Pathogenesis and management of macular holes with video demonstration.pptxAvuru James
management of macular holes surgeries, Nigeria, traumatic macular hole, atrophic.macular hole, primary macular hole macular hole surgery in nigeria, Vitreos an retinal, atrophic holes, traumatic macular holes, myopic Schisis, retinoscisis, parsplana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, epiretinal membrane peeling, air fluid exchange, internal limiting membrane staining dye, west african college of surgeons, vitreoretinal surgery, national post graduate medical college of Nogeria, residency training.
Pathogenesis and management of macular holes with video demonstration.pptxAvuru James
management of macular holes surgeries, Nigeria, traumatic macular hole, atrophic.macular hole, primary macular hole macular hole surgery in nigeria, Vitreos an retinal, atrophic holes, traumatic macular holes, myopic Schisis, retinoscisis, parsplana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, epiretinal membrane peeling, air fluid exchange, internal limiting membrane staining dye, west african college of surgeons, vitreoretinal surgery, national post graduate medical college of Nogeria, residency training.
Biometry is the method of measuring various dimensions of the eye, its components and their inter-relationship. Using these data to calculate the idol intraocular lens power. In 1949, 29th November, Harold Ridley implanted the first IOL but his patient had a refractive surprise of -20 D spherical equivalents.
So, It was long way to travel to refined the out comes. Classic keratometry is based on anterior corneal surface measurements.
Whereas this directly measure the anterior and posterior corneal surface to obtain Total keratometry(TK).
Telecentric keratometry of the anterior corneal surface + swept source OCT of the posterior corneal surface= TOTAL KERATOMETRY.
TK measurements are compatible with existing IOL constants plus two exclusive formulas: barrett true K with TK for post LVC eyes and Barrett TK toric.
High-intensity LEDs are embedded in the flash stimulation pad
The small disc shape and silicone properties of the pad make it both flexible and lightweight
Illuminance can be set up to 20,000 lux, and different light emission times and cycles can be chosen.
A common system for placing electrodes is the “10-20 International System” which is based on measurements of head size (Jasper, 1958).
The mid-occipital electrode location (OZ) is on the midline.
The distance above the inion calculated as 10 % of the distance between the inion and nasion, which is 3-4 cm in most adults
Lateral occipital electrodes are a similar distance off the midline.
To have reliable VEPs, Intraoperatively, the following factors are important
Maintaining normal intraoperative physiological/hemodynamic parameters
Use of TIVA instead of inhalational anesthesia
Better stimulus delivery methods
Recording intraoperative ERG to ensure good retinal stimulation and
Employing optimal recording parameters
CHAPTER 26 r Endocrine and Nervous SystemsPRACTICALUsi.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
CHAPTER 26 r Endocrine and Nervous Systems
PRACTICAL
Using the CPT manual, code the following:
2l.Incisionanddrainageofaninfectedthyroglossalductcyst.
& cpr code(s):
lr. *"^ovar of a complete cerebrospinal fluid shunt system; without
replacement.
& cpr code(s):
23. Suture of the posterior tibial nerve'
& cpr code(s):
T. w^bar sympathetic block (left)'
CPT Code:
25. Mioodissection, microrepair ulnar digital nerve teft middle
frnger'
CPT Codes:
4u. n ur"*ent of a dorsal column stimulator with implanted generator,
with stereotactic stimulation of spinal cord'
27. Epidual iniection of a steroid, caudal'
ur/g. aruniotomy for drainage of an intracranial abscess;
infratentorial.
CPT Code:
due to leak of CSF29. Re-opetation, skull base surgery, repair of dura matel
of miOdte cranial fossa; myocutaneous flap graft'
.,a/0. ,.rr.r,ion of a cerebrospinal fluid ventriculoperitoneal
shunt for
hydrocephalus.
