalem had shocked all Christendom.
• To Henry II the disaster came home with special
force; it was the overthrow of his Angevin kinsmen.
• He imposed a tax, the Saladin Tithe, to pay the
expenses of the Crusade.
• When Henry II died, he left the task as a legacy to his
son, Richard.

8. A third Crusade
• Richard played the chief part.
• Richard was not alone: his antagonist, Saladin,
is renowned for his martial skill and courtesy, which drew
from the Crusaders a respect which they seldom gave to any
infidel.
• Philip Augustus, the King of France, accompained Richard.
Leopold, Duke of Austria, led his forces to the Holy Land also.

9. • On his way to the Holy Land he angaged in one
quarrel in Sicily, and another in Cyprus.
• As soon as he arrived he pressed on the stege of Acre,
which had lasted two years, to a vitorious end.
• Richard led the Crusaders southwards winning a great
battle.
• At last he made a treaty with Saladin, securing for
Christian pilgrims rights to visit Jerusalem.
• The capture of Acre alone was said to have cost
300,000 men. Richard was now to reap the harvest of
his quarrels.

10. • If Richard wished to retain the crown of England, he could no
longer battle in Palestine.
• Richard was shipwrecked on the coasts of the Adriatic, and,
trying to cross Austria in disguise, fell a prisoner into
Leopold’s hands.
• The enterprise begun for the rescue of the Holy City ended
with the selling of one Christian monarch by another.

14. Effects of the Crusades:
• They removed from England a number of the most
turbulent and dangerous barons. Some of these never
came home; those who did return had often sold
much of their possessions in order to find the money
to pay their expenses.
• Many of the towns took advantage of the Crusades to
buy charters, which relieved them of this control.
They encouraged trade also. The crusading armies
opened new trades routes, or reopened old ones long
blocked.
• All this led to a new intercourse between East and
West, which had results far more solid than the erratic
exploits of the Crusaders.