The document discusses generational cycles in Malaysian history and predicts that Malaysia will enter a "Crisis" era in the next few years based on analyzing previous cycles. Each cycle consists of a "High", "Awakening", "Unraveling", and "Crisis" turning lasting around 20 years each. Malaysia's current cycle began with independence in 1957 and the document suggests a crisis is imminent around 2017 based on patterns observed in the political, economic, and social conditions during previous turnings.

1. The Next 25 Years of Malaysian Society [2015-2040]
Shamim Ziyaaudhin, MBA, SHRM-SCP
American Skills Training and Team Building Asia, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
History is a series of generational cycles which includes various seasons, which were first
introduced by William Strauss and Neil Howe in 1991. They brought the concept of a symbiotic
relationship between history and generations which reveals itself in a four-stage cycle called turnings.
Each turning last about twenty years each where people change how they feel about their nation, culture,
themselves, and the future. These generational cycles are also identified in various developing countries.
These seasons spanning roughly twenty years are called the High, Awakening, Unraveling, and Crisis
eras. Malaysia has a rich history and its own generational cycle. The current generations within this cycle
include the Matures, Baby Boomers, Generation Xers, Millenials, and Generation 2000 (people born after
2000). We examined the political, economic, and social conditions of each era in history and how they
changed as they moved to the next season of the cycle. The results suggest Malaysia will be witnessing
their Crisis era in a few years.
Keywords: Malaysia, Generations, History, Culture, Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millenials, and Team Building
1. Introduction
In 1991 authors William Strauss and Neil Howe introduced their concept of recurring
generational cycles in American history. The authors also examined generational trends elsewhere in the
world and identified similar cycles in several developed countries. Strauss and Howe discovered a pattern
of generational events called turnings which identify the mood during one particular era lasting around 20
years. Twenty years is the number where the next generation enters the workforce and affects change in
society. Four turnings lead to one generational cycle lasting about 80 years. At the beginning of each
turning, people change how they feel about themselves, the culture, the nation, and the future. The human
life is divided into four phases: childhood, young adulthood, midlife, and elderhood.
The first turning is called the High where institutions are strong and individualism is at its
weakness during a post-Crisis era. The second turning is called the Awakening where institutions are
attacked and individualism is recognized again. The third turning is the Unraveling period where
institutions are distrusted and individualism is flourishing. The final turning is the Crisis period where
institutions are destroyed and individualism locates themselves in larger group. The four turnings
represent growth, maturation, entropy, and destruction, respectively. Below is a timeline of the previous
two generational cycles and the current one. Each cycle begins with a change for the better and matures
before decaying and imploding. The implosion is necessary to create a better society and a new
generational cycle.
The 18th
and 19th
Century Malaysian Generational Cycle
1795 – High begins as British occupies Malacca
1819 – Awakening begins with British acquiring Singapore
1831 – Unraveling begins with the Naning War
1850 – Crisis era begins leading to civil war between states in the 1860s

2. The 19th
and 20th
Century Malaysian Generational Cycle
1874 – High begins with the British Rule of Malaya
1895 – Awakening begins more states join Malaya
1914 – Unraveling begins with the Battle of Penang (WWI)
1941 – Crisis begins with Japanese Occupation
The Current Malaysian Generational Cycle
1957 – High begins Federation of Malaya becomes independent
1981 – Awakening begins with Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad
1997 – Unraveling begins with Asian Financial Crisis
2017 – Crisis of Malaysia
The 18th
and 19th
century Malaysian generational cycle began with the British occupying
Malacca and continued until civil war broke out between the Malaya states. The 19th
and 20th
century
Malaysian generational cycle began with the British ruling Malaya and ending with the Japanese
occupation. The current Malaysia cycle begins with an independent Malaysia and ending with a crisis
which will change the political, economic, and social structure of the country. Each of the three
generational cycles begins with institutions at their peaks and continuing into a downward spiral while
individualism begins to ascend to their peaks during the end of the Crisis period.
2. The Malaysian High (1957–1981)
The High era begins when institutions are the strongest and individualism is submissive. The
Highs follow the Crises and teach us to be coalescing so we will build a better society. They usually begin
with political treaties to conclude the Crisis eras. The culture is lead by those who are dominant where a
new social order will include teamwork and trust. Those who are not dominant during the High will suffer
as they are going against the establishment. Highs are a period of promoting greater social order and
cohesion and reconstruction following the previous Crisis era. The events occurred during the Malaysian
High will reinforce those who are dominant and institutions are the strongest during this era. Political,
economic, and social conditions will also align with those who are dominant.
Malaysian High Timeline
1957 – Federation of Malaya is an independent self-governing nation
1960 – Malaysia Government security forces wins over Chinese communists
1963 – Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore join Malaya to form Malaysia
1965 – Malaysia and Singapore sign a separation agreement
1966 – Indonesia and the Philippines recognize Malaysia
1969 – Ethnic riots between Malays and Chinese took place in Kuala Lumpur
1971 – UMNO becomes dominant partner in Barisan National government
1981 – The Awakening begins with the Mahathir bin Muhammad as Prime Minister
2.1 Political Conditions
During the previous Malaysian High, the British ruled Malaya in 1874 and now Malaysians
finally ruled themselves during the new High era. During the previous Malaysian Crisis era (1941-1957),
the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) was founded to oppose postwar political settlement.
An institution formed during the Crisis era will remain in power until the next Crisis. The independence of
Malaysia occurred toward the end of 12 years of guerrilla activity, known as the Malay Emergency, where