CPT Code:
31. Hemilaminectomy, posterior approach, with decomqr-elsion
of two
"-
;.-re;ooi, u"O #ittr excision bi herniated disc atLl-LZ and
foraminotomy at L2-L3'
CPT Codes:
B ur." to decide number of codes necessary to correctly arrswer the question.
odd-numberedanswersarelocatedinAppendixB,whilethefullanswerkeylsonlyavailableintheTEACll
Instructor Resources on Evolve'
iopyright @ 2015 by Saunders, an impdnt of Elsevier Inc' A11 rights reserved'
CHAPTER 26 r Endocrine and Nervous Systems
REPORTS
In Appendix A of this workbook you will find a section titled Repotts, which
contains original reports. Read the rcports indicated below and supply the
ilppropriate CPT and ICD-10-CM/ICD-9-CM codes on the following lines:
J32. Report 4t
CPT Codes: (arthrodesis with discectomy),
(arthrodesis with discectomy),
(instrumentation), (allograft),
(evoked potential)
ICD-10-CM Code:
(ICD-9-CM Code:
33. Report 43
& code(s):
& tco-ro-cM code(s):
(& ICD-o-cM code(s):
& U".. to declde number of codes necessary to correctly answer the questlon.
Odd-numbered answers are located ln Appendlx B, while the full answer key is only available il the TEACH
Instructor Resources on Evolve.
Copydght @ 2015 by Saunders, an impdnt of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
APPENDIX A r RePorts
stapleL We imbricated the staple line with two Ethibond sutures, placed a
wad of fat over the last to adhere the fat neal oul staple line. We tested the
anastomosis with air with the bowel clamped, and there was no evidence of
a leak. We then placed Hemaseel ovel this anastomosis, and then once
again mobilized the mesentery. We then closed the mesenteric defect where
the small bowel had gone in retrogastric fashion with the Ethicon Endo-
suture. We once again placed Hemaseel on our small anastomosis. We
placed L0 flat Jackson-Pratt drains near our GJ anastomosis, which came on
out the Ieft side. We removed the trocal polts under direct vision. We then
extended our umbilical incision and reduced the umbilical hernia. We
closed the fascial defect with .
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
A Comparison of The Lateral Tarsal Strip with Everting Sutures and The Quic...Meironi Waimir
Entropion is Inversion or rotation of the margo palpebra towards the eyeball.
Characterized by : Ocular discomfort, epiphora, secondary corneal thinning, vascularization and scarring as well as microbial keratitis and corneal perforation.
EMERGENCY PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR ACUTE POST - CATARACT ENDOPHTHALMITIS WH...DrAbdelLatifsiam
Post Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is the most devastating complication of cataract surgery
Immediate action should be taken once endophthalmitis is diagnosed
There should not be any time lost before diagnosis is made
More Related Content
Similar to THE MANAGEMENT OF MYOPIC MACULAR HOLE RETINAL DETACHMENT
Biometry is the method of measuring various dimensions of the eye, its components and their inter-relationship. Using these data to calculate the idol intraocular lens power. In 1949, 29th November, Harold Ridley implanted the first IOL but his patient had a refractive surprise of -20 D spherical equivalents.
So, It was long way to travel to refined the out comes. Classic keratometry is based on anterior corneal surface measurements.
Whereas this directly measure the anterior and posterior corneal surface to obtain Total keratometry(TK).
Telecentric keratometry of the anterior corneal surface + swept source OCT of the posterior corneal surface= TOTAL KERATOMETRY.
TK measurements are compatible with existing IOL constants plus two exclusive formulas: barrett true K with TK for post LVC eyes and Barrett TK toric.
High-intensity LEDs are embedded in the flash stimulation pad
The small disc shape and silicone properties of the pad make it both flexible and lightweight
Illuminance can be set up to 20,000 lux, and different light emission times and cycles can be chosen.
A common system for placing electrodes is the “10-20 International System” which is based on measurements of head size (Jasper, 1958).
The mid-occipital electrode location (OZ) is on the midline.
The distance above the inion calculated as 10 % of the distance between the inion and nasion, which is 3-4 cm in most adults
Lateral occipital electrodes are a similar distance off the midline.
To have reliable VEPs, Intraoperatively, the following factors are important
Maintaining normal intraoperative physiological/hemodynamic parameters
Use of TIVA instead of inhalational anesthesia
Better stimulus delivery methods
Recording intraoperative ERG to ensure good retinal stimulation and
Employing optimal recording parameters
CHAPTER 26 r Endocrine and Nervous SystemsPRACTICALUsi.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
CHAPTER 26 r Endocrine and Nervous Systems
PRACTICAL
Using the CPT manual, code the following:
2l.Incisionanddrainageofaninfectedthyroglossalductcyst.
