“The Master said: ‘When the father is alive, watch the son’s aspirations. When the father is dead, watch the son’s actions. If three years later, the son has not veered from the father’s way, he may be called a dutiful son indeed’” (1335) Author Time/Date of Composition Contextual Information Form Major Themes Preview Author Lived 551 – 479 BCE “Confucius” is the English version of his Chinese name, Kong Qiu Born in northeastern state of Lu (today = Shandong Province) into the lower ranks of hereditary nobility (Norton 766) (Rubbing on paper of Confucius engraved Stone Slab from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) https://goo.gl/maps/M9Fuwpf3SQH2 https://www.iep.utm.edu/confuciu/ Confucius traveled throughout China sharing his political vision… Unsuccessfully retired to Lu and spent the rest of his life as a teacher (Norton 767) Virtually unknown at the time of his death (Norton 766) Important: the Analects are not actually written by Confucius. They were collected and written by his disciples (Norton 768) Author Probably 200 – 100 BCE, “when Confucius’s ideas were gaining influence and it became necessary to create a representative collection of his sayings out of the vast body of Confucius lore that circulated in various other books” (Norton 768) Note: this means the Analects came to their current form about 279 years after Confucius’s death! Time/Date of Composition Contextual Information Confucius deeply admires the Zhou Dynasty, particularly King Wen, King Wu, and the Duke of Zhou (Norton 767) Quick note: King Wen was King Wu’s father (King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty via Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou#/media/File:King_Wen_of_Zhou.jpg King Wu was known for instituting a system of government that took care of its people and developed “wise policies” (Norton 767) The Duke of Zhou was known for defending the country and defending King Cheng’s (King Wu’s son) right to the throne the Duke of Zhou was important to Confucius because he was someone who cared more for “the welfare of the dynasty” than for his own ambitions (Norton 767) Represents the themes of social roles and efficient action Contextual Information Form Recorded by brush and ink on thin strips of bamboo (The Analects of Confucius by R. Eno) Collection of “brief quotations, conversations, and anecdotes” (Norton 768) divided into 20 “books” The “books” are basically chapters (Rongo Analects, Vol 2 via Wikipedia) http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Analects_of_Confucius_(Eno-2015).pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects#/media/File:Rongo_Analects_02.jpg 1. Ritual: “everything we do in life is a ritual… Rituals are thus used… to make social life meaningful” (Norton 768). A person must learn ritual within the context of their own community through practice and self-cultivation. (Norton 768) A person .