3. the largely ethnic Chinese Communist Party called the Malay Races Liberation Army (MRLA) attempted
to overthrow the Malay-dominated federation. Their reason for MRLA’s existence ceased once Malaya
became independent. During the independence, 55 percent of Malaya’s population was Malay, 35 percent
ethnic Chinese, and 10 percent Indian. Under the constitution the Malay majority maintained their
privileges including Malay as the official language and Islam the official religion, while non-Malays
gained citizenship. At the time their was an unwritten understanding that Malays would hold main
positions in government and politics, while the Chinese continued to dominate business and economic
affairs.
In 1965 Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra asked the national parliament to sever all
ties with Singapore’s state government. The UMNO-dominated federal government considered
Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew too socialist and the federation became unworkable due to the
relationship between the Kuala Lumpur federal authorities and Singapore’s state government. Following
Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, his deputy Tun Abdul Razak took over and advocated pro-
Malay action including a controlled form of democracy, restricted freedom of speech, and pro-Malay
policies. The political actions taken during the High was to establish and maintain a set Malay status quo
after gaining independence. It was to promote the Malay dominance over the country.
2.2 Economic Conditions
An affirmative action program known as the Malaysian New Economic Plan (NEP) was
launched by the Malaysian government to reduce poverty by 1990 and to remove the link between race
and prosperity. The Malays worked mainly in agriculture while 5 percent were in the professionals. The
NEP was envisioned to favor the Bumiputras (ethnic Malays) and move the population towards
professional occupations. During the High era, the economic policies favored those who are in dominant
positions in the government which were the Malays.
2.3 Social Conditions
Ethnic tensions erupted between the Malays and Chinese on May 13th
in Kuala Lumpur. The
rivalry was the result of favoritism by the Malaysian authorities toward Bumiputras (ethnic Malayas)
leading to riots. The Malays saw the ethnic Chinese as immigrants leading to tensions between the two
races. During the High, the Malays see it as an era of teamwork and trust, while the Non-Malays would
see this era as repressive due to the favoritism for the Malays.
2.4 Malaysian High Summary
The Malaysian High was a period in history where Malays promoted their dominance for the
sake of raising their prosperity. It was a time where Malaysian institutions grew and remained strong.
Highs are times where individualism is repressed for the sake of the nation. Other races including Chinese
and Indians may view the Malaysian High as a repressive part of Malaysian history due to the policies that
were implemented at the time. However it is a time where demand and supply for social order are rising.
The stability created room for a new era where the High ends and the Awakening begins.
3. The Awakening Of Malaysia (1981–1996)
The Awakening era is remembered for its extremes as the institutions do not know when to stop
growing. The Awakening of Malaysia begins with Mahathir bin Muhammad as the new Prime Minister.
Mahathir imposes autocratic leadership and becomes a leading force in making Malaysia into a major
industrial power. The Awakening is a period of cultural upheaval and spiritual renewal. Memories of the
previous Crisis are buffered by the Malaysian High who brought calm and comfort.