& cpr code(s):
lr. *"^ovar of a complete cerebrospinal fluid shunt system; without
replacement.
& cpr code(s):
23. Suture of the posterior tibial nerve'
& cpr code(s):
T. w^bar sympathetic block (left)'
CPT Code:
25. Mioodissection, microrepair ulnar digital nerve teft middle
frnger'
CPT Codes:
4u. n ur"*ent of a dorsal column stimulator with implanted generator,
with stereotactic stimulation of spinal cord'
27. Epidual iniection of a steroid, caudal'
ur/g. aruniotomy for drainage of an intracranial abscess;
infratentorial.
CPT Code:
due to leak of CSF29. Re-opetation, skull base surgery, repair of dura matel
of miOdte cranial fossa; myocutaneous flap graft'
.,a/0. ,.rr.r,ion of a cerebrospinal fluid ventriculoperitoneal
shunt for
hydrocephalus.
CPT Code:
31. Hemilaminectomy, posterior approach, with decomqr-elsion
of two
"-
;.-re;ooi, u"O #ittr excision bi herniated disc atLl-LZ and
foraminotomy at L2-L3'
CPT Codes:
B ur." to decide number of codes necessary to correctly arrswer the question.
odd-numberedanswersarelocatedinAppendixB,whilethefullanswerkeylsonlyavailableintheTEACll
Instructor Resources on Evolve'
iopyright @ 2015 by Saunders, an impdnt of Elsevier Inc' A11 rights reserved'
CHAPTER 26 r Endocrine and Nervous Systems
REPORTS
In Appendix A of this workbook you will find a section titled Repotts, which
contains original reports. Read the rcports indicated below and supply the
ilppropriate CPT and ICD-10-CM/ICD-9-CM codes on the following lines:
J32. Report 4t
CPT Codes: (arthrodesis with discectomy),
(arthrodesis with discectomy),
(instrumentation), (allograft),
(evoked potential)
ICD-10-CM Code:
(ICD-9-CM Code:
33. Report 43
& code(s):
& tco-ro-cM code(s):
(& ICD-o-cM code(s):
& U".. to declde number of codes necessary to correctly answer the questlon.
Odd-numbered answers are located ln Appendlx B, while the full answer key is only available il the TEACH
Instructor Resources on Evolve.
Copydght @ 2015 by Saunders, an impdnt of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
APPENDIX A r RePorts
stapleL We imbricated the staple line with two Ethibond sutures, placed a
wad of fat over the last to adhere the fat neal oul staple line. We tested the
anastomosis with air with the bowel clamped, and there was no evidence of
a leak. We then placed Hemaseel ovel this anastomosis, and then once
again mobilized the mesentery. We then closed the mesenteric defect where
the small bowel had gone in retrogastric fashion with the Ethicon Endo-
suture. We once again placed Hemaseel on our small anastomosis. We
placed L0 flat Jackson-Pratt drains near our GJ anastomosis, which came on
out the Ieft side. We removed the trocal polts under direct vision. We then
extended our umbilical incision and reduced the umbilical hernia. We
closed the fascial defect with .
Electronic apex locator by dr.imran m.shaikhImran Shaikh
. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
A Comparison of The Lateral Tarsal Strip with Everting Sutures and The Quic...Meironi Waimir
Entropion is Inversion or rotation of the margo palpebra towards the eyeball.
Characterized by : Ocular discomfort, epiphora, secondary corneal thinning, vascularization and scarring as well as microbial keratitis and corneal perforation.
EMERGENCY PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR ACUTE POST - CATARACT ENDOPHTHALMITIS WH...DrAbdelLatifsiam
Post Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is the most devastating complication of cataract surgery
Immediate action should be taken once endophthalmitis is diagnosed
There should not be any time lost before diagnosis is made
WHAT WE SHOULD DO FOR PROGRESSIVE COMPLICATIONS OF PDR INSPITE OF “ADEQUATE” ...DrAbdelLatifsiam
PURPOSE
To draw attention to severe cases of Proliferative Diabetic Vitreo-Retinopathy which continue to progress, in spite of what was thought to be adequate laser treatment
Congenital pit is an atypical coloboma usually located on the temporal edge of the disc, associated with irregular defects in the juxtapapillary choroid and pigment epithelium. Macular fibers passing through this area often are affected and corresponding changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer and in the visual field occur.
