The document discusses major Amerindian cultures, focusing on the Inca civilization from 1476 AD to 1532 AD. The Inca ruled over a large empire across western South America and developed advanced architectures, road systems, and agricultural techniques before being conquered by the Spanish in the early 16th century.
Colonial History of The Americas- Potosi Bolivia Henry Lesperance
The document summarizes the political administration and social control of Spain's colonies in Latin America. The Spanish Crown established viceroyalties, audiencias, and provinces to administer the colonies. While indigenous languages were allowed, Spanish became the official language and the Catholic Church replaced native religions. The encomienda system exploited and enslaved the native population, leading to a steep decline. Silver mining, especially in Potosi, Bolivia, drove the colonial economy and wealth for the Spanish Crown. The Church also had significant power and influence through its relationship with the Crown.
What is cultural diversity presentation transcriptionHenry Lesperance
This document discusses cultural diversity and its relationship to innovation. It addresses three key variables that impact innovation: sociality, fidelity in information transmission, and cultural trait diversity. Larger, more interconnected societies offer more opportunities for ideas and cultural traits to combine and drive innovation. However, too much size or interconnectivity can also reduce diversity through conformity. Transmission fidelity, or how well information is preserved during social learning, also impacts innovation potential. While improved communication technologies have increased fidelity, too much can decrease cognitive diversity. Cultural trait diversity provides the range of solutions available for recombination, fueling innovation, but different definitions and measurements of diversity pose challenges. The framework of cultural evolvability may help make sense of these issues by considering how
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The document discusses how an investigation of a postborder condition must consider both the physical border landscapes as well as the mental maps of its inhabitants. It notes that the investigation must confront both the hard edges of physical fences between countries, as well as dreams of crossing those borders. The authors argue that understanding a postborder city requires examining both the material and mental geographies that are characteristic of that place.
This document outlines a lecture on political and cultural geography given by Instructor Henry Lesperance Alvarez. It includes 10 questions and reading assignments for students on topics like the cultural diversity in Mexico, endemic plants used by Native Americans, and how weather patterns influenced the development of early Native American cultures. Students are asked to identify locations on a map, explain a sequence from the Codex Florentine, and describe a significant geographic feature in their own life.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Early native groups in South America used tobacco through bifurcated tubes placed in the nostrils as part of magical rituals. Tobacco played an important social and ceremonial role, linking individuals to each other and spiritual forces. While prominent figures condemned tobacco in the 1550s, it spread widely among lower social classes and African slaves in the Americas. The concept of transculturation describes how colonialism disrupted cultures but they also blended and changed over time, as seen with the social roles of tobacco.
Illustrations of Unknown Mexico by Carl Lumholtz--Tarahumara Henry Lesperance
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document describes the caste system established by the Spanish in colonial Mexico. It ranked people in a racial hierarchy with Peninsulares (Spanish-born) at the top, followed by Criollos (American-born Spanish), Mestizos (mixed Spanish and native), Indios (natives), and Negroes (African slaves) at the bottom. Over time, factors like language, skills, wealth and cultural identity could allow some groups like Mestizos to rise in status, though discrimination was still prevalent. The caste system shaped Mexican society for centuries and its impacts on racial inequalities may still be felt today.
The population of Mexico grew from 4.5 million in 1800 to 7.5 million in 1850. In the early 19th century, Indian pueblos comprised about 1/3 of Mexico's population and lived in small, isolated villages without schools or widespread access to churches. Rural towns of 1,000-3,500 people were primarily inhabited by Mestizos and Indians who spoke Spanish and some had private schools and churches. During the late 19th century, Mexico underwent rapid industrialization under the leadership of Benito Juarez and Porfirio Diaz, including developments like railroads, oil production, mining, and electricity, which modernized the country.
The document discusses the history of Mexico and the Mexican Far North region from 1821 to 1848. It covers several topics:
- The political and economic situation in Mexico prior to independence, including the dominant role of the Spanish crown and Catholic church.
- The rise of independence movements in the early 19th century influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and revolutions in North America and France.
- Miguel Hidalgo's declaration of independence from Spain in 1810.
- The post-independence period saw political instability and a rise in caudillos like Santa Anna seizing power.
- Economic activities in the northern borderlands including fur trapping, whaling, and the hide and tallow trade
The document discusses the Christianization of Native Americans in California by Spanish missionaries between the 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes how missionaries tried to undermine traditional native religions and convert natives to Christianity, sometimes through imprisonment of those who refused conversion. It also mentions how military presidios helped control native laborers and suppress rebellions. Several Jesuit priests who worked as missionaries in California, such as Padre Ignacio Tirsch and Junipero Serra, are discussed. The increasing presence of foreign powers like England, France, and Russia in the region was a concern that contributed to the expansion of the Spanish missionary system in Alta California.
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