4. Awakening of Malaysia Timeline
1981 – Prime Minister Mahathir bin Muhammad is elected
1984 – TV3 was launched
1985 – First Malaysian car the Proton Saga is produced
1991 – Vision 2020 plan to make Malaysia a developed country status by 2020
1994 – Construction of Petronas Towers begins
1995 – Construction of Kuala Lumpur Tower begins
1996 – Multimedia Super Corridor opened to public service
1996 – The Unraveling begins on the eve of the Asian Financial Crisis
3.1 Political Conditions
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed imposed autocratic leadership because he believed a form of
controlled democracy was necessary in an ethnically divided nation to ensure social stability and minimize
racial tensions. In 1987 Mahathir invoked the Internal Security Act (ISA) including members of the
opposition party, shut down three newspapers, and suspended the head of the judiciary including five
members of the Supreme Court.
3.2 Economical Conditions
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed introduced the New Development Policy (NDP) where
Malaysia would develop a more diversified economy under his leadership. Projects included the
Multimedia Super Corridor, Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur Tower, and the Kuala Lumpur
National Stadium. In 1991 Mahathir introduced the globalization of Malaysia through Wawasan 2020
(Vision 2020) calling for Malaysia to be self-sufficient industrialized nation by the year 2020. After the
first half of the 1980s, Malaysia’s growth rate was above 6% GDP.
3.3 Social Conditions
People’s individual lives were better than the collective social order. The collective social order
was still divided after the Independence of Malaysia. Non-Malays were considered as second-class
citizens as affirmative action and special status favored the Malays. When Malaysia institutions were
attacked in the name of personal and spiritual autonomy, Mahathir imposed autocratic leadership to
repress them. Mahathir wanted Malaysians to be modernized through science and technology however
neglected ideas of the values of freedoms.
3.4 The Awakening of Malaysia Summary
Malaysia became a diversified economy and a major industrial power. Malaysia society has built
big projects including the Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur Tower, and the Multimedia Super Corridor. It
was a period of expansion. However the calm and comfort brought by the High gave away to the Asian
Financial Crisis which exposed Malaysia’s economic weakness.
4. The Unraveling Of Malaysia (1997–2017)
As the Awakening period ends, people are immersed within their own purposes leading to social
entropy and disintegration. Strauss and Howe describe the mood of the Unraveling era as the opposite of
the High. It is a period where institutions are weak and distrusted, while individualism is strong and
flourishing. Self-defined values will triumph over old group-defined values. It is a period where culture
feels exhausted, civic authority is weak and cynicism is on the rise. This is amplified with the rise of social

5. media platforms which allowed Malaysians to communicate with one another and bypassing the
government-controlled news organizations. Social entropy continues to build by stripping away the old
order and making it look corrupt and useless. Political, economic, and social conditions will also align to
seem to be attacking the institutions and giving rise to individualism. The Asian Financial Crisis marks the
beginning of the Unraveling period of Malaysia.
Unraveling of Malaysia Timeline
1997 – Asian Financial Crisis begins
2004 – Malaysia’s 11th
General Election begins decline BN 198 seats
2007 – Bersih Rally
2008 – Malaysia’s 12th
General Election BN 140 seats
2009 – Scorpene submarine scandal breaks
2011 – Bersih 2.0 Rally
2012 – Bersih 3.0 Rally
2013 – Malaysia’s 13th
General Election BN 133 seats
2014 – Malaysia draws attention worldwide with missing Malaysian airline
2015 – Bersih 4.0 Rally
4.1 Political Conditions
This is an era when institutions are attacked in the name of personal and spiritual autonomy. The
Malaysian High is now seen as an era of cultural poverty. According to the World Bank, corruption
increased in Malaysia from 1996 through 2004. In 2003 Mahathir voluntarily steps down after 22 years as
Prime Minister and was replaced by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi who stepped up efforts to eradicate
corruption. The citizens of Malaysia organized three rallies for fair and clean elections.
4.2 Economical Conditions
People are beginning to harvest and not sowing which will lead to the beginnings of the Crisis
era. Before the Asian Financial Crisis, Malaysian industries were involved in assembly rather than
manufacturing, which created a dependence on other countries to supply parts for assembly. As a result,
Malaysia was badly affected by the Asian Financial Crisis. The KLSE lost more than 50% of its value
from above 1,200 to under 600 by the end of 1997. Output fell by 10.2 percent due to weak external
demand in semiconductors and similar hardware. At first Mahathir introduced policies approved by the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) however the deepening crisis led to Mahathir to introduce his own
plans. These included lowering interest rates so borrowing was easier, isolating foreign speculators to
prevent currency manipulation, and spending $2.7 million on projects to encourage growth. Since 2000
trade with China has doubled suggesting Malaysia can benefit from the growth of Chinese economy.
However Malaysia is dependent on foreign investments to sustain their level of growth.
4.3 Social Conditions
Many media outlets in Malaysia are either directly owned by the Malaysian government or
owned by component parties of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition government called the United Malays
National Organisation (UMNO), which is a right-wing Malay political party. These media machines
include Bernama, The Star, The Sun, and the New Strait Times. On April 28th, 2012, Malaysia held its
third rally by the Bersih organization for free and fair elections in the form of Bersih 3.0. The word
“Bersih” in Malay means clean and the organization’s goals is for revising the current electoral system of
Malaysia. The organization held a rally on July 9th 2011 where a mixed race of Malaysians including