Intravenous heroin abuse and AIDS have increasingly been recognized in the etiology
Fungal endophthalmitis complicating drug addiction was first described 1971 by Sugar Mandell and Shalev
It is now a well characterized disorder that should be familiar to all ophthalmologists and psychiatrists
ANOMALOUS PVD IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VITREO-RETINAL DISEASESDrAbdelLatifsiam
This is a practical presentation highlighting the pathological posterior hyaloid & the anomalous interface changes that are associated with it & which have to be addressed in vitreo-retinal surgery
Revision of the Anatomy of the Posterior Aspect of the Eyeball - An Essentia...DrAbdelLatifsiam
Recent revival of macular buckling for difficult and recurrent cases of retinal detachment due to macular hole in highly myopic eyes has prompted us to restudy the anatomy of the posterior aspect of the globe as a prerequisite to precise macular buckling by a relatively easy approach
An account of the accurate topography of the posterior aspect of the globe is given and is documented with cadaver eye dissection and in vivo measurements. A review of previous textbook description and publications of this anatomy has been made and all were surprisingly inaccurate
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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THE MANAGEMENT OF MYOPIC MACULAR HOLE RETINAL DETACHMENT
1.
2. 1. Paracentesis air or gas tamponade +/-
macular laser
2. Drainage of SRF air or gas tamponade +/-
macular laser
3. Volume reduction, drainage, air injection, +/-
macular Laser.
4. PP Vitrectomy:
Gas or silicone oil tamponade.
± ILM peeling.
± Photocoagulation at the macular hole edges.
5. Macular buckling without physical
treatment
3.
4.
5. In our cases: Up to 40 %.
Li et al; 25 – 40% recurrence rate (Ophthalmology.
2009 Jun;116(6):1182-87.e1. Epub 2009 Apr 17).
Lam et al: 37 % recurrence rate. Am J Ophthalmol.
2006 Dec;142(6):938-44. Epub 2006 Sep 1.
Cho et al: 21% recurrence. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2004
Dec;18(2):141-7.
Uemoto et al: up to 50% recurrence rate. Retina. 2004
Aug;24(4):560-6.
Ichibe et al: 30% failure and recurrence. Am J
Ophthalmol. 2003 Aug;136(2):277-84.
Kwok et al: 25% failure. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2002
Mar-Apr;33(2):155-7.
7. Our thesis: 26 cases 100% success rate.
Schepens et al: AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1957 Dec; 58(6):797-
811.
Rosengreen B: Bibl Opthalmol 1966;70:253-6, 1966.
Paufique & Bonnet: Ann Ocul (Paris). Mar;201(3):290-302,
1968 [Article in French].
Haut et al: Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol. Aug-Sep;
32(8):541-8, 1972.
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8. Failed & recurrent cases after PP
vitrectomy including cases with silicone oil
tamponade.
Very atrophic background ; white holes.
Very high myopia with posterior
staphyloma.
INDICATION FOR MACULAR
BUCKLING
9. Still ret. det. after PPV & S.O tamp. plus mac. PC
Reopening of the hole with re-detachment
10. A new approach has been
discovered only after finding
clear-cut and constant
anatomical landmarks , to be
able to perform exact macular
buckling
12. • The macular area is approached between
the superior and lateral rectus muscles.
• Hook the 4 recti with silk sutures.
• The superior oblique muscle is severed which
allows hooking and pulling on the inferior oblique
(IO) muscle belly & to hold its insertion
• This exposes the intra-scleral course of the TLPCA
and the space between the point of intra-scleral
entry of this vessel and the optic nerve sheath
(ONS)
HOW TO EXPOSE THE POSTERIOR POLE
DURING SUGERY
13. ONS
Press on the softened eye beyond the nasal end of IO insertion to take sutures
on either side of TLPCA
TLPCA
IO
14. Sever the SO insertion.
Hook the IO inbetween SR & LR.
Soften the eye (paracentesis).
Remove the speculum.
Retract the lateral canthus with
a retractor.
Flatten the sclera by gentle
pressure with a non toothed
forceps.
Take the suture bites at equal
distances from the TLPSA.
Use fine round needles.
No need to pull much on the
sutures.
21. At least to deal with failed and recurrent cases
after PPV with various types of internal tamponade
and to avoid physical injury to the fovea
CONCLUSION