Inflation in Pakistan
Types of Inflation
DEGREES OF INFLATION
CAUSES OF INFLATION IN PAKISTAN
MEASURES TO CONTROL THE INFLATION
EFFECTS OF INFLATION
Conclusion
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.
Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
In economics, the theory of the second best concerns the situation when one or more optimality conditions cannot be satisfied.
The economists Richard Lipsey and Kelvin Lancaster showed in 1956, that if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be satisfied, it is possible that the next-best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal.
Politically, the theory implies that if it is infeasible to remove a particular market distortion, introducing a second (or more) market distortion may partially counteract the first, and lead to a more efficient outcome.
Inflation in Pakistan
Types of Inflation
DEGREES OF INFLATION
CAUSES OF INFLATION IN PAKISTAN
MEASURES TO CONTROL THE INFLATION
EFFECTS OF INFLATION
Conclusion
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.
Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
In economics, the theory of the second best concerns the situation when one or more optimality conditions cannot be satisfied.
The economists Richard Lipsey and Kelvin Lancaster showed in 1956, that if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be satisfied, it is possible that the next-best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal.
Politically, the theory implies that if it is infeasible to remove a particular market distortion, introducing a second (or more) market distortion may partially counteract the first, and lead to a more efficient outcome.
IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
We take a look at the employment and unemployment figures for the fourth quarter of 2016.
For a closer look at the full report, visit http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854&PPN=P0211&SCH=6698
History of the Indian economy and its labour force in the post independence period can be divided into 2 phases:
The import substitution era post-independence (1947-1991)
The era of economic liberalization (after 1991)
Industrial Relation can be defined, as the relation between management and union or between representatives of employees and representatives of employers
Refers to all aspects of employement relations.
Industrial Disputes Act, is same across all sectors.
Dunlop Framework
Dunlop suggested that IR can be segmented into 4 inter-related elements:
Actors
Context
Idealogy
Rules
LIMITATIONS OF DUNLPFRAMEWORK
With liberalisation and growing environmental concerns, consumers and the community have come to play a critical role.
Also, Dunlop talks about roles, not people.
Also, various approaches of Industrial Relations are mentioned here.
The Geographic Mismatch & A Ranking of Indian States by their Labour Ecosystem (Labour Demand, Labour Supply, Labour Laws)
Background
India’s demographic dividend will increase our population from 1 billion in 2001 to 1.4 billion in 2026. 83% of this increase will be in the 15-59 age group.
If we harness this dividend by 2025, India will not only have 25% of the world’s total workforce but our per capita income will be $ 4100. This will rise to $9802 in 2040 and $20,836 in 2050. This will finally put poverty in the museum, it belongs.
But a demographic dividend does not mean people, but productive people. Converting our people into productive people requires radical reform of our labour market ecosystem that includes labour demand, labour supply, and labour laws.
India’s Three Mismatches
THE GEOGRAPHIC MISMATCH: Much of India’s demographic dividend will occur in states with backward labour market ecosystems. Between 2010 and 2020, the states of UP, Bihar and MP will account for 40% of the increase in 15-59 year olds but only 10% of the increase in income. During the same period, Maharashtra, Gujarat, TN and Andhra will account for 45% of the increase in GDP but less than 20% of the addition to the total workforce.
THE SKILLS / EDUCATION MISMATCH: About 89% of the 15-59 year olds have had no vocational training. Of the 11% who received vocational training, only 1.3% received formal vocational training. The current training capacity is a fraction of the 12.8 million new entrants into the workforce every year.
THE SECTORAL MISMATCH: Most employment opportunities will arise in sectors where people have little experience. The largest component of labour force growth is in rural areas but the most growth in employment is in areas that require greater human capital. Wage inflation projection till 2026 flag skill shortages.
India’s Failed Matching Ecosystem
Our employment exchanges are dysfunctional; they gave about 2 lac jobs to the 4 crore people registered.
The best performing employment exchanges were in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and
Maharashtra but the most new registration are in UP and West Bengal.
The Delhi Government budget shows that it costs the government Rs 228,381 for a single placement.
The employment exchange at Chitradurga in Karnataka has been unable to provide even a single job in the last four years.
India has only 0.25 million apprentices while Germany has 0.6 million, Japan has 2 million.
State Ranking of Labour Ecosystem
OVERALL LABOUR ECOSYSTEM RANKING: Andhra Pradesh tops followed by
Karnataka and Maharashtra. States that made significant improvements since 2005
include Bihar, Assam and J&K (though the last two continue to be below their levels of performance in 1995).
EMPLOYMENT ECOSYSTEM RANKING: Delhi tops followed by Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Their ranking is mostly driven by all around infrastructure improvement e.g. the performance of Delhi and Gujarat is driven by power supply, high teledensity and low taxation, relative to the size of economy.
EMPLOYABILITY ECOSYSTEM RANKING: Karnataka tops followed by Delhi and Andhra Pradesh. The large infrastructure in education and professional education is one of the primary causes of Karnataka’s high ranking, which it has further improved on since the 2005 ranking.
LABOUR LAW ECOSYSTEM RANKING: Maharashtra tops followed by Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Maharashtra not only tops but has improved its performance since 2005 because of better performance in labour relations and average wages relative to minimum wages.
State governments are losing an important opportunity to differentiate themselves with specific reforms to their labour ecosystems. Over the next twenty years, this will be the difference between growth and poverty reduction.
States can take the lead in improving matching infrastructure by reforming employment exchanges, apprenticeship programs, assessment and certification capabilities, etc. This is the lo
visit us at >> www.TrainingKonsultan.com
Training / Pelatihan / Workshop
Seminar / Talk show / Narasumber
Konsultasi
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HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
This power point presentation will describe about the Concept Of Employment , Kinds Of Employment , Causes of Unemployment In India, Steps to reduce unemployment and Government Policies measures to reduce unemployment
EMPLOYMENT
Economic Definition of Work
Definition of employment
Employment ratio in India
Employment Structure in India
Types of employment in India
Employment Problems in India
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment
Types of Unemployment in India
Policies to increase employment opportunities in India
References
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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