6. Chinese, Indians, and Malays took to the streets in Kuala Lumpur. The government announced then that
the rally was illegal for Bersih 2.0.
During Berish 2.0 in 2011, Bernama ran with the headlines “Illegal Rally: Don’t Be Fooled By
It!” and “Illegal Rally Was To Serve Opposition’s Agenda.” In 2012 Bernama was quiet during the day of
the Bersih 3.0 rally. Their main headline during the rally was “Economic Strength Enables Government to
Provide More Aid – by PM Najib.” Instead of highlighting the protest and giving coverage towards the
Bersih 3.0, Bernama has conveniently ignored the event entirely for that day. The Star newspaper went
with “PM: Government allows gatherings if they are peaceful, at appropriate venues” after the 2012
Berish 3.0 rally. In 2011 the Star headlines were “Street demonstrations not part of Malaysian culture,
says PM.” after the Bersih 2.0 rally. Many of these so-called Malaysian news organizations are turning
into public relations style reporting for the government rather than when they were propaganda machines.
The incident shows how the Malaysian government is adapting their image as they lose credibility with its
citizens.
4.4 The Unraveling of Malaysia Summary
The Unraveling slowly exposes the flaws that existed in Malaysian society as institutions have
become complacent and individuals find a new spirit to flourish. The multicultural Malaysian citizens
want to be represented within their democracy with their right to a fair and clean vote. Malaysians felt
they are drifting toward a cataclysm especially as they lose their faith in their institutions while
individualism is rising during the Unraveling era of Malaysia.
5. The Malaysia Crisis (2017-2037)
Strauss and Howe revealed the Crisis era begins with a catalyst or a sequence of events that
produces a sudden shift in mood. The society will be expected to reunify and reenergize civic life. The
Crisis era will climax with a resolution that confirms the death of the old order and the birth of a new one
leading towards the new High era. The regeneracy occurs one to five years after the era begins and
climaxes one to five years before it ends. The spark that ignites the Crisis era is less important than how
the society responds to it. The sparks are usually something foreseeable and poorly protected which gives
society a sense of urgency concerning how dysfunctional institutions have become. Remnants of the old
social order will disintegrate, political and economic trust will implode which will lead to severe distress
that could involve questions of class, race, nation, and country. However the crisis will bring seeds of
social rebirth and a new consensus on how to resolve issues. The Crisis of Malaysia will create a unique
opportunity to achieve greatness as a people. Baby Boomers who were children during the Malaysian
High will do all they can to manage the Malaysian Crisis before succumbing to the pragmatic Generation
Xers’ leadership. History has taught us the children of the High and the Awakening will rise to the
occasion and lead society out of the Crisis era.
5.1 The Malaysian Crisis Summary
The previous Malaysian Crisis consisted of the civil wars and the Japanese occupation. The
upcoming one will be either internal or external and will reevaluate the political, economic, and social
status quo of Malaysia. As institutions begin to falter, individuals will energize visionary leadership
through unusually strong teamwork and discipline.

7. 5.2 Preparation for The Crisis Era
Strauss and Howe stressed we cannot stop the seasons of history however we can prepare for
them. Future forecasters believed the next phase of life will behave like the current occupants. However
one generation will replace the next. During the Crisis era the current Baby Boomers will disappear to
make way for Generation Xers to bring in fresh experience. Strauss and Howe encourages a proper plan
should be in place to move with the seasons and not against it. These include:
1. Participating in seasonal activities
2. Avoiding post-seasonal behavior
3. Making pre-seasonal preparations
Participating in seasonal activities involves Malaysia engaging within the current Unraveling era.
It would mean embracing its current political, economical, and social changes and avoid controlling these
excesses now as they will be addressed during the Crisis. Diversity is producing new enclaves whether its
race (Malays, Chinese, Indians), religion (Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism), or social status
(Upper-income, Middle-income, Lower-income classes). Technologies are eroding human interaction. All
these divisions will be addressed during the Crisis era. Avoiding post-seasonal behaviors includes
Malaysians stopping High and Awakening-era behaviors. The Unraveling-era Malaysian society must let
go of old habits that made sense twenty-years ago. When public figures speak about or do something that
conjures up prior turnings, they become relics to the individuals of the current era. Malaysia should be
making pre-seasonal preparations to prepare for their Crisis era. Institutions should not be expanding their
influence like they did within the Malaysian High and the Awakening of Malaysia. They should be
limiting their influence so they will be able to quickly adapt to the changes of the upcoming Crisis.
Credibility and reputation will be a commodity for individuals during the Crisis era as their success will be
dependent on trust.
5.3 How should Malaysia Prepare
Strauss and Howe offer the following aspects of society that will be affected during a Crisis era.
They transcend countries and cultures so Malaysia will be responding to these changes.
1. Values will be forged by consensus to uplift the culture however it will take time to
develop to achieve the results.
2. Institutions will find out what works and what does not. As long as the institutions are
not too big to fail, they will be accommodating with the changes.
3. Politics should speak candidly concerning the issues and future challenges for the
country.
4. Society must be ready to solve community problems through teamwork and not on a
national scale.
5. Youth will be the nation’s highest priority however let them contribute and develop the
skills necessary for teamwork.
6. Elders need to be more self-sufficient and the aging population must be taken care of.
7. Economy must be based on proper fundamentals to achieve sustainability however
current performance should not be influenced through changes.
8. Defense of the country depends on its ability to mobilize however don’t precommit to
any one response.

8. Malaysians should be prepared themselves for the Crisis era by:
1. Returning to the classic virtues as people who can be counted on and those who cannot
will be distinguished. Reputation becomes a commodity in the upcoming Crisis era.
2. Community will be the norms as team, brand, and standards create an environment of
sustainability. One must not isolate themselves during this period.
3. Building personal relationships of all kinds will help you as well as face-to-face contacts
to build credibility.
4. Prepare yourself and your children for teamwork as integration with others are important.
5. Look for family support as they become the ultimate safety net.
6. Brace of weakening and collapsing Malaysian institutions as dependency and reliance on
oneself increases.
7. Diversify everything you do including learning new languages, technologies, and
cultures.
Malaysia should use history as a guide as it prepares for the future. Applying these lessons will
lessen the risk as one embraces themselves for the Crisis era. However one of the important points of the
Crisis era is the transition of one generation to another. The Malaysian Crisis era would need strong
leaders. Currently all the Prime Ministers of Malaysia were born before the Malaysian High (1957). These
include Tunku Abdul Rahman (1903), Abdul Razak Hussein (1922), Hussein Onn (1922), Mahathir
Mohamed (1925), Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (1939), and Najib Razak (1953). They were all either Matures
and/or Baby Boomers. Malaysia will soon need a Generation X Prime Minister to whether the storms of
the Crisis era.
6. Conclusion
The Malaysian Crisis era would need leaders who are fiercely independent, highly educated, and
technology literate. Generation Xers took greater responsibility and are committed to families. Their
disperse skills will start gathering for a larger purpose essential for their nation’s survival. If Generation
Xers fail to take charge according to Strauss and Howe, the old Baby Boomers will wreak havoc on the
country and its foreign relationships. If Generation Xers are prepared then a new Malaysian High would
be a well won reward. After the Crisis era and the formation of the New High around 2037, Malaysia
would be entering into a world where according to the US Bureau of Consensus, Caucasians will become
a minority in 2042. America will be at its new High as the minority of the 20th
century becomes the
majority in the 21st
. The old order will be placed by a new one which will be stronger and more integrated
following the Crisis era. Malaysians will be led by those who were dominant and a new social order will
include teamwork and trust. Malaysian institutions will be renewed with fresh ideas for growth. The New
Malaysian High is coming after Malaysia enters and conquers its fears and failures during the Crisis era.
Correspondence
Shamim Ziyaaudhin, MBA, SHRM-SCP
SHRM-CP/SCP Certification Preparation Instructor and Training Consultant
American Skills Training & Team Building Asia
1607, 16th
Floor, Block A, Lobby 2, Damansara Intan, No.1, Jalan 20/27
47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Fax: +603-7726 5517 • Website: AmericanSkillsTraining.com
Email: Shamim@AmericanSkillsTraining.com

9. Shamim Ziyaaudhin, MBA is a SHRM-CP/SCP Certification Preparation Instructor and Training
Consultant providing his expertise across multiple corporate entities including information publishing
environments, equity markets, manufacturing, and the services industry. Mr. Ziyaaudhin began his career
working at New York Life where he achieved Million Dollar Roundtable status within his first year, He
continued to work within the insurance industry including Mass Mutual and Metlife before engaging the
equity markets on the New York Stock Exchange. He has over 13 years of experience with leadership and
team development, mapping organizational culture, sales training, employee engagement, corporate
communications, market analysis, and multi-generational management. Mr. Ziyaaudhin has both a
Masters in Business Administration from Fairleigh Dickinson University and a Bachelors degree in
Psychology from Rutgers University.
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